“莫拉克”台风（2009）登陆前后强度与结构分析

利用NCEP每日4次全球预报场（GFS）分析资料、卫星云图资料以及实况观测台风路径、强度资料对0908号台风“莫拉克”在台湾登陆前后其强度、结构变化特征进行天气动力学诊断分析,从而为台风强度、结构预报提供参考依据。结果表明:（1） 低层切向风大值区中心所在半径处的切向风非对称性幅度之切向平均值可作为诊断分析台风强度的一个重要参考指标;（2） “莫拉克”中心高层干位涡大值区具有沿着低层切向风大值区中心内侧的切向风梯度密集带向下延伸的趋势;（3） 未考虑摩擦、湍流混合的柱坐标切向风运动方程主要有四项是决定切向风变化的,即切向风径向平流项、切向风垂直输送项、惯性离心力作用项以及地转偏向力作用项;（4） 台风低层辐合中心在切向上具有沿着切向风梯度密集区移动、发展的趋势。      

登陆热带气旋“北冕”异常路径的动力分析

选取热带气旋“北冕”（登陆前复杂类型）作为研究对象,用一个P坐标系下支配热带气旋移动的诊断方程（包含气压梯度力、柯氏力、相对速度的局地变化、系统的水平动量交换、摩擦力以及温度的局地变化、感热平流和非绝热加热随高度的变化八个物理因子）对其进行动力分析,定量计算的结果表明：在热带气旋移动的不同阶段,决定热带气旋移动的物理因子不同;左折阶段气压梯度力的作用是最重要的;右折阶段除了显式热力因子外其它因子几乎都是有利因子,其中相对速度的局地变化项的贡献最大;正是由于不同因子的不同作用过程,使得“北冕”在登陆前移动路径异常、复杂。     

水平非均匀对流边界层热量平衡和平流输送作用的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟所获的数据结果，分析地面热通量沿平均风方向存在 突变的条件下对流边界层的热量平衡和平流输送作用。分析表明边界层内模拟所得结果 可以很好地满足热量平衡关系。除地面热通量项以外，平流项（包括水平平流和垂直平 流）对边界层加热率的作用可达地面热通量不均匀性差值的大小，是影响边界层内热量 平衡的最重要因子，平均速度散度项对热量平衡的作用也不可忽略，但湍流通量散度项 的作用则很小。     

登陆台风边界层风廓线特征的地基雷达观测

为了分析登陆台风边界层风廓线特征,利用2004—2013年中国东南沿海新一代多普勒天气雷达收集的17个登陆台风资料,采用飓风速度体积分析方法,反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构特征。与探空观测对比表明,利用雷达径向风场可以准确地反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构,其风速误差小于2 m/s,风向误差小于5°。所有登陆台风合成的边界层风廓线显示,在近地层(100 m)以上,边界层风廓线存在类似急流的最大切向风,其高度均在1 km以上,显著高于大西洋观测到的飓风边界层急流高度(低于1 km)。陆地边界层内低层入流强度也明显大于过去海上观测,这主要是由陆地上摩擦增大引起。越靠近台风中心,边界层风廓线离散度越大,其中,径向风廓线比全风速以及切向风廓线离散度更大。将风廓线相对台风移动方向分为4个象限,分析边界层风廓线非对称特征显示,台风移动前侧入流层明显高于移动后侧。最大切向风位于台风移动左后侧,而台风右后侧没有显著的急流特征,与过去理想模拟的海陆差异导致的台风非对称分布特征一致。     

水平平流与非定常过程对大气边界层内参数的影响

用正压、中性边界层运动方程的解析解,研究了边界层顶不同系统中,由于水平平流及风向变化,对大气边界层的内参数u*/a(a为边界层顶风速)和角ψ(地面风与边界层顶的风的夹角)的影响。结果表明,不仅风向变化对内参数有影响,而且即使风向不变,由于平流作用对内参数仍有影响。在正涡度系统中,u*/a增加,ψ角减小;反涡度系统中,结果相反。方程的数值解得到类似结果。因而大尺度模式中边界层参数化结果不仅应考虑非定常过程的订正,而且还必须考虑水平平流作用的订正。     

一次西南低涡发生发展的中尺度诊断

采用常规和非常规观测资料,对一次西南低涡发生、发展过程进行了初步诊断分析,结果表明：（１）与自由大气中低涡环流的变化相比,边界层内低涡环流的演变表现出非连续性特征,且涡区内的对流发展和降水也与此相一致。（２）大气边界层顶的非平衡动力强迫及５００ｈＰａ正涡度平流的动力作用对本例低涡的形成和发展有重要贡献。     

边界层参数化方案对“莫兰蒂”台风（1614）登陆阶段影响的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.8中的YSU、MYJ、QNSE、ACM2、UW、GBM、Boulac七种不同边界层参数化方案,采用高分辨率（1.33 km）数值试验的方法研究了不同边界层方案对模拟台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆减弱阶段的移动路径、强度、结构、降水量、近地层有关物理量场分布等方面的影响,结果表明:（1）“莫兰蒂”台风登陆减弱阶段,不同边界层方案对台风路径、强度、降水量模拟影响显著,24 h内模拟台风路径、最低气压、最大风速及24 h累积降水量极值的最大差异分别达80 km、11 hPa、27 m s?1及241 mm;（2）Boulac方案模拟台风路径与实况最为接近,GBM、YSU和MYJ方案分别次之,ACM2和UW方案再次之,而QNSE方案最差;UW和QNSE方案模拟的最低气压以及MYJ和QNSE方案模拟的最大风速与观测最为接近;不同边界层方案均模拟出台风登陆阶段最低气压逐渐升高以及其升高速率在台风登陆后大于登陆前的特征,这与实况一致,但台风登陆前各方案模拟最低气压升高速度均大于实况,而台风登陆后却又不及实况;（3）Boulac方案模拟的24 h降水分布、强降水落区、结构、强度和各量级降水TS评分均最优,MYJ方案次之;而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案雨带向西北方向推进过快,各量级降水TS评分均较差;（4）综合台风路径、强度和降水模拟,Boulac和MYJ方案相对最优,其中Boulac方案在台风路径和降水模拟上更优,而MYJ方案在台风强度模拟上更优;YSU和GBM方案次之,而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案相对较差;（5）不同边界层方案计算的近地层潜热通量、感热通量显著不同,进而影响台风路径、强度、降水量模拟存在显著差异。比较而言,QNSE方案潜热通量相对异常偏高,MYJ和Boulac方案量值适中,其余方案相对偏低;QNSE方案感热通量相对略偏高,MYJ方案适中,其他方案则相对显著偏低;（6）不同边界层方案模拟降水区边界层热、动力结构显著不同,其中Boulac方案具有较明显优势,尤其是对日间边界层结构的模拟。     

上海地区一次阵风锋结构特征与动量收支诊断分析北大核心CSCD

利用多普勒天气雷达资料、自动气象站资料以及WRF模式模拟结果,分析了2012年7月13-14日上海地区发生的一次阵风锋结构特征,并对阵风锋移速成因进行了动量收支诊断分析。结果表明：（1）此次阵风锋天气现象特征明显：气压陡升、风向突变、风速加大、温度及露点温度骤降等,并伴有短时强降水。（2）WRF模式较为完整地模拟了此次阵风锋发展演变及其对上海地区的影响过程。（3）阵风锋后面伴有冷池,冷池主体位于2 km以下,冷池上方伴有负的扰动气压,且2~3 km气柱内有扰动西风下传。冷池强弱直接影响阵风锋强度,扰动西风下传所带动量直接驱动冷池,进而影响到阵风锋形成及其强度。（4）动量收支诊断分析分析表明,垂直平流、气压梯度力对阵风锋的纬向移动有较大贡献。     

台风"凤凰"强降水过程中的波作用诊断分析

介绍了“扰动热力切变平流参数”的概念,并基于此概念及波流相互作用的理论,对登陆台风“凤凰”2008年7月27日00:00－31日00:00(世界时)的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.通过采用ARPS模式的资料,对波作用密度M和波作用通量散度▽·F进行计算,分析其与6h累积地面降水的关系.结果表明,波作用密度的异常值区始终覆盖观测雨区,二者在水平分布和时间演变趋势上比较相似,该波作用密度能够比较准确地综合表征强降水系统典型的动力场和热力场扰动的垂直结构,因而与降水系统的发生演变密切相关,其正高值区与观测的6h累积地面降水具有良好的对应关系.同时对波作用通量散度▽·F的分析表明,在登陆台风引发的暴雨过程中,非地转风位涡扰动和一阶扰动平流与动力场和热力场扰动梯度耦合项是影响扰动热力切变平流异常变化的主要强迫项.进一步分析表明扰动与基本态的交换主要是扰动热量平流交换,而扰动动量平流交换非常弱.     

南海台风边界层湍流小波分析

利用小波变换（WT）对香港天文台飞机观测台风“妮妲”（1604）资料进行分析,研究在不稳定、不均匀的台风边界层中湍流涡旋的垂直传输作用。在0.1~5 Hz惯性子区内横风和顺风分量功率谱密度能较好符合-5/3幂律。小波分析显示:横风的小波功率谱峰值集中在1 km之下,顺风分量的小波功率谱峰值集中在1~6 km之间;眼区动量通量的主要贡献尺度为2.3 km,眼区外主要贡献尺度在1~2 km,中低层为较小尺度（< 1.0 km）;湍流功能(TKE)的生成尺度主要集中在4 km之下。这项研究定量描述了南海北部台风边界层各个区域湍流结构的差异特征,讨论了对台风边界层通量参数化的可能影响。      

Characteristics and possible formation mechanisms of severe storms in the outer rainbands of Typhoon Mujiga (1522)

To better understand how severe storms form and evolve in the outer rainbands of typhoons, in this study, we investigate the evolutionary characteristics and possible formation mechanisms for severe storms in the rainbands of Typhoon Mujigae, which occurred during 2–5 October 2015, based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, conventional observations, and Doppler radar data. For the rainbands far from the inner core (eye and eyewall) of Mujigae (distance of approximately 70–800 km), wind speed first increased with the radius expanding from the inner core, and then decreased as the radius continued to expand. The Rankine Vortex Model was used to explore such variations in wind speed. The areas of strong stormy rainbands were mainly located in the northeast quadrant of Mujigae, and overlapped with the areas of high winds within approximately 300–550 km away from the inner core, where the strong winds were conducive to the development of strong storms. A severe convective cell in the rainbands developed into waterspout at approximately 500 km to the northeast of the inner core, when Mujigae was strengthening before it made landfall. Two severe convective cells in the rainbands developed into two tornadoes at approximately 350 km to the northeast of the inner core after Mujigae made landfall. The radar echo bands enhanced to 60 dBZ when mesocyclones occurred in the rainbands and induced tornadoes. The radar echoes gradually weakened after the mesocyclones weakened. The tops of parent clouds of the mesocyclones elevated at first, and then suddenly dropped about 20 min before the tornadoes appeared. Thereby, the cloud top variation has the potential to be used as an early warning of tornado occurrence.     

登陆台风影响下离地300 m高度内的强风特征

利用台风山竹（1822）和利奇马（1909）登陆期间固定式风廓线雷达、WindCubeV2激光雷达和测风塔的梯度观测数据,结合台风山竹（1822）登陆前后精细化风场模拟资料,分析了登陆台风不同影响象限内,离地300 m高度内的强风参数及其随距离、海拔高度及下垫面的变化特征。结果表明:（1）距离台风中心200 km水平范围内,最大风速所在高度及风切变指数沿台风半径向外增加,且陆地强风切变指数普遍高于0.12,而海洋下垫面拖曳作用弱,风切变较小,仅在岛屿群附近存在超出国标设计阈值的高切变区域。（2）台风移动方向的右前象限内强风切变指数稳定维持在0.17左右,且对海拔高度不敏感,左后象限存在类似于急流的风廓线,而左前象限内强风的垂直变化在空间上具有较强的非线性特征,边界层低层强风结构较复杂。（3）阵风因子和湍流强度随平均风速增大、离地高度升高呈现减小趋势。（4）过程最大风向变差角沿台风半径向外减小,且在空间上具有显著的非对称性,其中右后象限的风向变差角最大,半小时风向变化超过30°,且大多发生在台风登陆前或登陆时。研究成果可为我国近海及沿海风电场的微尺度风场模拟及台风风险防御提供帮助。     

浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

An Observational Study of Wind Profiles in the Baroclinic Convective Mixed Layer

A comprehensive planetary boundary-layer (PBL) and synoptic data set is used to isolate the mechanisms that determine the vertical shear of the horizontal wind in the convective mixed layer. To do this, we compare a fair-weather convective PBL with no vertical shear through the mixed layer (10 March 1992), with a day with substantial vertical shear in the north-south wind component (27 February). The approach involves evaluating the terms of the budget equations for the two components of the vertical shear of the horizontal wind; namely: the time-rate-of-change or time-tendency term, differential advection, the Coriolis terms (a thermal wind term and a shear term), and the second derivative of the vertical transport of horizontal momentum with respect to height (turbulent-transport term). The data, gathered during the 1992 STorm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology (STORM) Fronts Experiments Systems Test (FEST) field experiment, are from gust-probe aircraft horizontal legs and soundings, 915-MHz wind profilers, a 5-cm Doppler radar, radiosondes, and surface Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM) stations in a roughly 50 × 50 km boundary-layer array in north-eastern Kansas, nested in a mesoscale-to-synoptic array of radiosondes and surface data.We present evidence that the shear on 27 February is related to the rapid growth of the convective boundary layer. Computing the shear budget over a fixed depth (the final depth of the mixed layer), we find that the time-tendency term dominates, reflecting entrainment of high-shear air from above the boundary layer. We suggest that shear within the mixed layer occurs when the time-tendency term is sufficiently large that the shear-reduction terms – namely the turbulent-transport term and differential advection terms – cannot compensate. In contrast, the tendency term is small for the slowly-growing PBL of 10 March, resulting in a balance between the Coriolis terms and the turbulent-transport term. Thus, the thermal wind appears to influence mixed-layer shear only indirectly, through its role in determining the entrained shear.     

Finescale Spiral Rainbands Modeled in a High-Resolution Simulation of Typhoon Rananim （2004）

Finescale spiral rainbands associated with Typhoon Rananim(2004)with the band length ranging from 10 to nearly 100 km and band width varying from 5 to 15 km are simulated using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model(MM5).The finescale rainbands have two types:one intersecting the eyewall and causing damaging wind streaks,and the other distributed azimuthally along the inner edge of the eyewall with a relatively short lifetime.The formation of the high-velocity wind streaks results from the interaction of the azimuthal flow with the banded vertical vorticity structure triggered by tilting of the horizontal vorticity.The vertical advection of azimuthal momentum also leads to acceleration of tangential flow at a relatively high altitude.The evolution and structures of the bands are also examined in this study. Further investigation suggests that the boundary inflection points are related tightly to the development of the finescale rainbands,consistent with previous findings using simple symmetric models.In particular,the presence of the level of inflow reversal in the boundary layer is a crucial factor controlling the formation of these bands.The near-surface wavy peaks of vertical vorticity always follow the inflection points in radial flow.The mesoscale vortices and associated convective updrafts in the eyewall are considered to strengthen the activity of finescale bands,and the updrafts can trigger the formation of the bands as they reside in the environment with inflow reversal in the boundary layer.     

APPLICATION OF ADVECTIVE VORTICITY EQUATION TO TYPHOON FUNG-WONG

The momentum advection vorticity equation in the form of cross multiplication is introduced, in which the divergence term in the classic vorticity equation does not appear explicitly. This equation includes the rotation effect of the horizontal wind advection, which are not explicitly included in the classic vorticity equation. The vorticity and its tendency of Typhoon Fung-Wong (0808) that occurred in July 2008 are analyzed. The computed results show that the rotation effect of the advection of the horizontal wind is a leading factor in determining the change of vertical vorticity for Fung-Wong during its life cycle, especially in the period leading up to landfall. The advection term represents the tendency variation of the vertical vorticity, and the positive-value region of the vertical vorticity tendency is almost in accord with the track of Fung-Wong, which may be taken as a factor to locate the key observational region of Fung-Wong. The equation provides a supplementary diagnostic tool for the systems related with strong advection of horizontal wind.     

Boundary-layer wind structure in a landfalling tropical cyclone

In this study, a slab boundary layer model with a constant depth is used to analyze the boundary-layer wind structure in a landfalling tropical cyclone. Asymmetry is found in both the tangential and radial components of horizontal wind in the tropical cyclone boundary layer at landfall. For a steady tropical cyclone on a straight coastline at landfall, the magnitude of the radial component is greater in the offshoreflow side and the tangential component is greater over the sea, slightly offshore, therefore the greater total wind speed occurs in the offshore-flow side over the sea. The budget analysis suggests that： （1） a greater surface friction over land produces a greater inflow and the nonlinear effect advects the maximum inflow downstream, and （2） a smaller surface friction over the sea makes the decrease of the tangential wind component less than that over land. Moreover, the boundary layer wind structures in a tropical cyclone are related to the locations of the tropical cyclone relative to the coastline due to the different surface frictions. During tropical cyclone landfall, the impact of rough terrain on the cyclone increases, so the magnitude of the radial component of wind speed increases in the offshore-flow side and the tangential component outside the radius of maximum wind speed decreases gradually.     

A numerical experiment of the PBL with geostrophic momentum approximation

In this paper, a numerical experiment of the motion in the PBL (planetary boundary layer) is perform-ed with geostrophic momentum approximation, in which a nonlinear eddy transfer coefficient is used. Some results are obtained for the boundary layer winds in cyclone-anticyclone and trough-ridge systems. This treat-ment improves W-B’s work. The effects of geostrophic wind tendency and the advection of the geostrophic wind on the winds in the PBL are also discussed.     

The Influence of Weakly-Nonlinear Vertical Advection on the Wind Field of PBL with Large-Scale Orography

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The influence of weakly–nonlinear vertical advection on the wind field of PBL with large–scale orography

The analytical solutions of the PBL wind distribution under the equilibrium of four forces including both horizontal and vertical advections are obtained in this paper using small parameter method. Utilizing this simple PBL model, we also compute the wind spirals of a certain circular vortex over level ground and over a west-east ranged mountain, respectively. The results show that when there exsits large-scale orographic forcing, vertical advection may exert considerable influence on the wind distribution of PEL, the angle between geostrophic flow and surface wind, and the height of the top of PBL