Geodynamics of late Mesozoic PGE,Au, and U mineralization in the Aldan shield,North Asian Craton

Late Mesozoic PGE, Au and U mineralization in the Precambrian Aldan Shield constitutes important ore deposits on the southern margin of the Siberian Craton. Here we provide an overview of the salient characteristics of these ore deposits and evaluate their regional geodynamic setting. Geological, geophysical, and geochronological data on the distribution and timing of the ultramafic and alkaline magmatism in the Aldan Shield and the associated Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous PGE, Au, and U mineralization correlate with the convergence in the Asia-Pacific zone during the Late Mesozoic. The multistage magmatism and ore formation can be traced along the perimeter of the subducted slab now stagnant at the mantle transition zone, the flanks of which coincide with paleo-transform faults. Slab dehydration is considered to have transferred source metals through plume conduits resulting in the formation of productive ore-magmatic systems.     

中国汞矿化主要特征及区域分布型式的初步认识

本文根据近年所收集的有关资料,在简述我国汞矿特点的基础上,对汞矿化的主要特征及区域分布型式作一初步探讨,以供参考。不当之处,敬请指正。一、我国汞矿的主要特点我国汞矿分布普遍,产出的地质环境各不相同,矿床类型多样。除具汞矿床所共有的某     

新疆阿尔泰麦兹盆地沉积矿床地质特征与找矿方向

麦兹晚古生代火山盆地位于西伯利亚板块阿尔泰陆缘活动带东段,盆地中赋存有丰富的铅锌、铜铁等多金属矿产,其中可可塔勒大型铅锌矿、蒙库大型铁矿床、阿克哈仁铅锌矿、大桥铅锌矿等具有代表性,各类矿床表现出海底火山喷气沉积成矿的特征.麦兹盆地多金属矿床具有明显的规律性,铁矿主要分布于盆地北侧下泥盆统康布铁堡组下亚组,铅锌矿主要分布于盆地南侧下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组.今后应注意在蒙库铁矿区及外围寻找铜矿,在盆地中部的阿尔泰镇组沉积岩区寻找红墩式(沉积)铅锌矿,同时加强可可塔勒铅锌矿带西段和深部的勘查工作.     

A Preliminary Review of the Metallogenic Regularity of Nickel Deposits in China

The nickel deposits mainly distributed in 19 provinces and autonomous regions in China are 339 ore deposits/occurrences, including 4 super large-scale deposits, 14 large-scale deposits, 26 middle-scale deposits, 75 small-scale deposits, and 220 mineralized occurrences. The prediction types of mineral resources of nickel deposits are magmatic type, marine sedimentary type and regolith type. The formation age is from the Neoarchean to the Cenozoic with two peaks in the Neoproterozoic and the late Paleozoic. The nickel deposits formed in the Neoproterozoic are located on the margin of the North China Block and Yangtze Block, and those formed in the late Paleozoic are mainly distributed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), Emeishan and the Tarim Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). Magmatic nickel deposits are mainly related with broken-up continental margin, post-collision extension of the orogenic belt and mantle plume. According to different tectonic backgrounds and main characteristics of magmatism, the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series types of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks can be divided into 4 subtypes: (1) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the broken-up continental margin, (2) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in mantle plume magmatism, (3) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the subduction of the orogenic belt, and (4) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in post-collision extension of the orogenic belt. We have discussed in this paper the typical characteristics and metallogenic models for Neoproterozoic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with broken-up continental margin, Cambrian marine sedimentary Ni-Mo-V deposits related with black shale, early Permian Ni-Cu deposits related with post-collision extension of the orogenic belt, late Permian Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and Cenozoic Ni-Au deposits related with regolith. The broken-up continental margin, mantle plume and post-collision extension of the orogenic belt are important ore-forming geological backgrounds, and the discordogenic fault, mafic-ultramafic intrusion, high MgO primitive magma (high-MgO basaltic magma), deep magmatism, sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation are 6 important geological conditions for the magmatic nickel deposits.     

滇西哀牢山构造带长安铜钼金矿集区碱性斑岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及其对成矿作用的约束

长安矿集区内的碱性斑岩体(脉)是哀牢山-金沙江碱性岩浆岩带的重要组成部分。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明长安花岗斑岩脉、铜厂正长斑岩和长安冲正长斑岩的形成时代分别为37.1±0.5Ma、35.8±0.4Ma和21.7±0.3Ma。岩石地球化学分析结果表明矿集区内新生代岩浆岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的碱性岩类,其高钾富碱富钙,以及轻稀土富集、Eu弱负异常、大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U和K)强烈富集、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P和Ti)亏损的地球化学特征与哀牢山-金沙江南段碱性带内的碱性岩浆岩一致,是源于含金云母的相对较浅的尖晶石相地幔的部分熔融形成钾质碱性岩浆,在上升过程中或在岩浆房内发生分异作用,演化出系列碱性岩浆,在较短时间内相继就位形成的,并为矿集区内多金属矿床的形成提供成矿流体和物质。     

华北板块接触交代型铁矿成矿规律及成矿预测

接触交代型铁矿在我国铁矿床类型中占有较重要的地位。华北板块区接触交代型铁矿在我国该类型铁矿中,不论在探明储量和研究程度上均取得很大进展。目前本区该类型矿床的地质研究及找矿工作已近尾声,但仍有很多问题尚待进一步深入,新区的找矿工作有待于老区工作经验的借鉴。因此,进一步总结和提高认识仍有必要。本文将着重从区域和矿床成矿规律及预测成矿有望地区略加探讨。不正之处,请予指正。一、控矿围岩     

冀南邯郸-邢台地区矽卡岩铁矿的地质特征及成矿模式

冀南邯邢地区矽卡岩型铁矿主要产出于燕山期中偏碱性闪长岩-二长岩类与中奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层接触带附近。矿体形态复杂,褶皱是重要的控矿、容矿构造;矿石类型单一,主要矿物为磁铁矿。矿化蚀变具明显的分带现象,其中钠长石化是重要的找矿标志。与成矿有关的岩体往往是多期脉动形成的,早期侵入体在钠长石化过程中提供成矿物质;后期侵入体带来的岩浆热液不仅是成矿物质的载体,所产生的压应力和热能也成为成矿流体运移的驱动力。在分析此成矿过程的基础上建立了该区矽卡岩型铁矿床的成矿模式。     

Chemical characteristics of minerals in ultrabasic rocks and their relations to metallogenesis

The most productive chromite ore deposits are formed through crystallization of chromite-ore magmas under definite physico-chemical conditions. The formation of chromite ore is controlled mainly by the degree of differentiation of ultrabasic magma. How to measure the degree of ultrabasic magmatic differentiation is key to understanding the mechanism of formation of chromite ore. Many geologists base their understanding of ultrabasic magmatic differentiation on whether there are obvious petrographical-facies zones in ultrabasic rocks. This viewpoint needs further discussing because most ultrabasic rock bodies showing petrographical zonation contain no mineral deposits. On the contrary mineral deposits may occur in the ultrabasic rocks without obvious petrographical zonation. Therefore, the author suggests to use the chemical characteristics of minerals to determine the degree of ultrabasic magmatic differentiation as a guide to search for chromite ore deposits.     

磁铁矿-磷灰石型铁矿的实验模拟研究进展与展望

磁铁矿-磷灰石(IOA)型铁矿,或称基鲁纳型(Kiruna)铁矿,或称陆相火山岩型铁矿,在时空上常常与碱性-钙碱性的(次)火山岩有着紧密联系。该类型矿床在世界范围内广泛产出,发育特征的磁铁矿-磷灰石-阳起石矿物组合,但其成因还存在广泛争议。文章介绍并归纳了成岩成矿实验在IOA型矿床相关的岩浆原生过程方面取得的最新进展,包括液态不混溶作用、岩浆磁铁矿-气泡悬浮模式和阳起石岩浆成因的实验验证,探讨了磁铁矿以及磷灰石通过液态不混溶作用和气泡悬浮完成超常富集形成铁矿浆的可能性。在此基础上,指出了相关实验目前尚存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

冀西北水泉沟杂岩体及与其有关金矿床的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年代学研究

冀西北金矿集中区是我国华北地台北缘金矿成矿带的重要组成部分,区内金矿主要产于水泉沟碱性杂岩体及邻近的太古宙变质岩内。Ar-Ar同位素年龄测定结果显示,金矿床成矿年龄(172～188 Ma)与水泉沟碱性杂岩体的形成年龄(304～306 Ma)相差达120 Ma。综合研究推断金矿床不是碱性岩浆直接演化产物,而是在燕山期构造—岩浆活动影响下,地下循环热流体对矿源岩——碱性杂岩体淋滤、萃取,形成富含金的成矿热液,最终在有利的成矿构造部位沉淀富集的结果。因此本区的金矿床均属于与碱性杂岩体有关的改造型热液金矿。     

中国镍矿成矿规律初探

我国镍矿可分为岩浆型、海相沉积型和风化壳型3种预测类型.矿床形成时代较为连续,最早形成于中—新元古代,最晚形成于新生代,其中中—新元古代和晚古生代是形成矿床的两个高峰期;中—新元古代矿床主要分布在华北地块和扬子地块周缘,晚古生代镍矿主要分布在中亚造山带、峨眉山和塔里木大火成岩省范围内.岩浆型镍矿主要形成于大陆边缘裂解、造山带后碰撞伸展以及地幔柱3种构造背景,根据不同构造背景并结合主要岩浆作用特点,将与幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿系列类型划分出与大陆裂解边缘幔源基性—超基性岩浆作用有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与地幔柱基性—超基性岩浆作用有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与造山带俯冲作用下幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与造山带后碰撞伸展背景下幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型等4种亚类型.分别对中—新元古代与大陆边缘裂解有关的镍铜(铂)矿床、寒武纪与黑色页岩有关的海相沉积型镍钼钒矿床、早二叠世与造山带伸展背景有关的镍铜矿床、晚二叠世与大火成岩省有关的镍铜(铂)矿床、新生代与风化壳有关的镍金矿床及其对应的典型矿床特征和成矿模式进行了叙述;认为大陆裂解边缘、地幔柱、造山带后碰撞伸展是我国镍矿形成的有利成矿地质背景,与邻近深大断裂、镁铁—超镁铁岩体、高MgO的原生岩浆(高镁玄武质岩浆)、深部岩浆作用、硫饱和与硫化物熔离共同组成岩浆型镍矿的6个重要地质条件.     

赣南河草坑铀矿田成矿地质特征及找矿目标类型

河草坑铀矿田位于大富足岩体北西部接触带附近,构造、岩浆及热液活动强烈,发育多种类型的铀矿床、矿点及放射性异常点带.其中发育在花岗岩外带含碳变质岩中的岩浆热液型铀矿,以及发育在花岗岩内带的岩浆热液叠加氧化淋滤而成的复成因铀矿,是今后的找矿目标类型.     

A new assessment of the Noril’sk type deposits origin

The origin of the Noril’sk and Talnakh sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni deposits that are associated with Triassic basaltic traps of Siberia is considered. It has been shown that ore elements of these deposits (with the probable exception of iron) are of a crustal origin rather than a mantle one. They entered the basalts owing to the remobilization (recycling) of ore elements from Early Proterozoic sediments and rocks that are presented in the basement of the Siberian Craton. The criteria for prospecting for analogous deposits are given.     

胶东西北部金矿的控制因素

胶东西北部是我国重要的金矿产区，其金矿化具有东西成带，北东成列及北强南弱的「空间分布特点。作者借助１６条重磁剖面的反演及岩体形成温压条件的计算，确定了玲珑花岗杂岩的岩源及空间形态，并建立了重熔岩浆及其流体的模拟数学模型，指出太古宙基底建造，变质相带，北东及东西构造，玲珑花岗杂岩的空间形态，岩源，重熔机制，形成的物化条件，以及燕山期热事件的强度，综合制约着胶东西北部金矿的区域分布，认为上述条件的差异     

安徽金寨银山钼-铅-锌多金属矿床Re-Os和有关岩浆岩40Ar-39Ar年龄测定

近年,在安徽金寨银山地区,发现了钼-铅-锌多金属矿床,赋矿岩石为中酸性岩浆岩.岩浆岩中的黑云母和角闪石单矿物的40Ar-39Ar同位素地质年龄测定表明,矿区内的中粒二长花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩和细晶闪长岩脉分别形成于(136.8±1.6)Ma、(130.4±1.2)Ma和(125.4±1.0)Ma,为燕山晚期早白垩世侵入岩.根据岩体产状和接触关系,赋矿石英正长(斑)岩和爆发角砾岩的形成晚于二长花岗岩和细晶闪长岩脉.矿区内,钼矿体和铅锌矿体主要呈脉状产于不同岩性的岩浆岩体中,钼矿体主要发育于爆发角砾岩中心附近的石英正长斑岩中,铅锌矿体则主要赋存在二长花岗岩体中.钼矿床中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为(112.6±1.3)Ma和(113.5±1.3)Ma.根据矿体与岩浆岩的相互关系以及同位素地质年龄测定,矿区内的钼-铅-锌多金属矿床与石英正长斑岩的形成时间接近,成矿与浅成-超浅成偏碱性岩浆的侵入和相关的热液作用有关,属于斑岩-隐爆角砾岩型矿床.结合前人的研究成果,笔者认为:该区的岩浆岩和钼-多金属矿床形成于中国东部大规模岩石圈减薄、拆沉和热侵蚀的地球动力学背景,大别造山带应力场由挤压转化至伸展阶段以后;区内的钼-多金属矿床归属东秦岭-大别钼成矿带的东延部分,是中国东部EW向大规模成矿带的组成部分.     

Types of endogenous geochemical fields and their significance for prospecting

When prospecting ore deposits in Trans-Baikal region the endogenous geochemical fields (EGF) are taken as the main search element, as was proposed by L.V. Tauson (1983). Such fields are classified into: geochemical fields of dispersion (GFD), concentration (GFC) and removal (GFR). With regard to their formation conditions they are subdivided into magmatic (associated with magmatic chambers), intratelluric (associated with activity of intratelluric emanations), hydrothermal-metamorphic (vadose-thermal solutions), metamorphogenic, and sedimentary-metamorphogenic ones. Magmatic EGFs are divided into three groups: magmatic, pneumatolytic, and hydrothermal stages. This study identified their polygenetic origin and association with ore-magmatic systems. The geochemical fields of ore zones, fields, and deposits result from the late and post-magmatic processes; they also include the EGF of host rocks and those which altered at pre-ore stage of the natural system development.At ore deposits the EGFs are responsible for supply and redistribution of elements through the entire ore formation process. The fields were divided into EGF of poor concentration (contrast coefficient CC normalized after background to 10), mean (CC >10–100), and intense (CC >> 100). The EGF intensity progressively increases at the hierarchy stage: “host rock—pre-ore metasomatite—syn-ore hydrothermalite—ore body—ore pillar”.To summarize, the fields, ore districts, zones, and deposits are characterized by diverse patterns of dispersion, concentration, and removal.The specific features of composition, structure, and zonal distribution of elements in geochemical fields are exemplified by some gold-bearing zones of the Trans-Baikal region. The paper reports new approaches to investigating these natural formations. The authors promote transition from the generally accepted evaluation of a halo separation to the volumetric survey of endogenous geochemical fields (GFD, GFC, and GFR included) of ore deposits and ore-magmatic systems, in general. The acquired evidence supports the assumption that endogenous geochemical fields should be regarded as a complete system differentiated in space and time preserving specifics and pattern of the internal structure.     

某区磁铁矿床中钠质交代作用的特征及其找矿意义

河北省某区接触交代型磁铁矿床与燕山期角闪闪长岩-闪长岩和闪长岩-二长岩两个岩石系列的中性侵入岩有成因联系。磁铁矿体主要赋存在这些侵入岩与中奥陶统碳酸盐岩的接触带中。与铁矿床的形成有密切联系的蚀变现象主要是钠长石化和矽卡岩化。本文仅就钠质交代作用予以较详尽论述,对矽卡岩化等顺便提到,不作赘述。     

Granitoid Types Related to Cretaceous Plutonic Au-Quartz Vein and Cu-Fe Skarn Deposits, Kitakami Mountains, Japan

Abstract. Early Cretaceous granitic intrusions are associated with Au‐quartz veins and Cu‐Fe skarns in the the Kitakami Mountains, which are underlain by the late Paleozoic of continental margin‐type sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic accretionary complexes. The plutonic rocks are divided into potassic, high‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline and low‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline series. All the metallic mineral deposits are spatially associated with small stocks and plugs; they show no consistent association with the larger plutonic bodies. The plutonic rocks generally belong to the magnetite series but less oxidized in the southwestern part of the Kitakami Mountains where Au‐quartz veins occur. The gold deposits are classified into high and low sulfide types. The high sulfide type contains a high volume of sulfide minerals mostly of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite with low bulk Au/Ag ratios. This type occurs almost exclusively in and surrounding the Orikabe pluton, including two most important gold deposits (Oya and Kohoku) of the Kitakami Mountains. The pluton is composed of potassic gabbroids, potassic granitoids of the shoshonite ‐ high‐K calc‐alkaline series (Orikabe type), and less potassic Sasamori‐type granodiorite. All these rocks belong to a moderately oxidized magnetite series. The Orikabe pluton has one of the lowest initial Sr ratio (0.70392) in the Kitakami Mountains, and the Au‐Cu‐dominant ore components of the high sulfide type Au deposits are considered magmatic in origin carried by the juvenile magmas from the upper mantle. The low sulfide type is generally plain quartz vein with a low volume of sulfides and a high bulk Au/Ag ratio. The associated minerals are often scheelite and/or arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The ore deposits include historically famed Au‐quartz veins at Shishiori and Ogayu. They are widespread in the southwestern Kitakami Mountains and may be later than the high sulfide type in age, and are hosted most commonly in the sedimentary rocks, which surround small weakly oxidized magnetite‐series plutons of low to intermediate Sr/Y series. These less differentiated intrusions typically include quartz dior‐ite and granodiorite. Some ore components of this type may have derived from the host sedimentary rocks. Among other mineral deposit types in the region, the largest ore deposit is Kamaishi Cu‐Fe skarn (magnetite ores of 58 MT, Fe 50–64 %; Cu 143 KT). It is related to the high‐Sr/Y series Ganidake granodiorite stock, which is a strongly oxidized magnetite‐series body. In contrast, the second largest deposit in the mountains, Akagane deposit, is a similar‐type skarn but associated with an intrusion classified as less oxidized, ilmenite to intermediate series, and that is intermediate in Sr/Y of calc‐alkaline series granodiorite. Degree of magmatic differentiation appears to be not critical factor in the formation of Au‐quartz vein and Cu‐Fe skarn deposits in the region, but is definitely significant for controlling the distribution of the Mo‐mineralization to the east.     

中南地区金矿分布规律浅议

本文就我国中南4省区金矿分布的一般规律及金成矿地质条件进行了初步探讨,提出中南地区金矿分布5大规律:空间上集中分布具一定的统一性;赋矿层位多为古老的变质岩系;在空间分布和成因上与岩浆岩密切相关;金成矿在赋矿围岩上虽无较大的选择性,但仍偏重基性火山岩和侵入岩以及有机质、炭质高的沉积岩和变质岩;金的成矿期主要是从前寒武纪到中生代。文章并以部分典型矿床为例,论述了中南4省区金矿控矿因素除矿源层(体)、岩浆岩、构造这3个要素外,还应将深部液态矿源层及区域变质作用视为同等重要的控制因素。     

2: Hydrothermal ore deposits related to post-orogenic extensional magmatism and core complex formation: The Rhodope Massif of Bulgaria and Greece

The Rhodope Massif in southern Bulgaria and northern Greece hosts a range of Pb–Zn–Ag, Cu–Mo and Au–Ag deposits in high-grade metamorphic, continental sedimentary and igneous rocks. Following a protracted thrusting history as part of the Alpine–Himalayan collision, major late orogenic extension led to the formation of metamorphic core complexes, block faulting, sedimentary basin formation, acid to basic magmatism and hydrothermal activity within a relatively short period of time during the Early Tertiary. Large vein and carbonate replacement Pb–Zn deposits hosted by high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Central Rhodopean Dome (e.g., the Madan ore field) are spatially associated with low-angle detachment faults as well as local silicic dyke swarms and/or ignimbrites. Ore formation is essentially synchronous with post-extensional dome uplift and magmatism, which has a dominant crustal magma component according to Pb and Sr isotope data. Intermediate- and high-sulphidation Pb–Zn–Ag–Au deposits and minor porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the Eastern Rhodopes are predominantly hosted by veins in shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of closely similar age. Base-metal-poor, high-grade gold deposits of low sulphidation character occurring in continental sedimentary rocks of synextensional basins (e.g., Ada Tepe) show a close spatial and temporal relation to detachment faulting prior and during metamorphic core complex formation. Their formation predates local magmatism but may involve fluids from deep mantle magmas.The change in geochemical signatures of Palaeogene magmatic rocks, from predominantly silicic types in the Central Rhodopes to strongly fractionated shoshonitic (Bulgaria) to calc-alkaline and high-K calc-alkaline (Greece) magmas in the Eastern Rhodopes, coincides with the enrichment in Cu and Au relative to Pb and Zn of the associated ore deposits. This trend also correlates with a decrease in the radiogenic Pb and Sr isotope components of the magmatic rocks from west to east, reflecting a reduced crustal contamination of mantle magmas, which in turn correlates with a decreasing crustal thickness that can be observed today. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the related hydrothermal systems show a concomitant increase of magmatic relative to meteoric fluids, from the Pb–Zn–Ag deposits of the Central Rhodopes to the magmatic rock-hosted polymetallic gold deposits of the Eastern Rhodopes.