江南华南局地洪涝严重华北黄淮一度旱情发展——2002年7月

7月份 ,江南、华南等地降水偏多 ,部分地区发生暴雨洪涝 ;北方大部及西南东部降水偏少 ,部分地区伏旱一度发展。全国大部气温接近常年或偏高 ;中东部地区出现持续高温天气。有两个热带风暴登陆我国 ;部分省区局地遭受冰雹和龙卷风袭击。1　江南、华南降水偏多 ,粤、桂、湘、鄂等省区部分地区发生洪涝本月 ,我国淮河、汉水以南大部分地区及黄淮南部、东北大部、内蒙古东北部等地月降水量在 1 0 0ｍｍ以上 ,其中华南大部、江南大部、江淮西部及西南部分地区有 2 0 0～4 0 0ｍｍ ,两广局地达 50 0～ 70 0ｍｍ ;华北大部、黄淮北部、西北的南部…     

长江嫩江松花江流域特大洪灾江南华南少雨高温

8月,西南地区东部、汉水流域、黄淮和东北地区大部降雨明显偏多,部分地区出现洪涝,尤其是长江、嫩江、松花江发生了历史罕见的特大洪灾;江南、华南大部及华北、西北地区、西南部分地区降水偏少。全国大部地区月平均气温接近常年,江南、华南出现持续高温;月内有两个热带风     

东北等地雨少又有旱情 长江中游一带汛期偏早——2002年5月

5月份 ,全国大部地区降水偏多或接近常年 ,东北、华北部分地区降水偏少 ,旱情又复露头或发展 ,华南东部降水偏少 ,旱情持续 ;长江中下游部分地区上半月多阴雨天气 ,部分地区出现渍涝或局地洪涝 ;全国大部地区气温接近常年或偏低 ,部分地区气温阶段性明显偏低 ,给农作物生长发育造成一定影响 ;贵州、甘肃等地出现局地强对流天气 ,并造成一定损失。1　东北等地降水少 ,旱象露头或发展5月 ,全国大部降水主要出现在上、中旬。月降水量 ,西南东部地区大部、黄淮大部及其以南地区在 10 0ｍｍ以上 ,其中江南及重庆大部、贵州大部、云南西南部、广西…     

冬麦区干旱 江南遇寒露风

冬麦区干旱江南遇寒露风━１９９４年９月─陈峪（国家气象中心，北京１０００８１）９月份，全国大部地区降水偏少，北方冬麦区旱情发展；东北大部及西南东部、江南西部降水偏多，部分地区出现连阴雨天气，作物生育受到影响。全国大部地区气温接近常年，江南部分地区出现...     

华北东北干旱高温 闽皖苏黔暴雨洪涝—2000年6月—

6月份 ,东北、华北、华南、长江中下游沿江地区、四川盆地、西南南部降水偏少 ,部分地区旱情持续 ,天津、河南、山东、山西等省发生大面积高密度蝗虫灾害。西北大部、华北西部、淮河流域、江南中东部和西部、西南地区中部降水偏多。福建、安徽、贵州等省部分地区出现强降雨过程 ,局地发生洪涝灾害。全国大部地区气温偏高 ,华北东北部、东北大部偏高 1～ 4℃ ,部分地区出现高温天气。1　江南中东部、淮河流域、贵州等部分地区出现暴雨洪涝6月 ,秦岭至黄河中下游以北大部地区月降水量一般有 1 0～ 5 0 mm,部分地区有 80～ 1 40 mm。江淮、江南…     

淮河流域暴雨致洪 南方地区高温罕见——2003年7月

7月份 ,长江以北大部降水偏多或接近常年 ,淮河流域发生严重洪涝 ;长江以南大部降水偏少 ,江南、华南发生大范围伏旱。南方大部气温偏高 ,江南、华南出现持续酷热天气 ;北方大部气温接近常年或偏低。西北太平洋和南海有两个热带气旋活动并都在华南沿海登陆。1　天气概况1 1　降水7月降水量 ,东北大部、华北大部、西北东南部、黄淮、江淮、江南北部、华南西部、西南大部一般在 1 0 0mm以上 ,其中江淮、黄淮大部以及重庆、湖北、黑龙江等省市的部分地区达 2 0 0～ 4 0 0mm ;全国其余地区一般在1 0 0mm以下 ,其中江南大部、华南北部、西北西部…     

北方大部旱情持续 南方局地暴雨洪涝—2000年5月—

5月份 ,北方大部及江南大部、西南东北部和华南东部降水偏少 ,部分地区旱情持续 ;西南大部、长江中下游沿江地区及东北东部等地降水正常或偏多 ,江南、华南部分地区出现强降雨过程 ,局地发生涝灾。全国大部地区气温偏高 ,其中西北大部、黄淮西部、江淮大部和东北西北部等地气温偏高 2～ 3℃ ;西南地区西南部、华南西部等地区气温偏低。部分地区遭受强对流、沙尘暴等袭击。1　北方麦区普降喜雨 ,大部地区旱情持续发展　　我国降雨分布不均。月降雨量 ,北方大部地区一般有 1 0～ 80 mm,其中新疆南部 ,甘肃西部、青海西部、宁夏、陕西北部、内…     

江南华南降水多 东北华北旱缓和

本月,江南东部、华南大部降水偏多,局地暴雨成灾,东北、华北普降喜雨,大部旱情缓解。全国大部地区气温接近常年,山西、内蒙古、宁夏等省(区)部分地区出现晚霜冻。有一个台风登陆广东,部分地区出现风雹灾害。     

南方降水偏多 局地洪涝 北方雨水偏少 旱情发展

８月份,降水分布大体呈南多北少态势,江南、华南等地降水明显偏多,湘、皖、鄂、赣等省局部地区发生暴雨洪涝;北方大部降水偏少,部分地区旱情严重。月平均气温,全国大部地区接近常年,北方光温条件较好,对农业生产有利;中下旬,南方大部出现连阴雨天气,气温显著偏低,光照条件差。９９０８号台风在广东深圳登陆。１　南方降水偏多,湘、皖、鄂、赣局部暴雨洪涝月降水量,南方大部有１００～３００ｍｍ,江南东部和中部、华南中部、云南西南部及四川盆地等部分地区达３００～６００ｍｍ;与常年同期相比,江南及两广、云南、贵州、福…     

北方大部土壤墒情较好 南方部分地区少雨干旱——2003年12月

12月，北方大部地区土壤墒情较好；江南大部出现较明显降水过程，旱情有所缓解，但华南大部、云南南部和江西南部部分地区干旱维持或发展；全国大部地区气温接近常年或偏高；南方大部日照偏少，华南和北方大部日照接近常年或偏多。月内，中东部地区     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

1,800 Years of abrupt climate change, severe fire, and accelerated erosion, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events.     

The temperature dependent,infrared absorption cross-sections for the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115

The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm^-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm^-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed.     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

基于L波段探空的云区边界识别改进算法

利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更...     

The microstructure of selected, small, isolated, cumulus clouds near Red Deer, Alberta

Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm⁻³ and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m⁻³, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m⁻³. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m⁻³, with a peak value of 2.81 g m⁻³. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31⁻¹, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11⁻¹ in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions.     

江苏三次不同量级降雪过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

Weeds, Insects, and Diseases

The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C₃ v C₄), may be altered, with the C₃ species favored by increasing CO₂. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO₂ may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase.     

Governance,complexity, and resilience

This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems.