小秦岭东桐峪金矿床黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素特征及其成矿意义

位于华北克拉通南缘的小秦岭地区是我国仅次于胶东的大型金矿床集中区,但金矿床的成矿物质来源及成因问题一直存在较大争议.以华北南缘小秦岭矿集区东桐峪金矿床中的黄铁矿作为研究对象,在黄铁矿显微结构研究的基础上利用LA-ICP-MS对黄铁矿的微量元素进行原位分析,为进一步认识东桐峪金矿床及区内其他同类型矿床的成因提供新的资料和制约.东桐峪金矿床的黄铁矿从早到晚依次划分为3个世代(PyⅠ、PyⅡ和PyⅢ).PyⅠ主要形成于粗粒黄铁矿-石英阶段,颗粒粗大且自形程度高,呈星点状或斑点状赋存于乳白色石英脉中.PyⅡ主要形成于石英-中细粒黄铁矿阶段,呈半自形-他形结构且裂隙发育,常被晚期石英、多金属硫化物、自然金等矿物充填.PyⅢ主要形成于多金属硫化物阶段,常呈他形粒状结构与黄铜矿、方铅矿及闪锌矿等硫化物密切共生.LA-ICP-MS分析结果显示,PyⅠ中As平均含量为16.63×10-6,Au、Ag和Te含量较低且常位于检测限以下;相较而言,PyⅡ中As含量稍低,而Au、Ag和Te含量略高(其中Au含量为0.10×10-6~0.59×10-6);PyⅢ中Au、Ag和Te含量差异较大且显著升高,其中Au、Te含量最高可达35.58×10-6和79.79×10-6,而As含量较低且大部分数值低于检测限;不同世代黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值基本上都大于1,且PyⅢ的Co、Ni含量和Co/Ni比值明显低于PyⅡ和PyⅠ.以上结果表明,东桐峪金矿床的载金矿物黄铁矿中As的含量很低,金的富集与As无关;不同世代的黄铁矿中Au、Ag和Te之间存在显著且稳定的线性正相关关系,暗示金矿化与Te关系密切.另外,第3世代黄铁矿(PyⅢ)中Au、Ag及Te存在显著富集,指示Te(而不是As)在金和银的迁移、搬运、富集、沉淀等过程中具有重要作用.华北克拉通南缘小秦岭地区晚中生代大规模的金成矿作用及金矿床中普遍存在Te-Au-Ag矿物,且黄铁矿中As含量低、Te含量高等特征,暗示该区金矿床的成矿物质/成矿流体可能来自深部岩浆的脱挥发分或地幔脱气作用,而与区域变质作用的关系不大.      

Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces,deposit types and tectonic framework

We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny.     

Geology,Mineralogy, Geochronology,and Sulfur Isotope Constraints on the Genesis of the Luanling Gold Telluride Deposit,Western Henan Province,Central China

The Luanling gold telluride deposit in the Xiong'ershan region is located in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The deposit formed in four stages, that is, an early pyrite‐quartz stage (I), a pyrite‐molybdenite stage (II), a sulfide‐telluride‐gold stage (III), and a late carbonate stage (IV). Six species of telluride in stage (III) are recognized, including hessite, altaite, petzite, unidentified Au‐Ag‐Te mineral, empressite, and unidentified Ag‐Te‐S mineral. Gold occurs mostly as native gold and electrum along the microfractures of sulfides or the contact between sulfide and telluride. The mineralization temperature of stage I and stage III ranges from 296 to 377°C and 241 to 324°C, respectively. Tellurides in stage III precipitate at the log?_S2 from ?14.3 to ?7.3 and log?_Te2 from ?17.4 to ?9.4. The ores were formed in an oxidizing environment. The Re‐Os model ages of molybdenite are 162–164 Ma, which indicate that the main ore formation stage was in the Late Jurassic. The Re contents of five molybdenite samples from the Luanling deposit have a range of 36.32–81.95 ppm, except for one large value of 220 ppm, which indicates that the ore‐forming materials are mainly derived from a crustal‐dominated source. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides range from ?17.6 to ?6.2‰, whereas those of sulfates are from 6.8 to 11.5‰. The δ³⁴S_∑S value of the ore‐forming system is 0.0–3.7‰, indicating that the sulfur of the Luanling deposit derived from a deep igneous source. Mineral association and isotope data of the Luanling deposit, together with its geodynamic setting, imply that this deposit belongs to a part of the metallogenic system of the Nannihu‐Sandaozhuang, Shangfangou porphyry molybdenum deposits, and the Late Jurassic granitic intrusions.     

豫西小秦岭地区秦南金矿床热液独居石U-Th-Pb定年及其地质意义

小秦岭地区是我国最重要的金矿产区之一, 目前对该区金矿床成矿作用存在两种不同的观点, 即与秦岭造山带造山作用有关的早中生代成矿和与中国东部构造体制大转折有关的晚中生代成矿.在矿床地质研究的基础上, 利用激光剥蚀ICP-MS方法对小秦岭矿集区北矿带秦南金矿床的热液独居石进行了U-Th-Pb定年, 获得了高精度的年龄数据, 为北矿带金矿床成矿时代和成矿构造背景提供了新的制约.岩相学研究表明, 所研究的独居石具有完好的晶形, 与载金矿物黄铁矿和石英的结构关系表明它们近于同时形成.13个独居石颗粒的U-Th-Pb同位素组成在206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U和206Pb/238U-208Pb/232Th图解上均位于谐和线上或其附近, 其206Pb/238U和208Pb/233Th加权平均年龄分别为120.9±0.9 Ma(MSWD=1.0)和122.6±1.9 Ma(MSWD=2.6), 在误差范围内完全一致.本次定年结果与小秦岭南矿带众多典型金矿床的Re-Os年龄和40Ar/39Ar年龄一致, 表明独居石的U-Th-Pb同位素体系自矿物形成后一直处于封闭体系, 其U-Pb和U-Th-Pb年龄可以解释为秦南金矿床的成矿时代, 从而表明秦南金矿床形成于燕山期.对已有可靠年龄数据的统计分析表明, 小秦岭地区绝大多数金矿床形成于早白垩世, 证明该区金成矿作用集中发生于晚中生代, 可能与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄作用有关.      

甘肃李坝金矿围岩蚀变与金成矿关系

西秦岭地区是目前国内造山型和卡林型金矿找矿的热点地区之一,已发现的甘肃李坝造山型金矿为超大型规模。以李坝金矿6号矿带为例,系统地研究了其蚀变矿物组合、近矿围岩蚀变分带及相应的金矿化特征,总结了矿床(带)的蚀变分带模式。该模式具典型的中心式环带结构,可分为3个蚀变带,由中心向外依次为黄铁绢英岩化带、绢云母化带和绿泥石化带。蚀变矿物组合分别为黄铁矿+绢云母+石英±毒砂±白云母±电气石±方解石、绢云母+绿泥石+石英+黄铁矿±黑云母及绿泥石+黑云母±绢云母±黄铁矿;与这3个蚀变带相对应的是金的富集带、矿化带和无矿带。蚀变岩石物质组分迁移分析表明,围岩蚀变及其分带是热水流体/岩石反应时岩石化学组分发生迁移的结果,矿化伴随着蚀变发生,且金矿化与黄铁矿化和浸染状硅化关系最为密切。     

Implications of pyrite geochemistry for gold mineralisation and remobilisation in the Jiaodong gold district,northeast China

The Jiaodong gold district of eastern China, the largest gold producing district in China, is located on the eastern margin of the North China Craton. It consists of three mineralisation belts: the western Zhao-Ye belt, the middle Qixia belt, and the eastern Muping–Rushan (Muru) belt. Over 85% of mineralisation is hosted in the Zhao-Ye belt, which is bordered by the mantle-tapping Tan Lu fault zone. Pyrite crystals from three deposits in the Zhao-Ye belt and three deposits in the Muru belt were studied using a combination of optical petrography, bulk pyrite geochemistry, and in-situ laser ablation ICP-MS. Results show that although mineralisation is broadly similar between the two belts, there are significant differences in ore and gangue mineral textures, pyrite geochemistry, and style of gold mineralisation.Texturally, pyrite grains from the Zhao-Ye belt are generally cubic and do not exhibit zoning. In contrast, Muru pyrite grains are more often pyritohedral, commonly exhibit well-defined concentric zoning, and display textures in ore and gangue minerals indicative of open space growth. Bulk pyrite geochemistry suggests a distinct enrichment in Pb, Bi, Au, Ag and Te in the Zhao-Ye belt, whereas the Muru belt pyrite is significantly enriched in As, Cu and Co. In situ pyrite geochemistry indicates that Au and As are variably correlated in the Zhao-Ye belt, typically only exhibiting correlation at low Au concentrations. Most gold occurs as visible electrum along pyrite fractures and grain boundaries, with a minor generation of invisible gold formed through As-facilitated uptake into pyrite. In the Muru belt, Au and As have a strong correlation and there is limited occurrence of gold particles, indicating that most gold in the Muru belt is invisible gold contained in the crystal structure of As-rich pyrite.The differences in style of gold mineralisation between the belts indicates an inherent difference in timing of gold introduction: in the Zhao-Ye belt, the visible electrum accounting for most of the gold endowment is formed post-pyrite, whereas the invisible gold in the Zhao-Ye and Muru belts is formed syn-pyrite. The heterogeneity in gold distribution in the Jiaodong district is attributed to melting of metallogenically fertile Archean crust at the base of the well-endowed Zhao-Ye belt, and the lack of a similarly fertile source region beneath the Muru belt.     

新疆托里蛇绿岩型金矿床中黄铁矿的研究

在金的伴生矿物中,黄铁矿在托里金矿床中是非常丰富的矿物。它不仅在数量上占优势,而且在本矿床中黄铁矿还以部分自然金的载体出现在矿化带中,所以对黄铁矿进行较为详细的研究是有实际意义的。另外,本矿床为一新型的金矿床——蛇绿岩型金矿,就其黄铁矿来说,无论是矿物学的特点或是地球化学特点都具有本类型矿床的独特性质,例如本黄铁矿中有CO/Ni<1、Au/Ag>1的特点。再者,托里金矿有两个成矿带,而黄铁矿在这两个成矿带中又有不同的特点,这是由于这两个成矿带不同的成矿环境所造成的。     

阳山金矿带金的赋存状态及其对成矿过程的指示意义

阳山金矿带是西秦岭金矿带已探明金储量最大的独立金矿区,其矿化样式主要为微细浸染状矿化,其次为石英脉型矿化,可见金与“不可见金”均有发育,该金矿带是研究造山型金矿金赋存状态的理想地区,其研究成果对理解金成矿作用和过程以及指导选矿工艺具有重要意义。论文在翔实的野外地质调查和显微观察基础上,将成矿期划分为早阶段(黄铁矿石英)、主阶段(黄铁矿毒砂绢云母石英)和晚阶段(辉锑矿石英方解石),综合应用电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子质谱仪、高分辨率透射电镜、X射线粉晶衍射等技术,剖析阳山金矿带不同成矿阶段金的赋存状态,进而探讨其对成矿过程的指示意义。研究表明：成矿早、主阶段以微细浸染状硫化物矿化为主,金主要以晶格金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和毒砂中;而成矿晚阶段以脉状矿化为主,金主要以自然金的形式存在。金的赋存状态的变化,指示从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿温度、压力逐渐降低,成矿流体成分由富As流体演化为相对贫As且富Sb的流体。     

Paragenesis and geochemistry of ore minerals in the epizonal gold deposits of the Yangshan gold belt,West Qinling,China

Six epizonal gold deposits in the 30-km-long Yangshan gold belt, Gansu Province are estimated to contain more than 300 t of gold at an average grade of 4.76 g/t and thus define one of China's largest gold resources. Detailed paragenetic studies have recognized five stages of sulfide mineral precipitation in the deposits of the belt. Syngenetic/diagenetic pyrite (Py₀) has a framboidal or colloform texture and is disseminated in the metasedimentary host rocks. Early hydrothermal pyrite (Py₁) in quartz veins is disseminated in metasedimentary rocks and dikes and also occurs as semi-massive pyrite aggregates or bedding-parallel pyrite bands in phyllite. The main ore stage pyrite (Py₂) commonly overgrows Py₁ and is typically associated with main ore stage arsenopyrite (Apy₂). Late ore stage pyrite (Py₃), arsenopyrite (Apy₃), and stibnite occur in quartz ± calcite veins or are disseminated in country rocks. Post-ore stage pyrite (Py₄) occurs in quartz ± calcite veins that cut all earlier formed mineralization. Electron probe microanalyses and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses reveal that different generations of sulfides have characteristic of major and trace element patterns, which can be used as a proxy for the distinct hydrothermal events. Syngenetic/diagenetic pyrite has high concentrations of As, Au, Bi, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn. The Py₀ also retains a sedimentary Co/Ni ratio, which is distinct from hydrothermal ore-related pyrite. Early hydrothermal Py₁ has high contents of Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Fe, Sb, and V, and it reflects elevated levels of these elements in the earliest mineralizing metamorphic fluids. The main ore stage Py₂ has a very high content of As (median value of 2.96 wt%) and Au (median value of 47.5 ppm) and slightly elevated Cu, but relatively low values for other trace elements. Arsenic in the main ore stage Py₂ occurs in solid solution. Late ore stage Py₃, formed coevally with stibnite, contains relatively high As (median value of 1.44 wt%), Au, Fe, Mn, Mo, Sb, and Zn and low Bi, Co, Ni, and Pb. The main ore stage Apy₂, compared to late ore stage arsenopyrite, is relatively enriched in As, whereas the later Apy₃ has high concentrations of S, Fe, and Sb, which is consistent with element patterns in associated main and late ore stage pyrite generations. Compared with pyrite from other stages, the post-ore stage Py₄ has relatively low concentrations of Fe and S, whereas As remains elevated (2.05～3.20 wt%), which could be interpreted by the substitution of As^? for S in the pyrite structure. These results suggest that syngenetic/diagenetic pyrite is the main metal source for the Yangshan gold deposits where such pyrite was metamorphosed at depth below presently exposed levels. The ore-forming elements were concentrated into the hydrothermal fluids during metamorphic devolatilization, and subsequently, during extensive fluid–rock interaction at shallower levels, these elements were precipitated via widespread sulfidation during the main ore stage.     

芬兰北部金矿床产出环境、地质特征和成矿作用

芬兰北部的金矿床数量众多,大多数金矿床(点)产出于古元古界中央拉普兰绿岩带(CLGB)和库萨莫—帕拉波加片岩带内,主要分为3种类型:造山型金矿、铁氧化物铜-金(IOCG型)矿床及砂金矿。其中造山型金矿绝大部分分布于中央拉普兰绿岩带中部及库萨默地区和帕拉波加地区,最常见的矿石矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿,其次为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿等。围岩蚀变包括钠长石化、绢云母化、黑云母化、碳酸盐化及绿泥石化。造山型金矿床主要控制因素包括构造、岩性和造山期区域变质。IOCG型矿床主要分布在CLGB的西部克拉瑞地区,容矿围岩是钠长石-直闪石石棉型岩石,矿石中富含Fe-Cu-Au±Ag、Bi、Ba、Co、Mo、Sb、Se、Te、Th、U和轻稀土元素。围岩蚀变强烈,并且有明显的分带现象。IOCG型金矿床的形成受岩浆热液活动和构造的影响较大。砂金矿床包括古砂金矿床和现代砂金矿床,主要分布在CLGB东北部。芬兰北部金矿床的研究对北极圈及邻区的找矿勘查工作具有重要意义,也为中国胶东半岛、华北克拉通北缘、小秦岭和秦岭地区及新疆北部地区进一步金矿勘查提供参考。     

Alteration and mineralization styles of the orogenic disseminated Zhenyuan gold deposit,southeastern Tibet: Contrast with carlin gold deposit

Orogenic disseminated and Carlin gold deposits share much similarity in alteration and mineralization.The disseminated orogenic Zhenyuan Au deposit along the Ailaoshan shear zone,southeastern Tibet,was selected to clarify their difference.The alteration and mineralization from the different lithologies,including meta-quartz sandstone,carbonaceous slate,meta-(ultra)mafic rock,quartz porphyry and lamprophyre were researched.According to the mineral assemblage and replacement relationship in all types of host rocks,two reactions show general control on gold deposition:(1)replacement of earlier magnetite by pyrite and carbonaceous material;(2)alteration of biotite and phlogopite phenocrysts in quartz porphyry and lamprophyre into dolomite/ankerite and sericite.Despite the lamprophyre is volumetrically minor and much less fractured than other host rocks,it contains a large portion of Au reserve,indicating that the chemically active lithology has played a more important role in gold precipitation compared to structure.LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that Au mainly occurs as invisible gold in fine-grained pyrite disseminated in the host rocks,with Au content reaching to 258.95 ppm.The diagenetic core of pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone enriched in Co,Ni,Mo,Ag and Hg is wrapped by hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,As,Sb,Au,Tl,Pb and Bi.Different host rock lithology has much impact on the alteration and mineralization features.Carbonate and sericite in altered lamprophyre show they have higher Mg than those developed in other of host rocks denoting that the carbonate and sericite incorporated Mg from phlogopite phenocrysts in the primary lamprophyre during alteration.The ore fluid activated the diagenetic pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone leading the hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,Mo,Ag,Sb,Te,Hg,Tl,Pb and Bi,but the hydrothermal pyrite in meta-(ultra)mafic rock is enriched in Co and Ni as the meta-(ultra)mafic rock host rock contain high content of Co and Ni.However,Au and As shear similar range in both types of host rocks indicating that these two elements most likely come from the deep source fluid rather than the host rocks.It was shown in the disseminated orogenic gold deposit that similar hydrothermal alteration with mineral assemblage of carbonate(mainly dolomite and ankerite),sericite,pyrite and arsenopyrite develops in all types of host rocks.This is different from the Nevada Carlin type,in which alteration is mainly dissolution and silicification of carbonate host rock.On the other hand,Au mainly occur as invisible gold in both disseminated orogenic and Carlin gold deposits.     

胶东和小秦岭:两类不同构造环境中的造山型金矿省

胶东和小秦岭是我国排名前两位的金矿产地,根据对这两个地区的实地野外考察、室内研究及对已有大量研究成果的总结,我们认为胶东与小秦岭地区的金矿床均可归入造山型金矿的范畴,它们分别形成于增生型造山体制和碰撞型造山体制.胶东金矿床形成于早白垩世(130～120Ma左右)与洋壳俯冲(增生)造山相关的活动大陆边缘环境,矿床主要产于中生代花岗岩岩体中,严格受断裂带(NNE向或NE向为主)控制,成矿流体具有低盐度高CO_2含量的特征,He-Ar同位素研究显示成矿过程有幔源物质的加入.综合金矿床及中生代岩浆岩(特别是与成矿近同时的早白垩世郭家岭花岗岩及基性岩脉)的地质地球化学特征与成岩成矿动力学,我们提出在俯冲的太平洋板块后退的背景下,胶东地区增厚地壳中的榴辉岩相下地壳及下伏岩石圈地幔发生两阶段拆沉,强烈的壳幔相互作用最终导致了早白垩世普遍的岩浆活动及金的爆发成矿的模式.小秦岭地区金矿床主要以大型含金石英脉的形式产出于太华群变质基底的脆性-韧性剪切带(EW向为主)中,而与区域内燕山期大型花岗岩岩基没有直接联系,矿床地质特征(如低盐度高CO_2,以变质流体为主的成矿热液)与造山型金矿吻合,He-Ar同位素特征表明金矿床形成时有幔源物质的加入.小秦岭地区脉状Au-Mo矿床印支期成矿年龄(215～256Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os)表明印支期是小秦岭地区金成矿的主要时期,小秦岭金矿属于陆陆(华北与扬子)碰撞造山过程中形成的造山型金矿.     

Porphyry-Style Petropavlovskoe Gold Deposit,the Polar Urals: Geological Position,Mineralogy, and Formation Conditions

Geological and structural conditions of localization, hydrothermal metasomatic alteration, and mineralization of the Petropavlovskoe gold deposit (Novogodnenskoe ore field) situated in the northern part of the Lesser Ural volcanic–plutonic belt, which is a constituent of the Middle Paleozoic island-arc system of the Polar Urals, are discussed. The porphyritic diorite bodies pertaining to the late phase of the intrusive Sob Complex play an ore-controlling role. The large-volume orebodies are related to the upper parts of these intrusions. Two types of stringer–disseminated ores have been revealed: (1) predominant gold-sulfide and (2) superimposed low-sulfide–gold–quartz ore markedly enriched in Au. Taken together, they make up complicated flattened isometric orebodies transitory to linear stockworks. The gold potential of the deposit is controlled by pyrite–(chlorite)–albite metasomatic rock of the main productive stage, which mainly develops in a volcanic–sedimentary sequence especially close to the contacts with porphyritic diorite. The relationships between intrusive and subvolcanic bodies and dating of individual zircon crystals corroborate a multistage evolution of the ore field, which predetermines its complex hydrothermal history. Magmatic activity of mature island-arc plagiogranite of the Sob Complex and monzonite of the Kongor Complex initiated development of skarn and beresite alterations accompanied by crystallization of hydrothermal sulfides. In the Early Devonian, due to emplacement of the Sob Complex at a depth of approximately 2 km, skarn magnetite ore with subordinate sulfides was formed. At the onset of the Middle Devonian, the large-volume gold porphyry Au–Ag–Te–W ± Mo,Cu stockworks related to quartz diorite porphyry—the final phase of the Sob Complex— were formed. In the Late Devonian, a part of sulfide mineralization was redistributed with the formation of linear low-sulfide quartz vein zones. Isotopic geochemical study has shown that the ore is deposited from reduced, substantially magmatic fluid, which is characterized by close to mantle values δ³⁴S = 0 ± 1‰, δ¹³C =–6 to–7‰, and δ¹⁸O = +5‰ as the temperature decreases from 420–300°C (gold–sulfide ore) to 250–130°C (gold–(sulfide)–quartz ore) and pressure decreases from 0.8 to 0.3 kbar. According to the data of microanalysis (EPMA and LA-ICP-MS), the main trace elements in pyrite of gold orebodies are represented by Co (up to 2.52 wt %), As (up to 0.70 wt %), and Ni (up to 0.38 wt %); Te, Se, Ag, Au, Bi, Sb, and Sn also occur. Pyrite of the early assemblages is characterized by high Co, Te, Au, and Bi contents, whereas the late pyrite is distinguished by elevated concentrations of As (up to 0.7 wt %), Ni (up to 0.38 wt %), Se (223 ppm), Ag (up to 111 ppm), and Sn (4.4 ppm). The minimal Au content in pyrite of the late quartz–carbonate assemblage is up to 1.7 ppm and geometric average is 0.3 ppm. The significant correlation between Au and As (furthermore, negative–0.6) in pyrite from ore of the Petropavlovskoe deposit is recorded only for the gold–sulfide assemblage, whereas it is not established for other assemblages. Pyrite with higher As concentration (up to 0.7 wt %) is distinguished only for the Au–Te mineral assemblage. Taking into account structural–morphological and mineralogical–geochemical features, the ore–magmatic system of the Petropavlovskoe deposit is referred to as gold porphyry style. Among the main criteria of such typification are the spatial association of orebodies with bodies of subvolcanic porphyry-like intrusive phases at the roof of large multiphase pluton; the stockwork-like morphology of gold orebodies; 3D character of ore–alteration zoning and distribution of ore components; geochemical association of gold with Ag, W, Mo, Cu, As, Te, and Bi; and predominant finely dispersed submicroscopic gold in ore.     

小秦岭--熊耳山金成矿作用与区域构造的耦合

小秦岭-熊耳山地区是重要的金、多金属成矿带，金属元素高度富集，在长不足200km的矿带内，集中产出100多个大中小型金矿床(点)和10余个特大、中、小型钼矿床；成矿金属元素组合既有单一金矿床、铝矿床，也有铝-金-多金属矿床。金的矿床类型有石英脉型、构造蚀变岩型及斑岩．爆破角砾岩型和砂金矿床等。金的成矿流体为临界-超临界地幔流体，成矿物质具深源性。成矿时代主要为中生代，印支期是成矿的开始与先导，燕山期叠加其上，构成一个完整的中生代成矿旋回。金成矿作用受秦岭造山带印支期构造作用的制约，在前沿挤压，后缘滞后拉张的构造耦合作用动力学背景下产出。成矿与岩石圈拆沉作用及地幔流体上涌有关。     

Geochronology and fluid source constraints of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit,western Henan Province,China: Analysis of genetic implications

The Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, located in Songxian County, western Henan Province, China, is one of many gold‐telluride deposits in the Xiaoqinling‐Xiong'ershan district. Gold orebodies occur within the Taihua Supergroup and are controlled by the WNW F101 Fault, and the fault was cut across by a granite porphyry dike. Common minerals in gold orebodies include quartz, chlorite, epidote, K‐feldspar, calcite, fluorite, sericite, phlogopite, bastnasite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tellurides, gold, bismuthinite, magnetite, and hematite, and pyrite is the dominant sulfide. Four mineralization stages are recognized, including pyrite‐quartz stage (I), quartz‐pyrite stage (II), gold‐telluride stage (III), and quartz‐calcite stage (IV). This work reports the Rb–Sr age of gold‐telluride‐bearing pyrite and zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry, as well as S isotope data of pyrite and galena. The pyrite Rb–Sr isochron age is 126.6 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), and the average zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry is 166.8 ± 4.1 Ma (MSWD = 4.9). (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i values of pyrite and δ³⁴S values of sulfides vary from 0.7104 to 0.7105 and ?11.84 to 0.28‰, respectively. The obtained Rb–Sr isochron age represents the ore formation age of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, which is much younger than the zircon U–Pb age of the granite porphyry. Strontium and S isotopes, together with the presence of bastnaesite, suggest that the ore‐forming fluid was derived from felsic magmas with input of a mantle component and subsequently interacted with the Taihua Supergroup. Tellurium was derived from metasomatized mantle and was related to the subduction of the Shangdan oceanic crust and Izanagi plate beneath the North China Craton (NCC). This deposit is a part of the Early Cretaceous large‐scale gold mineralization in east NCC and formed in an extensional tectonic setting.     

熊耳山Au-Ag-Pb-Mo矿集区成矿模式与找矿方向

熊耳山地区是华北地块南缘继小秦岭金矿田之后发现的又一金银铅钼矿集中区.该区经历了发生于中国东部燕山期的构造体制大转换和岩石圈减薄事件,产出了大量燕山期热液金矿床及银、铅、钼矿床,发育了不同的矿床类型:隐爆角砾岩型金矿,构造蚀变岩型金矿、构造蚀变岩型银铅矿和斑岩型钼矿.文章讨论了该区燕山期大规模成矿作用的构造背景,各种矿床类型的特征、成岩成矿时间及其相互关系、成矿规律、成矿模式并提出了找矿方向.     

早子沟金矿黄铁矿标型特征及其地质意义

早子沟金矿位于西秦岭同仁—夏河—岷县金成矿带,矿区赋矿地层为三叠纪中统古浪堤组一段细碎屑岩,中性岩脉大量发育。矿体产于地层、脉岩及其接触带中,严格受断裂构造控制。本文通过对不同期次、不同矿石类型的黄铁矿进行分布、形态、矿物组合、元素组成以及硫同位素的研究,发现不同矿石类型的黄铁矿形成于不同的深度和地质环境;主成矿期黄铁矿以五角十二面体为主,常具碎裂结构;严重亏铁亏硫,ω(Au)/ω(Ag)=5.54,ω(Co)/ω(Ni)=4.2,类似于卡林型金矿特征,又兼有岩浆型矿床的特征;矿体中黄铁矿硫同位素δ34S‰变化范围-7.43‰～-8.62‰,与围岩黄铁矿硫同位素组成接近,说明硫主要来源于沉积地层,同时由于构造活动和岩浆侵入作用对硫同位素分馏产生了一定影响,使重硫有所富集。     

黔东南坑头金矿床热液蚀变特征及成矿过程研究

黔东南金成矿区位于江南造山带金成矿省的西南端,成矿条件优越。坑头金矿床是黔东南金成矿区的一个中型矿床,在其深部找矿中,发现除石英脉型矿体外,还存在蚀变岩型矿体。然而,这种蚀变岩型矿体的构造形态、蚀变类型、与石英脉型矿体之间关系和金的赋存状态尚不清楚。本研究与当前的勘查工作紧密结合,围绕石英脉型矿体和新发现的蚀变岩型矿体为研究切入点,借助微区分析技术(扫描电镜和电子探针)进行系统的“流体- 蚀变- 成矿”研究。蚀变矿物金红石矿物化学显示为热液成因,具有典型造山型金矿床的金红石标型特征。围岩的沉积- 成岩过程(包括低级变质作用过程),主要形成了草莓状黄铁矿和含铁碳酸盐岩,为后期含金硫化物(黄铁矿和毒砂)的形成提供物质基础(如Fe)。金的成矿富集过程主要经历了绢云母+毒砂+黄铁矿+石英(Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz)阶段、黄铁矿+毒砂+石英(Py+Apy+Qtz)阶段和自然金+石英(Au0+Qtz)阶段。在Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz阶段,主要表现为含矿流体与围岩的初级交代,形成大量浸染状黄铁矿+毒砂的硫化带;Py+Apy+Qtz阶段主要为流体沿着剪切带再交代,形成蚀变岩型矿体;Au0+Qtz阶段主要表现为含金石英大脉的形成。金的赋存状态研究显示,蚀变岩矿体中Au以他形显微- 次显微自然金赋存在蚀变岩硫化物裂隙中,或以化学结合态方式赋存在黄铁矿和毒砂中(后者占主导)。在晚期Au0+Qtz阶段,自然金呈自形、粗粒(~0. 5 mm)赋存在石英脉中。综合研究认为,多期构造(流体)交代导致的溶解- 再沉淀可能是坑头金富集成矿主要原因之一。     

冀东下营坊金矿成矿年代学研究

冀东下营坊金矿地处华北地台北缘燕山造山带东段,是该区一个重要的岩浆期后热液型金矿。该金矿产于大铜山杂岩体及外接触带中,有三种矿化类型,即斑岩型、角砾岩型、矽卡岩型,构成了典型的斑岩型金矿成矿系统。为精确厘定下营坊金矿的成矿年代,更好的理解该矿与区内其他金矿的关系,本文采用锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年,获得赋矿斑岩(花岗斑岩)的结晶年龄为163.32±0.90Ma,切穿矿体的煌斑岩脉结晶年龄为159.0±1.5Ma,由此限定成矿年龄可能在163.32Ma~159.0Ma之间;而由辉钼矿获得的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为164.2±2.3Ma。在误差范围内,Re-Os同位素模式年龄与U-Pb同位素年龄是一致的,表明下营坊金矿成矿年龄为164.2±2.3Ma,属于中侏罗世岩浆热液事件。结合前人研究结果,认为下营坊金矿以及冀东中侏罗世金矿的成岩成矿构造背景与区内该时期的岩浆事件一样,可能受古太平洋板块俯冲的影响而处于挤压的构造环境。     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Duobuza Gold‐Rich Porphyry Copper District in the Bangongco Metallogenetic Belt,Northwestern Tibet

The Duobuza gold‐rich porphyry copper district is located in the Bangongco metallogenetic belt in the Bangongco‐Nujiang suture zone south of the Qiangtang terrane. Two main gold‐rich porphyry copper deposits (Duobuza and Bolong) and an occurrence (135 Line) were discovered in the district. The porphyry‐type mineralization is associated with three Early Cretaceous ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries at Duobuza, 135 Line and Bolong, and is hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Middle Jurassic Yanshiping Formation and intermediate‐acidic volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Meiriqie Group. Simultaneous emplacement and isometric distribution of three ore‐forming porphyries is explained as multi‐centered mineralization generated from the same magma chamber. Intense hydrothermal alteration occurs in the porphyries and at the contact zone with wall rocks. Four main hypogene alteration zones are distinguished at Duobuza. Early‐stage alteration is dominated by potassic alteration with extensive secondary biotite, K‐feldspar and magnetite. The alteration zone includes dense magnetite and quartz‐magnetite veinlets, in which Cu‐Fe‐bearing sulfides are present. Propylitic alteration occurs in the host basic volcanic rocks. Extensive chloritization‐silicification with quartz‐chalcopyrite or quartz‐molybdenite veinlets superimposes on the potassic alteration. Final‐stage argillic alteration overlaps on all the earlier alteration. This alteration stage is characterized by destruction of feldspar to form illite, dickite and kaolinite, with accompanying veinlets of quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite and quartz + pyrite assemblages. Cu coexists with Au, which indicates their simultaneous precipitation. Mass balance calculations show that ore‐forming elements are strongly enriched during the above‐mentioned three alteration stages.