CLDAS陆面同化资料和ERA5-Land再分析资料气温产品在江西省的适用性评估

以江西省376个气象自动观测站的逐小时气温数据为基准,采用偏差、相关性和平均绝对误差等评价指标,对比分析2017—2022年CLDAS陆面同化和ERA5 Land再分析气温资料在江西省的适用性。结果表明： 1） ERA5 Land、CLDAS资料均能很好反映大部分站点的气温变化,CLDAS资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.99,相关系数区间分布较为集中;ERA5 Land资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.97,分布较为分散。2） 相较于观测站点多年平均气温,CLDAS资料较为接近,ERA5 Land资料则偏离较大。3） CLDAS资料的平均绝对误差明显低于ERA5 Land资料,二者均存在平原、盆地部分站点平均绝对误差较小而局部高海拔山区站点异常偏大的空间特征,以及秋季最大而冬季最小的季节特征。4） ERA5 Land资料偏差的日变化范围为-0.65—0.39 ℃,整体呈现单谷形分布;CLDAS资料偏差日变化范围为-0.05—0.05 ℃,波动幅度较小,没有明显的变化特征。5） 两种格点资料均能较好反映大部分站点的低温日数变化,但对于高温日数变化,ERA5 Land资料偏差较大,CLDAS资料偏差较小。     

CLDAS气温数据在中国区域的适用性评估

以中国48 708个地面气象自动站逐小时气温数据为基础,采用平均偏差(Bias)、相关系数、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)等评估指标,对比分析2017年10月、2018年1月、4月、7月CLDAS-V2.0气温(分辨率为0.062 5°),探讨中国8个分区春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CLDAS与站点气温的相关性及偏差分布特征。结果表明:1) CLDAS气温较好地反映了中国气温的年际变化,非独立性检验、独立性检验与站点气温的平均相关系数分别为0.995、0.991,东北地区相关性最高,西南地区相关性最低。2) CLDAS与站点气温的Bias为-0.011℃,非独立性检验的RMSE、MAE分别为1.275、1.645℃,独立性检验的RMSE、MAE分别为0.867、1.089℃,总体上CLDAS气温误差小,可信度较高。3)春、秋季的偏差小于夏、冬季;东北、华北、江淮、华南地区的偏差小于西北、西南地区; 84.6%站的冷偏差或暖偏差在1℃内,冷暖偏差空间分布均匀。4) CLDAS的最高气温存在冷偏差,最低气温存在暖偏差,夏季最高气温的最大误差为-0.59℃。5) CLDAS平均偏差的日变化为-0.23～0.07℃,白天呈冷偏差,夜间呈暖偏差,夏季平均偏差的日变化较显著,偏差的日较差为0.26℃;全国8个分区夏季平均偏差日变化最大为1.06℃,秋、冬、春季变幅相似,西南地区平均偏差日变化最大而江淮地区最小。     

基于ANUSPLIN的京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集建立方法研究

为建立一个高精度、高空间分辨率的逐日气温格点数据集,满足公共气象服务对于精确信息及实时信息的需要,利用2018年6—8月京津冀区域以及临近省区共3 974个国家级及区域气象观测站质控后的逐日气温资料,采用ANUSPLIN软件对逐日气温数据进行空间内插,得到了京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集（0.01°×0.01°）,并分别利用反距离权重插值法、普通克里金插值法、样条函数法对逐日气温数据进行空间插值,采用相关系数（Corr）、平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均相对误差（MRE）等作为评估指标来检验插值精度。结果表明：1）ANUSPLIN软件满足了空间插值对精度及曲面平滑度的要求,能直观体现京津冀区域气温由北向南递增的空间分布特征;2）4种插值方法中,基于ANUSPLIN软件的插值结果最优,相关系数平均达0.97,其样本误差在1 ℃之内占比为90.59%,MAE为0.46 ℃,MRE为1.81%;3）插值误差较大的区域位于冀北高原、燕山丘陵及太行山脉一带,高海拔、低站点密度等是造成插值误差的主要原因。基于ANUSPLIN插值方法建立的逐日气温格点数据集具有分辨率高、空间插值误差小的优势,ANUSPLIN对气温的空间分布具有较好的预测能力。     

基于多源数据的北疆春季 霜冻指标检验及其应用

为检验春季霜冻灾害和棉花播种及出苗期间的各温度指标，本文选用北疆1120个气象站和空间分辨率5km×5km的CLDAS多源融合实况数据，对2021年4月北疆春季霜冻灾害性天气中的平均气温、最低气温、最大降温幅度、温度≤0℃和温度≤12℃所有时刻的平均气温和累计小时数在北疆棉花主产区进行检验。利用气象站点数据、结合实地调查验证CLDAS数据在霜冻灾害性天气中的可用性，结果表明：CLDAS数据在均方根误差、气温预报准确率、平均气温和最低气温分布上对比地面气象站数据可信度较高，但在降温幅度、≤0℃分布区域和≤12℃持续时间上局部略有差别，总体来看在没有地面观测站点区域，CLDAS温度数据可代表当地温度，为分区域、分作物、分灾种精细服务到田间地头提供基础保障。     

2020年CLDAS风场数据在辽宁省的适用性分析

选用2020年辽宁省286个气象站点地面10 m风场数据与中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)10 m风场数据,统计逐小时CLDAS网格插值到站点的风速数据与站点观测风速数据的相关系数(COR)、平均偏差(ME)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE),进行CLDAS风场数据在辽宁省的适用性分析和评估。结果表明：CLDAS风场格点数据分辨率1 km较5 km更接近站点观测数据,邻近点插值法较双线性插值法偏差更小。辽宁省286个站点中,逐小时CLDAS风场数据与观测数据相关系数低于0.95的站数仅占总站数的1.7%。辽宁沿海低海拔地区和北部地区较其他内陆地区的CLDAS风速与站点风速偏差大。CLDAS风速与观测风速误差的平均值为负,其中,秋季平均偏差最小,夏季、冬两季次之,春季偏差最大;夜间夏季、秋季日变化偏差最小,冬季次之,春季最大;白天冬季偏差最小,夏季、秋季次之,春季最大。辽宁省3次大风个例分析均表明,CLDAS风场数据有较好的适用性。     

CLDAS 10 m风产品在陕西的质量检验分析

以陕西省99个地面自动气象站和1台测风塔作为检验站点,评估了2018年1月1日至2020年12月31日中国气象局陆面数据同化业务系统(CLDAS)的10 m风产品在陕西省的质量.结果表明:CLDAS 10 m风速产品能够较好地反映陕西省风速的时间和空间分布特征,陕西大部分地区风速的准确率为55％～75％、平均绝对误差小...     

CLDAS气温实况融合产品在兰州和武威的检验评估及偏差订正

为更好地理解格点融合实况数据与观测数据的差异和代表性,利用甘肃兰州和武威两地站点的观测数据对中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）地面2 m气温融合产品进行检验评估及偏差订正。结果表明：（1）逐小时气温和日最低气温融合产品的平均误差总体为负值,较实际气温偏低,且在2 500 m以下误差随海拔上升而减小;日最高气温融合产品平均误差在海拔1 500 m附近为负值,1 500 m以上误差变为正值且随海拔升高而增大;日最高和最低气温误差较逐小时气温误差偏大,但平均误差均在2℃以内。（2）通过近网格点检验,发现逐小时CLDAS气温产品白天与实况相近,夜间较实况偏低0.2℃;日平均气温CLDAS融合产品总体较实况偏低1℃,兰州城区产品偏差相对较小;30℃以上高温天数融合产品与实况分布基本一致,但在兰州城区,CLDAS融合产品的高温天数较观测天数偏少。（3）线性回归法和递减平均法对CLDAS气温融合产品都有一定的订正效果,递减平均法订正效果更优且在高海拔地区订正效果更明显。CLDAS气温实况融合产品在兰州和武威两地能较好地反映气温...     

基于CLDAS的格点温度预报偏差订正方法

利用国家气象信息中心CLDAS格点温度实况、中央气象台SCMOC格点温度预报以及山西省站点观测温度,采用非独立性检验综合评估CLDAS在山西区域的适用性。在此基础上,采用滑动训练期订正方案,基于格点实况开展SCMOC温度预报场的客观订正。结果表明:(1)复杂地形对山西CLDAS格点温度实况的精度有一定影响,但最高气温的分析精度优于最低气温,表明地形对最低气温的偏差影响更显著,高海拔地区CLDAS最低气温一般对应为负偏差,低海拔地区一般对应为正偏差。(2)CLDAS格点温度实况的偏差空间分布具有时间延续性,进行简单的系统偏差订正后,最高、最低气温格点实况的精度分别提升1.1%、9.7%,与站点观测更为吻合。(3)基于改进后的CLDAS格点温度实况,采用滑动偏差订正方案,显著改善了山西省SCMOC温度预报的准确率。2019年,滑动偏差订正后的24 h时效最高、最低气温预报准确率较SCMOC温度预报分别提升2.7%、4.7%,订正后的短期温度预报质量有较大提高,优于预报员主观预报。     

高山区多时间尺度Anusplin气温插值精度对比分析

以中国地形起伏较大的横断山区为研究区,利用研究区内51个国家气象站点1960-2014年气温数据,以高程为协变量,采用Anusplin对不同时间分辨率(年代、年均、季节、月、日)的气温数据分布进行空间插值。通过气象站点交叉验证,结合绝对误差(平均绝对误差和均方根误差)和相对误差(平均相对误差)等量化指标,对比分析各个时间尺度气温数据的插值精度。结果表明:(1)夏季插值的绝对精度和相对精度最优,年代、年均和秋季气温插值的绝对精度水平相近,春季次之,冬季气温插值的绝对精度和相对精度最差。(2)在区域气候变化趋势方面,各个时间尺度气温插值数据的变化趋势和变化率与观测值结果一致。(3)年内各月均温和各月内日均温插值结果的相对精度和绝对精度在夏季月份精度最佳,在冬季月份精度最差,且各月内日均温插值结果在绝对精度和相对精度方面均低于各月均温插值结果的精度水平。分析显示,利用Anusplin的山区气温插值,气温海拔梯度性的优劣是造成不同时间尺度气温插值精度水平不一致的主要原因。     

CLDAS温湿产品在贵州的适用性评估及订正

使用贵州自动观测站逐时资料对2019年中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）温度、相对湿度产品进行了检验评估及线性订正。结果表明,CLDAS温度同观测有较好的一致性,相对湿度产品系统性低于观测,使用本地资料订正CLDAS温湿产品提高了产品的可用性。全年CLDAS温度产品在贵州的平均误差为0.2985℃,均方根误差为1.5578℃,相关系数为0.9822。12.4%的站点温度年均方根误差超过了2℃。从00:00-23:00（北京时）温度平均误差先减小后增大,均方根误差在中午前后存在最大值。订正后,CLDAS温度产品平均误差绝对值、均方根误差缩小,相关系数增大,全年均方根误差减小至1.2369℃。订正格点产品时有效距离越小订正效果越好。全年CLDAS相对湿度产品在贵州的平均误差为-4.501%,均方根误差为9.021%,相关系数为0.863,夜间相关系数为0.711。相对湿度产品平均误差及相关系数在中午前后达到最大值,均方根误差则是在日夜交换之际存在最值。线性订正对相对湿度产品有明显的正效果。订正后全年相对湿度均方根误差减小了2.317%,夜间相关系数较订正前增加了0.104。夜间时刻相...     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted