新疆阿尔泰蒙库同造山斜长花岗岩年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

对新疆阿尔泰蒙库铁矿区斜长花岗岩体进行了锆石SHRIMPUPb年龄测定,获得了400±6 Ma（MSDW=1.3）的生成年龄,与1号矿体北部黑云母花岗岩年龄相似（锆石SHRIMPUPb年龄404 ± 8 Ma）,表明岩体侵位时代为早泥盆世早期。这些岩体侵入到康布铁堡组中,限定康布铁堡组时代大于404 Ma。同时蒙库铁矿的形成与岩浆热液活动有关,也限定铁矿成矿时代略晚于404～400 Ma。蒙库斜长花岗岩具有高硅,富钠,Th、La、Ce、Nd、LREE元素相对富集,贫钾,Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti具有明显负异常和中等负铕异常（δEu＝0.38～0.50）的特点。Na2O/ K2O=6.36～13.3,属低钾（拉斑玄武质）系列。铝过饱和指数为1.03~1.09,为微过铝质。ISr=0.70438～0.70986,εNd(t)= 1.04～2.17,表明蒙库岩体物源以幔源物质为主,有少量壳源物质的混入。结合区域地质资料,认为蒙库岩体形成于活动大陆边缘的陆弧环境,处于拉张环境中。     

阿尔泰蒙库铁矿斜长角闪岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

蒙库大型铁矿位于阿尔泰南缘麦兹盆地,赋存于康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中,容矿岩石为石榴石矽卡岩、变粒岩、浅粒岩、斜长角闪岩和大理岩.矿体总体顺层分布,空间上与矽卡岩密切相关.对9号矿体围岩斜长角闪岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄进行了测定,12颗锆石的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(403.9±4.8) Ma(MSDW=1.3).结合区域年代学资料,限定康布铁堡组形成时代为晚志留—早泥盆世,同时限定蒙库铁矿形成时代小于404 Ma.     

新疆阿尔泰南缘萨尔布拉克铁矿区花岗岩年代学及地球化学研究

本文对新疆阿尔泰南缘萨尔布拉克铁矿区花岗岩体进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定,获得岩体形成时代为410±4Ma(MSDW=0.88),是晚志留世—早泥盆世岩浆活动产物。岩体的年龄限定它侵入的地层时代大于410Ma,为前泥盆系而不是前人认为的中泥盆统;同时限定萨尔布拉克矽卡岩型铁矿的形成时代略晚于410Ma,为晚志留世末期—早泥盆世早期成矿。萨尔布拉克花岗岩具有富硅、偏碱性,LREE富集且分馏明显,HREE亏损且分馏不明显,中等负铕异常(δEu=0.35～0.47),微量元素Th、U、La、Ce、Nd、Zr、Hf相对富集,Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti相对亏损,具明显负异常的特点。Na2O/K2O集中于1附近,属于钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列。铝过饱和指数变化于1.07～1.14,为过铝质。其微量元素地球化学特征与蒙库岩体(400～404Ma)具有很好的相似性,表明萨尔布拉克花岗岩形成于与板块俯冲有关的活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境中,可能是洋壳铁镁质岩石在板块俯冲过程中熔融形成,且加入了陆壳物质。     

新疆富蕴县蒙库铁矿床赋矿浅粒岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究

蒙库铁矿床位于阿尔泰山南缘成矿带的麦兹火山-沉积盆地内,矿床主矿体成因类型为与火山作用有关的热水喷流沉积矿床.矿体主要赋存于泥盆系康布铁堡组地层中,主要岩性有浅粒岩、变粒岩及斜长角闪岩,原岩恢复显示为海相火山岩,主要为细碧岩-角斑岩-石英角斑岩,次为流纹岩-凝灰岩,沉积岩为钙质凝灰质砂岩夹结晶灰岩.通过对蒙库铁矿床浅粒岩锆石LA-ICP-MS UPb定年,确定了矿床的形成时代及康布铁堡组地层的形成时代.锆石中Th含量分别为29.5×10^-6~82.7×10^-6和32.1×10^-6~109.3×10^-6,U含量分别为35.7×10^-6~132.1×10^-6和47.6×10^-6~140.6×10^-6,Th/U比值为0.41~1.19和0.51~0.85,为典型岩浆锆石特征.蒙库铁矿浅粒岩的U-Pb年龄分别为397.5±2.5 Ma和389.0±4.7 Ma.结合区域年代学资料,确定康布铁堡组形成于早泥盆世,康布铁堡组下亚组上限为389±4.7 Ma,而蒙库铁矿床主矿体形成时代为397.5±2.5 Ma.     

阿尔泰南缘乌吐布拉克铁矿区花岗质岩石年代学及成因

本文对新疆阿尔泰南缘乌吐布拉克铁矿区斜长花岗岩和黑云母斜长花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,分别获得了385.6±2.3 Ma（MSDW=0.13）和387.7±2.1 Ma（MSDW=0.23）的谐和年龄,两者为中泥盆世早期同源岩浆侵入体。乌吐布拉克铁矿的形成与岩浆侵入活动密切相关,据此限定铁矿成矿时代略晚于388～386 Ma,为中泥盆世早期成矿。乌吐布拉克斜长花岗岩与黑云斜长母花岗岩均具有高硅（SiO2=66.01%～79.14%）、富钠贫钾（Na2O＞K2O）的特点。A/CNK〖HT4”〗{A/CNK=n(Al2O3)/\n(CaO)+n(Na2O)+n(K2O)]}值均小于1.1,表明两者为准铝质低钾花岗岩。微量元素表现为富集Th、Ta、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Rb 、Ba、K、Sr、P大离子亲石元素。稀土元素表现为轻稀土相对富集,轻重稀土元素分馏明显[(La/Yb)N=2.46～7.24],具有中等或强的Eu负异常。结合区域地质资料,认为乌吐布拉克矿区花岗岩形成于与板块俯冲有关的活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境中。     

新疆阿尔泰克兰河中游泥盆纪花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

克兰河中游英云闪长岩和二长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为400±2.3Ma(MSDW=1.1)和401±3.3 Ma(MSDW=1.2), 表明岩体侵位于早泥盆世早期, 同时也暗示了岩体围岩康布铁堡组地层的形成时代早于401 Ma。所有花岗质岩石具有高的SiO2(67.80%~76.54%)和Al2O3(12.39%~16.07%)含量, 低P2O5 (0.02%~0.17%)和MgO+FeO(2.22%~5.12%)含量, 富碱(K2O+Na2O=5.58%~8.25%), 具有低的CaO/Na2O (<0.3)比值和高的A/CNK值(0.96~1.39); 富集LREE和Th、U, 贫Ba、P、Sr、Ti、Nb, 呈现明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.22~0.73)。以上特征表明该岩体属钙碱性准铝质-过铝质岩类, 具有岛弧花岗岩的典型特征。结合阿尔泰南缘的区域地质背景综合分析, 推测岩体形成于活动大陆边缘环境, 是在俯冲作用过程中由变泥质岩和变质杂砂岩脱水熔融的产物, 在部分熔融过程中有磷灰石、斜长石、钛铁矿等矿物的残留。     

新疆阿尔泰铁木里克花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

通过对新疆阿尔泰南缘富蕴-蒙库成矿带中铁木里克铁矿矿区出露的花岗闪长岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定,获得岩体形成时代为(389±5.7) Ma(MSDW=1.7).该岩体是早泥盆世岩浆活动产物,属海西早期侵入体.岩体侵入活动伴随铁矿成矿作用,表明铁木里克铁矿的形成时代略晚于389 Ma.前人研究表明,阿尔泰造山带早泥盆世时期岩浆活动异常强烈,400～360 Ma是主造山期.铁木里克岩体的形成处于阿尔泰造山作用最强时期.对比铁木里克岩体与蒙库岩体的形成时代及空间产出,认为铁木里克岩体形成于与板块俯冲有关的活动大陆边缘的陆弧环境.     

阿尔泰南缘克朗盆地铁木尔特花岗岩体年龄、地球化学特征及成因

铁木尔特黑云母花岗岩出露于阿尔泰造山带南缘克朗盆地北西侧,岩体主要为黑云母花岗岩。锆石的SHRIMPU-Pb定年结果表明该岩体结晶年龄为459±4.9Ma。岩石具有高的SiO_2(71.92%～76.58%)和Al_2O_3(12.92%～14.55%)含量,富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.09%～8.11%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.1～1.62)、低P_2O_5(0.14%)和MgO+FeO(5%)含量,强过铝质(ACNK=1.13～1.34);富集LREE和Th、U、Pb,贫Ba、P、Sr、Ti、Nb,呈现明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.33～0.53);并具有低的Al_2O_3/TiO_2(100)比值和高的CaO/Na_2O(0.3)比值。以上特征表明该岩体属高钾钙碱性高温型强过铝花岗岩。同时岩石具有低的Sr初始值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.701727～0.709951)和相对高的ε_(Nd)(459Ma)(-1.43～-0.98)值,两阶段Nd模式年龄较为均一(t_(2DM)=1.2～1.3Ga)。岩体的原始岩浆可能是富含白云母和黑云母的变泥质岩在大于875℃的条件下脱水熔融的产物,在部分熔融过程中有磷灰石、斜长石、钛铁矿等矿物的残留,并混入少量的幔源物质。结合阿尔泰南缘的区域地质背景综合分析,推测岩体形成于俯冲作用的初期,可能是在挤压背景下由于局部伸展减压以及异常地幔和深部热流不均匀上升提供的热影响发生的部分熔融产生。     

中国阿尔泰北部山区早泥盆世花岗岩的年龄、成因及构造意义

对阿尔泰北部山区喀纳斯及琼库尔花岗岩体进行锆石 LA-ICPMS U—Pb 定年分别获得398±5Ma(MSWD=2.3)和399±4Ma(MSWD=1.2)的生成年龄,确定其形成于早泥盆世。结合近期研究成果,进一步表明,阿尔泰造山带花岗岩主要形成于早—中古生代,峰期在400Ma 左右。这两个花岗岩同阿尔泰其它400Ma 左右的花岗岩具有相同或相似的野外产状、岩石学、地球化学特征和同位素组成,如高硅、富钾、铝,轻稀土富集,具有 Eu 负异常,富集大离子亲石元素(Rh、Ba、K),具有明显的 Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti 负异常,具有负的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-1.5～-0.1)和相对于区内其它花岗岩较老的 Nd 同位素模式年龄 t_(DM)(1.15～1.35Ga),表明这些花岗岩具有钙碱性-高钾钙碱性特征,其物源源除了地幔物质的贡献,可能有更多地壳物质的加入。推断这些花岗岩可能是在洋壳俯冲过程中,可能是熔自深部地壳(可能是弧物质)的岩浆与来源于亏损地幔的镁铁质岩浆发生混合形成的。结合区域地质背景分析,显示喀纳斯、琼库尔岩体形成于陆弧环境,与其它同期花岗岩一起揭示了阿尔泰造山带最为强烈的一次俯冲、裂解和拼合事件。为我们已经提出的构造演化模式提供了新的证据。     

阿尔泰克因布拉克铜锌矿区二云母正长花岗岩成岩时代及地质意义

克因布拉克铜锌矿床矿区二云母正长花岗岩产于阿尔泰南缘额尔齐斯构造带北侧冲乎尔火山沉积盆地中,铜锌矿的形成与该花岗质岩浆期后热液活动有密切关系.LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb法测定其成岩时代为(278.6±3.5)Ma(MSDW=2.8),是海西晚期岩浆活动产物.结合矿区石英脉中黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄(245 Ma)和阿尔泰南缘二叠纪晚期—三叠纪时期区域变形、变质作用特征限定铜锌矿成矿时代为早—中二叠世.综合前人研究成果认为,二云母正长花岗岩形成于后碰撞造山环境,与大规模区域性剪切作用有关,可能在地壳伸展拉张作用晚期,由于幔源岩浆的底侵作用,导致康布铁堡组中变质沉积岩发生部分熔融,后经结晶形成.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).