随机模型对解算西安流动SLR站坐标的影响

合理的参数估计及精度评定不仅需要可靠的函数模型,而且需要正确的随机模型。从权函数和粗差编辑两方面,研究了不同随机模型对西安流动卫星激光测距（satellite laser ranging,SLR）站坐标解算的影响,采用全球Lageos-1卫星观测数据计算了西安流动SLR站坐标。计算结果表明:①西安流动SLR站的观测精度和坐标解算精度均达到厘米级。②随机模型直接影响SLR站坐标的解算结果及可靠性;对于相同的计算弧段,抗差方差分量估计得到的站坐标精度最高、结果最稳定,残差加权均方差最小,观测资料利用率也最高;对于相同的计算方案,采用的SLR数据越多,坐标估计精度越高。     

基于SLR的北斗卫星精密轨道确定

卫星轨道的精密确定是利用GNSS进行高精度导航和定位的前提。我国北斗二代卫星导航系统正处于建设阶段,在精密定轨方面还存在着尚未完全组网、观测数据较少、跟踪站局限于国内等不足。北斗卫星在对地一侧都安装了激光后向反射器,可以实施卫星激光测距。本文研究了利用SLR观测数据进行北斗卫星精密定轨的算法,并通过编程进行了实验。实验结果表明,利用SLR进行定轨的精度可以达到米级。     

GPS35卫星的SLR轨道与IGS轨道的联合比较

GPS35卫星的对地一侧安装了激光后向反射器阵，使得这颗卫星不仅可以播发GPS导航定位信息，还可实施激光测距（SLR）观测，对由激光测距数据所确定的SLR轨道与由GPS数据所确定的IGC轨道进行了比较，得出了这两轨道的差值约为1m，并对此差值进行了分析。     

Jason-2卫星的激光测距观测值噪声估计

针对Jason-2卫星定轨中关于多普勒无线电定轨定位系统(DORIS)和卫星激光测距(SLR)随机模型研究的不足,该文提出了3类k阶差分算子通用递推公式及相应的差分算子观测噪声估计方法。利用电离层平静和异常两个时段的Jason-2卫星DORIS和SLR多站数据进行了应用研究,计算结果验证了所提方法的正确性。同时分析了DORIS和SLR观测噪声随卫星高度角的变化规律以及观测噪声时的相关特性,并指出了3类差分算子的适用性。     

重力场长周期变化的观测与理论结果比较

利用Chandler摆动周期作为约束，估计了地幔滞弹性对地球二阶带谐响应系数κ、带谐位系数J2和卫星轨道升交点Ω的影响，理论预测的长周期潮汐参数被用来与人卫激光测距（SLR）观测结果进行比较。结果表明，SLR确定的长周期潮汐解已能检测到地幔滞弹性的影响。考虑地幔滞弹性和非平衡海洋潮汐效应后，理论预测的18．6a潮汐参数与SLR潮汐解基本相符。     

用SLR资料精密确定GPS35卫星轨道

GPS35卫星是全球定位系统卫星星座中的一颗卫星，它的对地一侧安装了激光后向反射器，可实施激光测距观测。用全球SLR资料精密确定了GPS35卫星1995年10月22日——26日和1999年8月1日——6日共2个5天的轨道，求得观测值与计算值的RMS小于3cm。     

模糊聚类定权法对SLR定轨精度的影响

针对卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)精密定轨过程中存在的测站观测数据合理定权问题,将一种改进的模糊聚类算法引入到SLR观测数据定权中。基于国际激光测距服务(International Laser Ranging Service,ILRS)提供的全球SLR测站性能报告,对测站进行近实时滑动分类定权,改变SLR数据处理中权重的经验或者随意性选取模式。经过LAGEOS1卫星2014年1月至2016年12月3年全球SLR实测数据处理的测试。结果表明,当考虑LAGEOS标准点总数、LAGEOS标准点RMS值以及LAGEOS标准点合格率这3项测站质量控制因素确定的测站权值能最大限度地提高卫星定轨精度和观测数据的使用效率,对参与计算的365个3d弧段数据,91.46%弧段精度得到提高,平均提高约3.7mm,且每个测站的定轨残差RMS也得到了降低。这对于正在迈向毫米级测量精度的SLR技术至关重要。     

卫星激光测距站分级与GNSS卫星轨道精度校核

GNSS卫星轨道是实现导航定位等位置服务的基础,对卫星轨道精度的精确评估关系到服务的精度与可靠性。卫星激光测距技术是评估卫星轨道精度的独立外部检核手段,由于SLR站系统水平不一,导致数据质量差异较大,因此合理选用高性能SLR站是精确评估卫星轨道的关键。本文利用聚类分析方法,依据国际激光网发布的近10 a全球SLR站性能评估报告,选择观测总圈数、LAGEOS标准点RMS值和系统短期偏差3个参数作为测站分级评估指标,将全球SLR站进行分级。在此基础上,对2020年所有参与国际激光联测的GNSS卫星的事后精密轨道进行了精度校核。结果表明,SLR站水平与数据质量密切相关,利用模糊C-均值聚类算法可有效对全球SLR测站进行分级,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级测站占比分别为28%、51%和21%;采用不同级站观测数据得到的检核结果存在明显差异,基于Ⅰ级站数据的校轨残差均值的绝对值和标准差总体小于Ⅱ和Ⅲ级测站,3种GNSS卫星轨道精度在R、T、N方向上的差异不明显,对应分量的RMS值之间的较差均处于毫米级水平。     

联合GNSS和SLR观测对地球自转参数的解算与分析

选取不同数量的IGS站,分别利用GPS和GPS+GLONASS观测数据计算ERP参数,并将结果和IGS公布值进行比较,分析测站数量增加和加入GLONASS观测数据对解算ERP参数的影响。此外,还利用GLONASS卫星的全部卫星激光测距(SLR)数据进行ERP参数解算,并将SLR结果和GNSS解算结果联合计算ERP,结果表明,联合SLR可改善GNSS数据解算ERP参数及高频ERP参数的系统性误差影响和稳定性。     

阿根廷圣胡安激光测距系统的SLR数据质量分析

利用自行研制的激光定轨软件CASMORD分析阿根廷圣胡安激光测距系统的SLR数据质量.结果表明,阿根廷圣胡安激光测距系统性能良好,具有较小的系统偏差(距离偏差和时间偏差),系统偏差稳定,随时间的变化较小,有效观测圈数和数据观测量处于全球台站前列;经系统偏差修正后,该系统达到了亚厘米级观测水平,具有较高的观测精度,可以为卫星的精密定轨提供在我国本土无法观测的轨道弧段的资料,为我国科学研究和国家的特殊需要提供必须的宝贵资料.     

地球定向参数测量发展现状和展望

随着我国空间探测工程的快速发展,对地球定向参数(EOP)的精度需求越来越高. 通过对地球定向参数的测量原理进行介绍,以现有的经典光学观测手段、甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)、全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)、多里斯系统(DORIS)、激光测月(LLR)和卫星激光测距(SLR)等为代表的现代空间大地测量手段对地球定向参数测量原理及特点进行全面的阐述,对地球定向参数的自主测量与服务进行展望,为我国建设自主的地球定向参数测量系统提供理论基础和参考.      

不同观测技术的Jason-2卫星精密定轨评估

针对GPS、SLR和DORIS三种不同手段的各自定轨精度问题,本文基于不同的轨道评估方法进行了深入分析。以JASON-2卫星为例,分析了姿态模型误差及其对定轨精度的影响,分别讨论了GPS、SLR和DORIS的定轨策略和定轨精度,并基于轨道评估结果进行了轨道叠加。基于实测数据进行了试验,试验结果表明,JASON-2卫星姿态模型误差对DORIS、GPS和SLR轨道影响分别为0.040、0.036和0.033m;DORIS定轨结果优于GPS和SLR,SLR定轨精度最差;基于SLR验证和轨道重叠结果加权,对GPS、SLR和DORIS轨道进行轨道叠加,其精度一致,通过与JPL轨道比较,其径向精度为2cm。     

流动卫星激光测距技术在中国的发展

SLR(卫星激光测距)技术是一项应用广泛的空间大地测量技术,本文在介绍其测距原理的基础上,通过与GPS、VLBI技术进行对比,分析了其实现手段和所能达到的精度;根据SLR应用现状提出了在国内建立SLR流动站的思路;并对SLR技术的未来发展作了展望。     

资源三号01星及02星星载GPS天线PCO、PCV在轨估计及对精密定轨的影响

资源三号01星与02星作为我国重要的遥感立体测绘卫星,承担了地理产品生产以及国土资源调查等任务。其中,高精度的卫星轨道确定是完成卫星任务的必备条件。资源三号01星与02星都搭载国产双频GPS接收机和SLR反射器来进行精密定轨和独立定轨精度检核。在定轨过程中,星载GPS接收机天线的PCO误差和PCV误差是制约进一步提高定轨精度的重要因素。尽管卫星入轨前获取GPS接收机天线的PCO先验值,本文通过在轨估计PCO,分析了PCO各个方向上的分量估计的可行性,发现通过使用在轨PCO,SLR检核显示ZY-3 01星和ZY-3 02星轨道RMS值分别提高了0.331 mm、0.399 mm。本文利用直接法和残差法估计了两颗卫星星载GPS接收机天线的PCV模型,整体量级在[-15 mm 15 mm]。通过使用在轨估计的PCV模型（10°×10°）,ZY-3 01星SLR检核结果RMS值提高了2.143 mm（直接法模型）、1.628 mm（残差法模型）,重叠弧段对比在三维位置上提高了11.377 mm（直接法模型）、13.903 mm（残差法模型）,ZY-3 02星SLR检核结果RMS值提高了0.727 mm（直接法模型）、0.692 mm（残差法模型）,重叠弧段对比在三维位置上提高了1.736 mm（直接法模型）、1.548 mm（残差法模型）。本文进一步探讨了PCV模型分辨率（10°×10°,5°×5°,2°×2°）对精密定轨的影响,在综合考虑计算效率、存储空间、提高幅度等因素后,发现使用残差法在轨估计5°×5° PCV模型是较好的选择。     

Future global SLR network evolution and its impact on the terrestrial reference frame

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) is an important technique that contributes to the determination of terrestrial geodetic reference frames, especially to the realization of the origin and the scale of global networks. One of the major limiting factors of SLR-derived reference frame realizations is the datum accuracy which significantly suffers from the current global SLR station distribution. In this paper, the impact of a potential future development of the SLR network on the estimated datum parameters is investigated. The current status of the SLR network is compared to a simulated potential future network featuring additional stations improving the global network geometry. In addition, possible technical advancements resulting in a higher amount of observations are taken into account as well. As a result, we find that the network improvement causes a decrease in the scatter of the network translation parameters of up to 24%, and up to 20% for the scale, whereas the technological improvement causes a reduction in the scatter of up to 27% for the translations and up to 49% for the scale. The Earth orientation parameters benefit by up to 15% from both effects.     

Evaluation of CHAMP satellite orbit with SLR measurements

The technique of Evaluating CHAMP satellite orbit with SLR measurements iS presented. As an independent evaluation of the orbit solution, SLR data observed from January 1 to 16, 2002 are processed to compute the residuals after fixing the GFZ＇s post science orbits solutions. The SLR residuals are computed as the differences of the SLR measurements minus the corresponding distances between the SLR station and the GPS-derived orbit positions. On the basis of the SLR residuals analysis, it is found that the accuracy of GFZ＇ s post science orbits is better than 10 cm and that there is no systematic error in GFZ＇s post science orbits.     

Validation of Galileo orbits using SLR with a focus on satellites launched into incorrect orbital planes

The space segment of the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Galileo consists of In-Orbit Validation (IOV) and Full Operational Capability (FOC) spacecraft. The first pair of FOC satellites was launched into an incorrect, highly eccentric orbital plane with a lower than nominal inclination angle. All Galileo satellites are equipped with satellite laser ranging (SLR) retroreflectors which allow, for example, for the assessment of the orbit quality or for the SLR–GNSS co-location in space. The number of SLR observations to Galileo satellites has been continuously increasing thanks to a series of intensive campaigns devoted to SLR tracking of GNSS satellites initiated by the International Laser Ranging Service. This paper assesses systematic effects and quality of Galileo orbits using SLR data with a main focus on Galileo satellites launched into incorrect orbits. We compare the SLR observations with respect to microwave-based Galileo orbits generated by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) in the framework of the International GNSS Service Multi-GNSS Experiment for the period 2014.0–2016.5. We analyze the SLR signature effect, which is characterized by the dependency of SLR residuals with respect to various incidence angles of laser beams for stations equipped with single-photon and multi-photon detectors. Surprisingly, the CODE orbit quality of satellites in the incorrect orbital planes is not worse than that of nominal FOC and IOV orbits. The RMS of SLR residuals is even lower by 5.0 and 1.5 mm for satellites in the incorrect orbital planes than for FOC and IOV satellites, respectively. The mean SLR offsets equal \(-44.9, -35.0\), and \(-22.4\) mm for IOV, FOC, and satellites in the incorrect orbital plane. Finally, we found that the empirical orbit models, which were originally designed for precise orbit determination of GNSS satellites in circular orbits, provide fully appropriate results also for highly eccentric orbits with variable linear and angular velocities.     

武汉人卫站第三代卫星激光测距系统

本文阐述武汉人卫站第三代卫星激光测距系统，包括硬件和软件，并介绍了１９９０年和１９９年的观测情况。从两年多的观测实践和国外返馈的结果可知：①武汉站第三代卫星激光测距系统能够观测所有带反射镜的激光卫星，具有一定的地影观测能力，单次测距精度为２－４ｃｍ；②实现了用微机进行实时跟踪控制；③研制的软件系统可以提高卫星位置预报精度、增强信噪分辨力、以及提高资料利用率。     

Atmospheric range correction for two-frequency SLR measurements

It has been widely known that the use of two-frequency Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) system is limited by stringent precision requirements of the range measurements and the proper atmospheric model. Owing to the stringent requirements, this SLR system is impractical for the current requirement of SLR measurements within the framework of global geodetic observing system (GGOS). If in the future this stringent requirement could be met, this SLR system would be an attractive tool to reduce atmospheric propagation effects of SLR and would be of great benefit for the next generation of GGOS design. To anticipate possible future developments of the two-frequency SLR systems, we have developed a new atmospheric correction formula for the two-frequency SLR measurements. The new formula eliminates the total atmospheric density effect including its gradient and provides two terms to calculate the curvature effect and the water vapor distribution effect. While the curvature effect can be calculated by an accurate model, the required information about the water vapor distribution along the propagation path can be calculated using previous developments of optical delay modeling or alternatively using results from microwave measurements. Theoretical simulations using the two-frequency systems of the Graz and TIGO-Concepción stations shows that the new formula completely reduces all propagation effects at any elevation angle above 3° with an accuracy better than 1 mm. However, the required precision for the difference of the two-frequency SLR measurements, i.e. better than 45 μm for a single epoch, exceeds the capability of the current state of the art SLR systems.