断裂在纯净砂岩中的变形机制及断裂带内部结构

以纯净砂岩为对象,考虑了影响断裂变形的主要因素,包括成岩阶段、孔隙度、温度和围压,系统剖析了不同性质砂岩的断裂变形机制、微构造特征及形成断裂带的内部结构,对研究砂岩内断裂封闭性具有重要的指导意义。研究表明：纯净的砂岩在未固结-半固结成岩阶段发生断裂,变形机制为颗粒边界摩擦滑动,导致颗粒旋转和滚动,即为颗粒流,形成的微构造为解聚带,孔渗性同母岩比没有明显降低,断裂带尽管具有断层核和破碎带二分结构,但渗透率比母岩高,为流体垂向运移的通道;在固结成岩阶段（孔隙度大于15%）发生断裂,变形机制为碎裂作用,颗粒边界摩擦滑动导致颗粒旋转,即为碎裂流,形成的微构造为碎裂带,渗透率同母岩比一般降低1～3个数量级,形成侧向有一定封闭能力、垂向渗透的断裂带;固结阶段（孔隙度小于15%）发生断裂,开始由于破裂作用,形成断层角砾岩,伴随着碎裂流发生,形成碎裂岩,因此早期形成高渗透断裂带,后期断层逐渐封闭。固结成岩的砂岩在抬升过程发生断裂,变形机制为破裂作用,形成无内聚力的角砾岩,为高渗透断裂带。在不同成岩阶段发生变形,形成多类型变形构造的叠加,对于一条晚期形成的断层而言,由于不同深度变形机制及微构造类型不同,导致油气选择性充注,碎裂带和压溶胶结碎裂带阻止油气向高孔隙度砂岩中充注,解聚带会成为油气运移的通道,裂缝有利于油气优先充注。因此,高孔隙性砂岩中孔隙度较低的储集层由于碎裂带不发育常常含油气性最好,而低孔隙性砂岩由于裂缝产生含油气性较好。     

地壳不同构造层次岩石变形机制及其构造岩类型

构造岩记录地壳构造变形演化重要信息,其成因、分类与命名一直没有统一认识。本文对构造岩变形机制、控制因素和构造岩分类进行系统总结。认为构造岩形成受物质成分、变形机制、应变速率、流体、温度、压力等因素控制,是物质成分与物理化学条件、变形机制等众多变量的函数。变形机制包括破裂作用、碎裂流动、晶质塑性、物质扩散、重结晶作用和超塑性流动,不同变形机制出现在不同地壳构造层次中,形成不同的显微组构。依据成因机制、物质组成和组构等标志对构造岩分类与命名进行重新修订,将构造岩划分为碎裂岩系列和变质构造岩系列,前者发育在地壳浅构造层次上,以破裂作用和碎裂流动变形机制为主;后者发育在中深部构造层次上,以晶质塑性、重结晶作用、物质扩散作用和超塑性流动作用为主。碎裂岩系列划分碎裂岩、角砾岩、微角砾岩、超碎裂岩、断层泥和假玄武玻璃;变质构造岩系列划分为构造片岩、糜棱岩和构造片麻岩。依据岩石流变性质、变形机制和构造岩分布,地壳构造层次划分为:脆性域,变形机制以碎裂作用和碎裂流动为主,发育碎裂岩系列;脆-韧性转换域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作用为主,并伴随有碎裂作用,形成糜棱岩、千糜岩和构造片岩;低温韧性域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作为主,发育糜棱岩与构造片岩;高温韧性域,以超塑性蠕变和重结晶作用为主,形成构造片麻岩。     

走滑变形过程中的流体包裹体研究——以湘东地区为例

走滑断裂是大陆造山带中一种非常重要的构造类型,并常常成为各种流体异常活动的场所。湘东地区自晚三叠世以来的陆内造山作用形成了ＮＮＥ 向走滑断裂系统。该走滑断裂系统经历了从会聚走滑（Ｔ３ － Ｊ） 向离散走滑（Ｋ－ Ｅ１） 的重大构造性质转换,并明显控制了该地区中新生代的岩浆活动、断陷盆地和区域热液铀成矿作用。本文以湘东地区若干走滑断裂为例, 研究了其中各种构造岩的流体包裹体特征。结果表明,走滑变形过程中伴随着显著的流体活动, 而且在不同变形时期或同一变形期不同变形环境,其流体作用有显著不同。走滑断裂中的流体作用对区域热液铀矿床的形成具有重要意义。     

Nature of accretion related to Paleo-Tethys subduction recorded in northern Thailand: Constraints from mélange kinematics and illite crystallinity

We reconstructed the accretion process related to Paleo-Tethys subduction recorded in northern Thailand, based on mélange and thrust structures, and metamorphic temperatures derived from illite crystallinity data. Mélange formation was characterized by hydrofracturing and cataclastic deformation, with mud injection under semi-lithified conditions followed by shear deformation and pressure solution. Illite crystallinity data suggest metamorphic temperatures below 250 °C during mélange formation. The combined structural and metamorphic data indicate that during mélange formation, the accretionary complex related to Paleo-Tethys subduction developed at shallow levels within an accretionary prism. Asymmetric shear fabrics in mélange indicate top-to-south shear. After correction for rotation associated with collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents, the trend of the Paleo-Tethys subduction zone is estimated to have been N80 °E. We conclude that the Paleo-Tethys was subducted northward beneath the Indochina Block from the Permian to Triassic.     

俯冲-增生型造山带增生楔流体研究进展

俯冲－增生型造山带弧前增生楔流体的特点为：盐度低、氯化物含量异常低，并含有丰富的CO2和CH4。流体以扩散式或沿断层带渠道式活动；泥火山、张裂隙充填脉、碳酸盐壳、深海生物群是流体活动的直接体现；流体活动影响着增生楔的内部结构和构造样式；增生楔中流体活动特征的研究对研究造山带的地质演化及矿床成因具有重要意义。     

江西九瑞矿集区硅质断裂磨砾岩带的厘定及其成岩成矿意义

在九瑞矿集区研究叠合断裂和叠加成矿作用的基础上,我们进一步详细研究了出露在洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线的硅质角砾岩,指出它们不是原先认为的石炭系沉积硅质岩,而应属于一种断裂磨砾岩,并深入探究其形成过程及与成矿之关系.断裂磨砾岩是断裂分带结构成熟的标志之一,多在剪切作用和热液作用下,断裂岩石经硅化-破裂-碎裂-粉碎-研磨,形成具有一定圆度和球度,大小差异较大的磨砾或磨粒,且又会反复的集结-破碎,不断拓宽断裂构造形成磨砾-角砾岩带.本文研究的断裂磨砾岩,呈北东向展布,延长达十几千米.成分上以硅化角砾岩为主,SiO2含量一般大于90％,石英颗粒由隐晶到显晶.一些角砾岩中含Fe2O3较高,有可能是原先的硫化物经氧化形成的褐铁矿.本区洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线产出的断裂磨砾-角砾岩带,很可能是燕山期构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物.在城门山和武山铜矿,我们之前的工作己发现存在产于泥盆系五通组和石炭系黄龙组层滑构造体系中的黄铁矿角砾岩,则有可能属于海西期同生断裂活动的产物.因此,这些不同的角砾岩具有多阶段活动和叠加成矿的特征.本文还进一步指出,九瑞地区其他层位(如泥盆系与志留系之间、志留系与奥陶系之间)发育的层滑构造体系和断裂角砾岩及热液蚀变岩,也很可能是成矿有利部位,值得今后找矿工作的关注.     

Structural controls on carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn mineralization in the Dongmozhazhua deposit,central Tibet

Fault zones control the locations of many ore deposits, but the ore-forming processes in such fault zones are poorly understood. We have studied the deformation and ore textures associated with fault zones that controlled the lead–zinc mineralization of the Dongmozhazhua deposit, central Tibet, ∼100 km southwest of Yushu City. Geological mapping shows that the structural framework of the Dongmozhazhua area is defined by NW–SE-trending reverse faults and superposed folds that indicate at least two stages of deformation. The first stage is characterized by tight nearly E–W-striking folds that formed during the closure of the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethyan Ocean in the Triassic. The second stage of deformation produced NW–SE-trending reverse faults and related structures of the Fenghuoshan–Nangqian fold-and-thrust belt associated with India–Asia collision in the late Eocene to Oligocene. Scanline surveys along the ore-controlling fault zones show an internal structure that comprises a damage zone, a breccia zone with clasts that have become rounded, and a breccia zone with lenticular clasts, and this complex architecture was formed during at least two compressional substages of deformation. The Pb–Zn mineralization in the Dongmozhazhua area occurs exclusively close to NW–SE-trending reverse fault zones. Microtextural observations reveal that mineralization occurred as veinlets and disseminated blebs in limestone clasts, and as continuous bands and cements in fractured rocks. Cataclastic sulfide grains also can be seen in the matrix of some fault zones. The types of mineralization differ with structural position. The fillings of the ore-bearing veinlets typify the products of hydraulic fracture and both types of mineralization took place concurrently with regional contraction. We consider, therefore, that the ore-bearing fluids in the Dongmozhazhua deposit were concentrated in fault zones during regional compression and that the ore minerals were precipitated during hydraulic fracturing of host rocks. Subsequent fault activity pulverized some pre-existing sulfide material into cataclastic grains in the matrix of a tectonic breccia that developed in the same faults.     

Particle size distributions of fault rocks and fault transpression: are they related?

ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments on rock faulting show that processes of particle comminution in fault rocks are influenced by several parameters, including fault strike and normal stress across faults. In nature, normal stress across faults increases with increasing transpressional strike of faults. Accordingly, different structural fabrics and particle size distributions are expected for cataclastic rocks that have developed along faults with different transpressional orientations and comparable displacements within regional-scale strike-slip fault zones. Adjacent bands of cataclastic gouge and breccia were analysed from four small-scale fault zones. All have comparable displacements and very similar protolith (i.e. shallow-water limestone), structure, kinematics, size, and tectonic environment, but different transpressional strikes within the regional-scale left-lateral Mattinata strike-slip fault, Italy. An inverse linear relationship is found between fault transpressional angles and fractal dimensions of particle size distributions from cataclastic rock samples.     

Structure and directional properties of some valley sandur deposits in southern Iceland

Sediments in the valley sandurs of Markarfljot and Landmannalaugar accrete in complex lateral (transverse) bars. Directional structures within the bars are more variable in orientation than the channels which contain them. This greater variability is mainly due to the diversification of the flow, at the low stage, as it moves through the accretion topography of the sandur. Different directional structures preferentially record different stages of the flow: imbrication and lineation form mainly in response to the high flow stage, and have a low degree of dispersion; cross-stratification records the low stage of flow, and has a wide dispersion. Cross-stratification is produced in four main ways: by small deltas, by megaripples, by ripple topped bars, and by migrating accretionary bar banks. Small deltas form at low flow stage; accretionary banks at high.     

Strain localization in sandstone during embryonic stages of shear-zone evolution

Geometric analysis of nested Riedel structures was used to identify and quantify strain localization processes within faulted Navajo sandstone. The analysis shows systematic deviation from the basic Riedel geometry complying with the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. Using cross-cutting relations amongst deformation bands within the Riedel structures, and comparing the orientations of the deformation bands to theoretical strain calculations, we identify two coupling deformation mechanisms involved in the early stages of shear-zone evolution, namely, granular flow and discrete faulting. Both mechanisms localize during strain accumulation, and the granular flow facilitates considerable change in the initial geometry of the Riedel structures. The analysis demonstrates a systematic sequence, by which new Riedel structures form after a constant amount of shear strain takes place in the sandstone. Analysis further indicates that granular flow is the major deformation mechanism during early stages of shear-zone evolution and discrete faulting is the dominant mechanism during later deformation stages.     

阿尔金断裂双层花状构造的厘定

阿尔金断裂带主要经历了两阶段的构造演化,形成不同层次且具有不同特点的典型花状构造型式。宏观断层构造组合、断层擦痕产状的变化以及节理组合充分反映出晚期阶段浅部层次花状构造的存在,早期阶段中部层次花状构造由反映区域应变型式的糜棱状岩石中其它应变标志性组合的存在表现出来。结合ArAr记年与矿物对测温结果,表明前者形成于距今46Ma,是一次规模最强烈的变形叠加事件;后者由距今91～89Ma的韧性走滑运动形成,并伴有断层带内的低级变质作用(温度270～500℃,压力0.05～0.45GPa)。两阶段双层花状构造并存充分说明区域性走滑作用过程及其调节作用的多阶段性与继承性,其出现部分地调节了由印度板块和欧亚板块陆—陆碰撞过程中区域性地壳物质的向东蠕散和隆升过程。     

庐山变质核杂岩基底拆离的变形特征及形成条件

庐山变质核杂岩具有典型的3层结构。拆离带是核部隆升过程中盖层滑脱、剪切变形而形成的,该拆离面是在北东向褶皱基础上叠加杂岩核部隆升作用而形成的波状起伏面。拆离带在核部以西发育倾向西向、南西向、北西向的面理和矿物生长线理,显示向西滑脱形成剪切拉伸变形的特征。拆离带岩石以糜棱岩和构造片岩为主,辅以碎裂岩和构造角砾岩。岩石变形特征表明其既具有韧性变形,也具有脆-韧性变形及脆性变形的特点。核部隆升引起的拆离变形作用,不仅形成了拆离带,还影响了拆离带以上盖层岩石,形成一个由拆离带向上由强变弱的变形域。这种规律性递变现象使庐山变质核杂岩具有垂向变形分层、水平变形分带的特点。拆离带中角闪石-斜长石矿物对计算得出的变质温度为653 ℃～694 ℃,压力为0.56～0.67 GPa。     

Structural framework of the Bashkirian anticlinorium, SW Urals

The Bashkirian anticlinorium of the southwestern Urals shows a much more complex structural architecture and tectonic evolution than previously known. Pre-Uralian Proterozoic extensional and compressional structures controlled significantly the Uralian tectonic convergence. A long-lasting Proterozoic rift process created extensional basement structures and a Riphean basin topography which influenced the formation of the western fold-and-thrust-belt with inversion structures during the Uralian deformation. A complete orogenic cycle during Cadomian times, including terrane accretion at the eastern margin of the East European platform, resulted in a high-level Cadomian basement complex, which controlled the onset of Uralian deformation, and resulted in intense imbrication and tectonic stacking in the subjacent footwall of the Main Uralian fault. The Uralian orogenic evolution can be subdivided into three deformation stages with differently oriented stress regimes. Tectonic convergence started in the Late Devonian with ophiolite obduction, tectonic accretion of basin and slope units and early flysch deposits (Zilair flysch). The accretionary complex prograded from the SE to the NW. Continuous NW/SE-directed convergence resulted finally in the formation of an early orogenic wedge thrusting the Cadomian basement complex onto the East European platform. The main tectonic shortening was connected with these two stages and, although not well constrained, appears to be of Late Devonian to Carboniferous age. In the Permian a final stage of E–W compression is observed throughout the SW Urals. In the west the fold-and-thrust-belt prograded to the west with reactivation of former extensional structures and minor shortening. In the east this phase was related to intense back thrusting. The East European platform was subducted beneath the Magnitogorsk magmatic arc during the Late Paleozoic collision. The thick and cold East European platform reacted as a stable rigid block which resulted in a narrow zone of intense crustal shortening, tectonic stacking and high strain at its eastern margin. Whereas the first orogenic wedge is of thick-skinned type with the involvement of crystalline basement, even the later west-directed wedge is not typically thin-skinned as the depth of the basal detachment appears below 15 km and the involvement of Archean basement can be assumed.     

东天山中段晚古生代面状剪切带形成机制与金成矿关系研究

东天山晚古生代康古尔塔格构造—金矿带的中段南带开展构造控矿研究,为区域金矿定位预测与勘探提供依据。采用区域构造分析和构造解析方法,在雅满苏北部厘定出一类已发生变形改造的大型面状脆韧性—韧性剪切带,构造恢复表明,其形成于晚古生代造山早期向北的分层剪切或低角度逆冲剪切（S1//S0）作用,并作为区域金矿的一级控矿构造而成为俯冲带深源成矿流体向上运移成矿的主通道。在造山过程中递进变形的分层剪切或低角度逆冲剪切晚期、向南北向横向缩短转换阶段,伴随区域抬升和断褶作用,拆离剪切带分支断裂开始成生并向上突破,导致封闭在拆离带内运移的深源含矿流体以断层阀方式分流排泄,成矿流体沿分支断裂向上运移,在断裂上盘或上盘背斜枢纽处的低序次的断裂、破裂中聚集卸载,形成充填石英脉和交代蚀变岩型（造山型）金矿,并有时限为276. 5±2. 9Ma的石英闪长斑岩侵入产出;晚期褶皱、断裂等叠加构造则对矿床（体）破坏、改造及保存起了重要作用。     

鲁西隆起晚中生代以来伸展断裂特征及形成机制

野外地质调查表明,鲁西隆起的伸展断裂十分发育,其构造样式复杂.主要形式为陡倾斜的伸展断裂和缓倾斜的滑脱断层组成的复合伸展断裂系统.陡倾斜的伸展断裂构成鲁西伸展断裂系的主体,是控制其南部凹陷沉积的边界断裂.断裂带中构造角砾岩、断层泥发育,并有小褶皱、擦痕等显示断裂活动的标志.缓倾斜的滑脱断层在鲁西隆起区广泛发育,分为深、浅两个层次,浅层次中最具规模的位于下寒武统与太古宇之间.滑脱面上盘的寒武系底部产生强烈的构造变形,褶皱和破碎带发育,下盘构造相对简单,仅挤压破碎.深层次滑脱断层发育在中地壳低速层处,控制着浅层次滑脱断层的形成与分布.构造应力场数值模拟结果显示,鲁西隆起的伸展断裂系统是由晚中生代以来两次大规模的伸展运动形成的,形成机制上,与中、新生代郯庐断裂的走滑活动、太平洋板块的俯冲以及岩浆上涌密切相关.     

东天山中段晚古生代面状剪切带形成机制与金成矿关系研究

东天山晚古生代康古尔塔格构造—金矿带的中段南带开展构造控矿研究,为区域金矿定位预测与勘探提供依据。采用区域构造分析和构造解析方法,在雅满苏北部厘定出一类已发生变形改造的大型面状脆韧性—韧性剪切带,构造恢复表明,其形成于晚古生代造山早期向北的分层剪切或低角度逆冲剪切(S₁//S₀)作用,并作为区域金矿的一级控矿构造而成为俯冲带深源成矿流体向上运移成矿的主通道。在造山过程中递进变形的分层剪切或低角度逆冲剪切晚期、向南北向横向缩短转换阶段,伴随区域抬升和断褶作用,拆离剪切带分支断裂开始成生并向上突破,导致封闭在拆离带内运移的深源含矿流体以断层阀方式分流排泄,成矿流体沿分支断裂向上运移,在断裂上盘或上盘背斜枢纽处的低序次的断裂、破裂中聚集卸载,形成充填石英脉和交代蚀变岩型(造山型)金矿,并有时限为276.5±2.9Ma的石英闪长斑岩侵入产出;晚期褶皱、断裂等叠加构造则对矿床(体)破坏、改造及保存起了重要作用。     

Structurally controlled fluid flow associated with breccia vein formation

A breccia vein sampled from a shear zone in greenschist facies metapelites at Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia, shows a systematic variation in vein geometry that is related to the geometry of folding and faulting within the sample. Calcite vein-fill is coarse grained and equigranular, suggesting precipitation in a fluid-filled space. Partially folded veins suggest that veining occurred during folding and faulting. The breccia vein contains a central zone in which dilation has occurred simultaneously in all directions in the plane of section, implying that this was a zone of high fluid pressure and nearly isostatic differential stress during folding and faulting. From these observations, it can be inferred that the breccia vein was a zone of high permeability and a likely fluid channel during deformation. This hypothesis was tested by stable isotope analysis of veins and host rocks. The calcite veins have δ¹³C values of -11.1 ± 0.1% and δ¹⁸O values of 6-10%_o, whereas the host metapelite has δ¹³C values of -10.62 and -10.11% and δ¹⁸O values of 14-15%_o. These values are consistent with an igneous-derived, H₂O-dominated fluid that exchanged little oxygen with the host rocks, but derived much of its carbon from the wall rock. The isotopic disequilibrium between the veins and the wall rock confirms that the fluid was externally derived, and that the breccia vein acted as a channel for large-volume fluid flow within the shear zone.     

Low-Temperature Plasticity of Naturally Deformed Calcite Rocks

Optical, cathodoluminescence and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses were conducted on four groups of calcite fault rocks, a cataclastic limestone, cataclastic coarse-grained marbles from two fault zones, and a fractured mylonite. These fault rocks show similar microstructural characteristics and give clues to similar processes of rock deformation. They are characterized by the structural contrast between macroscopic cataclastic (brittle) and microscopic mylonitic (ductile) microstructures. Intragranular deformation microstructures (i.e. deformation twins, kink bands and microfractures) are well preserved in the deformed grains in clasts or in primary rocks. The matrix materials are of extremely fine grains with diffusive features. Dislocation microstructures for co-existing brittle deformation and crystalline plasticity were revealed using TEM. Tangled dislocations are often preserved at the cores of highly deformed clasts, while dislocation walls form in the transitions to the fine-grained     

Fluid flow in extensional environments; numerical modelling with an application to Hamersley iron ores

The mechanical feasibility of focusing both surface- and basinal-derived fluids towards sites of iron ore genesis during Proterozoic deformation in the Hamersley Province is tested here by computer simulation. Finite difference modelling of porous media flow during extensional deformation of a mountain range shows that surface fluids are drawn towards areas of failure and focus into the centre of the mountain. The addition of permeable structures such as a normal fault provides focused fluid pathways in which mechanical and geological conditions are particularly conducive to both upward and downward flow. Upward flow from the base of the fault within the model overall is favoured by low permeability basement materials and supra-hydrostatic pore pressures. Downward migration of fluids becomes more prominent as extension progresses and upward fluid flow from the base diminishes. The introduction of sedimentary layering into the models allows lateral fluid flow, such that sites of potential fluid mixing may then occur within permeable iron formation units close to the fault zone. Allowing parts of the stratigraphy to become more permeable as a function of high fluid flux simulates permeability enhancement by silica dissolution as a mechanism for iron ore genesis. The involvement of both basinal and surficial fluids in the genesis of the ore deposits is supported by the mechanical models and in addition provides an explanation for a progression from relatively reduced to oxidised conditions at the Mt Tom Price deposit (and possibly other large deposits) with time.     

Modes and timing of fracture network development in poly-deformed carbonate reservoir analogues,Mt. Chianello,southern Italy

Structural and paleostress analyses carried out on a kilometre-sized outcrop of allochthonous shallow-water carbonate units of the southern Apennines allowed us to unravel a superposed deformation pattern associated with plate convergence. The reconstructed tectonic evolution involves: (i) early extensional faulting and fracturing associated with bending of the foreland lithosphere during forebulge and foredeep stages (including the development of both ‘tangential’ and ‘radial’ normal fault and tensile fractures; Early-Middle Miocene); (ii) large-scale thrusting and folding (Late Miocene); (iii) transcurrent faulting (including two distinct sub-stages characterized by different remote stress fields; Pliocene-Early Pleistocene), and (iv) extensional faulting (late Quaternary). Stage (i) normal faults – generally occurring as conjugate sets – and related fractures and veins are variably deformed and overprinted by later horizontal shortening. Despite having experienced such a long and complex structural history, the studied carbonates are characterized by a ‘background’ fracture network – including two joint/vein sets orthogonal to each other and to bedding – that appears to be associated with the early fault sets that formed during the first (foredeep/forebulge-related) deformation stage. Therefore, away from younger (Late Miocene to Quaternary) fault zones, the permeability structure of the studied carbonates appears to be essentially controlled by the early, inherited fracture network. As a similar fracture network is likely to characterize also the buried Apulian Platform carbonates, representing the reservoir units for major oil fields in southern Italy, our results also bear possible implications for a better understanding of fluid flow in the subsurface and related hydrocarbon production.