青藏高原羌塘中部高压变质带的研究进展及存在问题

羌塘中部高压变质带是目前青藏高原内部延伸规模最大的高压变质带,是理解特提斯演化的关键地质记录。高压变质带主要沿龙木措-双湖-澜沧江缝合带一线出露,主要由榴辉岩、蓝片岩、石榴子石多硅白云母片岩及少量高压麻粒岩组成。其中,榴辉岩主要出露于戈木、果干加年山、冈玛错、巴青及滇西的勐库地区,主要呈透镜状产于石榴子石多硅白云母片岩中。除巴青地区的榴辉岩外,其余地区榴辉岩的峰期变质温度较低且含有硬柱石及其假象,峰期变质条件位于硬柱石榴辉岩相稳定区域,是洋壳冷俯冲的产物。虽然对于戈木地区榴辉岩锆石成因仍有争议,但已有资料显示,羌塘中部高压变质带主体变质时代集中在晚三叠世,其相关高压变质岩石的折返可能与洋盆的闭合及随后的陆-陆碰撞相关。近期研究表明,羌塘中部可能存在二叠纪低温高压变质岩,折返于大洋俯冲阶段,可能与洋岛或海山的俯冲及引发的俯冲侵蚀作用相关。此外,羌塘香桃湖地区出露早古生代的基性高压麻粒岩,是冈瓦纳大陆北缘陆块拼贴的记录。因此,对羌塘中部高压变质带进行进一步系统的研究工作,对于深入理解冈瓦纳北缘构造演化及古特提斯的俯冲与闭合过程具有重要的意义。     

藏北羌塘中部冈玛日——桃形错蓝片岩的发现

位于藏北羌塘中部的冈玛日-桃形错地区首次发现含典型蓝闪石的蓝片岩。蓝片岩是由蓝闪石、铁蓝闪石、青铝闪石、多硅白云母、阳起石、黝帘石、绿帘石、方解石、榍石、金红石等矿物组成,变质温压条件为400℃±和7kbar±,属于高压变质作用。这是一条高压变质带,推测它可能向东与滇西的澜沧江高压变质带相连。冈玛日-桃形错地区含典型蓝闪石的蓝片岩的发现对羌塘陆块的重新认识以及冈瓦纳大陆与劳亚大陆的板块边界及晚古生代古特提斯洋的闭合,具有重要的大地构造意义。     

青藏高原羌塘中部不同时代榴辉岩的识别及其意义——来自榴辉岩及其围岩~（40）Ar-~（39）Ar年代学的证据

羌塘中部高压变质带由榴辉岩、石榴子石白云母片岩、蓝片岩等组成,与蛇绿混杂岩、晚古生代浅变质地层岩片等共同构成了龙木错-双湖板块缝合带这一构造混杂岩带。目前已先后在片石山地区、果干加年山地区和冈玛错地区发现典型的榴辉岩,以片石山和果干加年山地区的榴辉岩为研究对象。片石山地区的榴辉岩为低温型榴辉岩,围岩为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用峰期温压条件为T=500℃,p=2.3GPa。已获得230～244Ma锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和石榴子石Lu-Hf等时线年龄,代表榴辉岩相变质作用的时代。榴辉岩及其围岩在误差范围内具有相同的Ar-Ar年龄,为210～220Ma,代表了榴辉岩及其围岩冷却抬升至近地表的时代。果干加年山地区的榴辉岩具有和片山地区榴辉岩相似的野外产状、矿物组合、温压条件和围岩。Ar-Ar年代学研究显示,果干加年山地区的榴辉岩在240Ma左右即已折返并抬升至近地表,其变质作用峰期时代明显要早于片石山地区。     

青藏高原羌塘中部不同时代榴辉岩的识别及其意义——来自榴辉岩及其围岩40Ar-39Ar年代学的证据

羌塘中部高压变质带由榴辉岩、石榴子石白云母片岩、蓝片岩等组成,与蛇绿混杂岩、晚古生代浅变质地层岩片等共同构成了龙木错-双湖板块缝合带这一构造混杂岩带。目前已先后在片石山地区、果干加年山地区和冈玛错地区发现典型的榴辉岩,以片石山和果干加年山地区的榴辉岩为研究对象。片石山地区的榴辉岩为低温型榴辉岩,围岩为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用峰期温压条件为T=500℃,p=2.3GPa。已获得230~244Ma锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和石榴子石Lu-Hf等时线年龄,代表榴辉岩相变质作用的时代。榴辉岩及其围岩在误差范围内具有相同的Ar-Ar年龄,为210～220Ma,代表了榴辉岩及其围岩冷却抬升至近地表的时代。果干加年山地区的榴辉岩具有和片山地区榴辉岩相似的野外产状、矿物组合、温压条件和围岩。Ar-Ar年代学研究显示,果干加年山地区的榴辉岩在240Ma左右即已折返并抬升至近地表,其变质作用峰期时代明显要早于片石山地区。     

藏北羌塘中部绒玛地区蓝片岩岩石学、矿物学和40Ar/39Ar年代学

藏北羌塘中部沿龙木错-双湖-线出露一条低温高压变质带,目前已有多处蓝片岩的报道.然而,除冈玛错地区产有典型的蓝闪石外,多数地区并没有典型蓝闪石的报道.绒玛蓝片岩位于羌塘中部高压变质带的中段,是该带中规模最大、保存最好的蓝片岩,对蓝片岩进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究,钠质角闪石主要为蓝闪石、青铝闪石、钠闪石和镁钠闪石.对蓝片岩中蓝闪石和多硅白云母进行了40Ar/39Ar定年,获得了227.3±3.8Ma和215±1.5Ma的坪年龄,分别代表蓝片岩快速俯冲消减和俯冲作用结束开始折返抬升的时代.绒玛蓝片岩岩石学、矿物学和40Ar/39Ar年代学研究为羌塘中部高压变质带的研究提供了新的资料.     

青藏高原羌塘中部泥火山喷发物中沥青脉饱和烃气相色谱特征及其油气地质意义

青藏高原羌塘中部戈木日地区首次发现了成群分布的泥火山,并发现喷发物中含沥青脉岩石的泥火山。泥火山群分布于羌塘中部新生代戈木错盆地,沿冈玛错、布尔嘎错—才玛尔错、五指湖、戈木错、唢呐湖—玛尔果茶卡呈近东西向、串珠状出露在古湖底和冲洪积平原上,受新生代以来活动断裂的控制。     

认识青藏高原的重要窗口──羌塘地区近年来研究进展评述（代序）

2003年以来,中国地质调查局在羌塘地区部署了30多个1∶25万图幅和少量1∶5万图幅的地质填图工作,各种类型的科学研究不断开展,获得了大量重要的地质调查和研究成果。在古生界广泛分布的羌塘中部取得了基底组成、时代和性质方面的重大进展;冈瓦纳和扬子大陆边缘古生代沉积建造、地层序列和古生物区系研究更加深入,地层格架的建立臻于完善;龙木错－双湖缝合带蛇绿岩的研究更是令人鼓舞,不但识别出了二叠纪蛇绿岩,早古生代完整蛇绿岩的发现和精确的定年研究还使古特提斯洋的演化历史至少上溯到奥陶纪;羌塘中部高压变质带已控制的长度达到500km,榴辉岩的发现和研究丰富了高压变质带的研究内容,根据高压变质矿物学和变质作用的研究已经可以建立羌塘中部板块碰撞过程模型;岩浆岩与岩浆作用研究取得的成果揭示,羌塘中部自奥陶纪以来发生了多期重大的岩浆事件;构造运动分期的研究对冈瓦纳板块与扬子板块界线的确定起到了关键作用。如果把青藏高原喻为打开地球奥秘的金钥匙,那么把羌塘喻为打开青藏高原地学奥秘的钥匙是恰当的。     

西藏羌塘中部榴辉岩岩石学、年代学及其构造演化过程

羌塘中部榴辉岩是2004年报道的青藏高原内部首例榴辉岩.榴辉岩出露于龙木错-双湖缝合带的中部,岩体呈透镜状、块状产在石榴白云母片岩和蓝片岩的高压变质带中,直接围岩为石榴白云母片岩.榴辉岩块体大小不一,大者可达数百米,小者仅几个厘米.主要矿物成分为:石榴子石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、角闪石、金红石、榍石、绿帘石、磷灰石、斜长石和石英等.     

青藏高原龙木错-双湖板块缝合带闭合的年代学证据——来自果干加年山蛇绿岩与流纹岩Ar-Ar和SHRIMP年龄制约

青藏高原龙木错-双湖板块缝合带从碰撞缝合何时转为羌塘盆地的沉积基底并接受沉积,一直受到地学界密切关注。羌塘中部的果干加年山主脊首次发现未变质的沉积岩以角度不整合覆盖于蛇绿混杂岩岩之上,上覆地层底部流纹岩夹层锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为214±4Ma,为沉积盖层提供了可靠的年龄依据;不整合面之下强烈变形的阳起片岩(变质玄武岩)中阳起石Ar-Ar年龄为219.7±6.5Ma,与羌塘中部龙木错-双湖高压变质带获得的榴辉岩多硅白云母、蓝闪石等Ar-Ar变质年龄一致。Ar-Ar和SHRIMP定年结果表明该角度不整合的时限为220～214Ma之间。角度不整合上下岩石的定年研究,为龙木错-双湖缝合带的闭合提供了确切的时间约束:羌塘地区冈瓦纳与欧亚(扬子)板块在214Ma以前实现了闭合,古特提斯消亡,进入陆表海演化阶段。     

青藏高原羌塘中部冈玛日—菊花山地区大型逆冲推覆构造的基本特征及形成机制

青藏高原羌塘中部冈玛日地区发现冈玛日-菊花山大型新生代逆冲推覆构造,延伸长度超过200km,总体走向近东西,构成新生代戈木错盆地的北部主干边界。推覆构造在冈玛日一带出露最好,表现为一系列单冲型逆冲断层构成的叠瓦状构造,逆冲断面倾向北,倾角12～20°,逆冲方向190～200°。冈玛日-菊花山逆冲推覆构造的发现,对探讨高原隆升在羌塘地区的表现形式具有重要的科学意义,为探讨新生代戈木错盆地的演化和盆地油气资源远景评价提供了新的构造依据。     

Discovery of eclogite in the Bangong Co–Nujiang ophiolitic mélange,central Tibet,and tectonic implications

An eclogite has been recently identified within ophiolitic mélange in the western segment of the Bangong Co–Nujiang suture zone, at Shemalagou in the Gaize area of central Tibet. The eclogite consists of garnet, omphacite, phengite, rutile, quartz, diopside, and amphibole. The omphacite, which has not been recognized in the suture zone until this study, occurs as rare relics within diopside grains in the eclogite. Phase equilibria modeling shows that the eclogite formed under P–T conditions of 22–28 kbar and 600–650 °C with a low geothermal gradient of ca. 8 °C/km, suggesting that it formed during the subduction of oceanic crust. The protoliths of the eclogite and coexisting garnet amphibolites have geochemical characteristics similar to those of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB), confirming that the eclogites formed from oceanic crust. The presence of high-pressure (HP) eclogite indicates that the ophiolitic mélange in the Bangong Co–Nujiang suture zone underwent oceanic subduction and was subsequently exhumed. We conclude that this ophiolitic belt represents a newly identified HP metamorphic belt in the Tibetan Plateau, adding to the previously recognized Songduo and Longmucuo–Shuanghu eclogite belts. This discovery will result in an improved understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Bangong Co–Nujiang suture zone and the Tibetan Plateau as a whole.     

大别山北部榴辉岩和英云闪长质片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄及多期变质增生

大别山北部榴辉岩及英云闪长质片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分析表明：北部榴辉岩相峰期变质时代为226～230Ma左右;北部塔儿河一带英云闪长质片麻岩经历过印支期变质事件;大别山北部与南部超高压岩石中一致的（226～230Ma）高压或超高压变质年龄表明,北部镁铁-超镁铁质岩带中部分岩石也曾作为扬子俯冲陆壳的一部分,在印支期发生过高压或超高压变质作用;本区锆石发生过两期变质增生事件,一是印支期高压或超高压变质,另一期是燕山期热变质事件;榴辉岩及英云闪长质片麻岩的原岩形成时代为晚元古代;锆石U-Pb年龄可用多期变质增生模型来解释。     

青藏高原西北缘晚新生代构造变形研究

晚新生代,印亚碰撞的远程效应使青藏高原周缘发生了强烈的构造变形和隆升作用,然而不同学者对高原强烈构造变形和隆升时代的认识却大相径庭。本文通过对青藏高原西北缘晚新生代褶皱冲断带的构造变形、沉积作用、岩浆活动与地貌响应等的综合研究,依据古新统至中新统地层的连续沉积和产状的协调一致,提出青藏高原西北缘在古新世—中新世末并未发生区域性强烈的构造变形,并基于褶皱、生长地层、楔顶沉积和冲断带中局部不整合等标定青藏高原西北缘强烈构造变形的时代为上新世—早更新世,其中最强烈的构造变形发生于西域砾岩沉积结束阶段,即约1.1～0.7Ma的昆黄运动最终使中更新世以前地层全面褶皱-抬升,形成区域性的乌苏群与西域砾岩之间的角度不整合,这为青藏高原西北缘晚新生代的构造变形提供了关键的构造地质学证据;同时,根据磷灰石裂变径迹的研究成果提出青藏高原西北缘的主要隆升可能是在上新世—早更新世通过高原边缘的边界断层系以后展式逆冲扩展作用抬升形成的,并就裂变径迹热历史模拟的剥蚀厚度提出西域砾岩很可能主要来自高原边缘地形变化最剧烈的陡坡带,支持西域砾岩属构造成因的认识。     

Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleomagnetic Chronology of the Zanda Basin, Tibet, and Records of the Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The characteristics of Late Cenozoic tectonic uplift of the southern margin of the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau may be inferred from fluvio-lacustrine strata in the Zanda basin, Ngari, Tibet. Magnetostratigraphic study shows that the very thick fluvio-lacustrine strata in the basin are 5.89- 0.78 Ma old and that their deposition persisted for 5.11 Ma, i.e. starting at the end of the Miocene and ending at the end of the early Pleistocene, with the Quaternary glacial stage starting in the area no later than 1.58 Ma. Analysis of the sedimentary environment indicates that the Zanda basin on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began uplift at -5.89 Ma, later than the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Presence of gravel beds in the Guge and Qangze Formations reflects that strong uplift took place at -5.15 and -2.71 Ma, with the uplift peaking at -2.71 Ma.     

An early Paleozoic Subduction Channel in the North Qilian Mountains,Northwestern China: Structural,Petrological and Chronological Constraints

Detailed geological mapping, structural, petrological and chronological investigation allow us to place new constraints on the tectono‐thermal evolution of the North Qilian high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) metamorphic belt. The North Qilian HP/LT metamorphic belt manly consists of eclogite, blueschist, metasedimentary rocks and serpentinite. Most of eclogites and mafic blueschists occur as lenses within metasedimentary rocks, and minor eclogites within serpentinite. Petrological and geochemistical data indicate that the protoliths of eclogite and mafic blueschist includes E‐, N‐MORB, OIB and arc basalt. Geochronology and Lu‐Hf isotope of detrital zircons from metasedimentary rocks indicate the detritus materials are derived from Qilian block and likely deposit in continental margin or fore‐arc basin. Zircon U‐Pb datings show that the protolith ages of eclogites vary between 500 Ma and 530 Ma, and the metamorphic age of eclogite between 460 and 489 Ma. The detrital zircon ages of metasedimentary rocks distribute between 532 and 2700 Ma. The structural data show that the deformation related to the subduction during prograde is recorded in eclogite blocks. In contrast, the dominant deformation structures are characterized by tight fold, sheath fold and penetrative foliation and lineation, which are recorded in various rocks, reflecting a top‐to‐the‐south shear sense and representing the deformation related to the exhumation. The petrological data suggest that the different rocks in the North Qilian HP/LT metamorphic belt equilibrated at different peak metamorphic conditions and recorded different P‐T path. Synthesizing the structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data suggest a subduction channel model related to oceanic subduction during Paleozoic in the North Qilian Mountains. The different HP/LT metamorphic rocks formed in different settings with various protolith ages were carried by the subducted oceanic crust into different depth in subduction channel, and experienced independent tectono‐thermal evolution inside subduction channel. The North Qilian HP/LT mélange reflects a fossil oceanic subduction channel.     

桐柏-大别山区高压变质相的构造配置

作为华北和扬子陆块间的碰撞造山带桐柏大别山区以发育高压、超高压变质带为特征,从南到北变质相从低级到高级,代表俯冲带深度不同的变质产物,整体形成高压变质相系列。不过现今各变质相岩石的分布极受后期地壳规模的伸展构造控制,大别杂岩的穹隆作用更使高压变质相带的空间分布复杂化。超高压变质岩今日多呈大小不等的块体嵌布于相对低压的大别杂岩之内,造山带根部物质的热软化,使许多深层地幔物质得以像挤牙膏一样挤出于大别杂岩内。它们之中广泛发育着减压退变质的显微结构,与大别杂岩内一些麻粒岩相表壳岩所保存的减压退变质证迹一样,同是挤出作用和碰撞后隆升的构造证迹。高压相系的发育使南桐柏山和大别山迥然不同于桐商（ 商丹） 断裂以北的北秦岭北淮阳变质带。新近发表的同位素年代学（４０Ａｒ ３９ Ａｒ） 资料：３１６ ～４３４ Ｍａ ,已证明北秦岭是古生代变质带,它与桐柏－ 大别印支期碰撞造山带差异甚大。这两个变质地温梯度差异甚大的变质地体的拼合,说明华北和扬子陆块碰撞的主缝合带是商丹－ 桐商断裂带     

Petrology and metamorphism of glaucophane eclogites in Changning-Menglian suture zone,Bangbing area,southeast Tibetan Plateau: An evidence for Paleo-Tethyan subduction

High/ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphic complexes, such as eclogite and blueschist, are generally regarded as significant signature of paleo-subduction zones and paleo-suture zones. Glaucophane eclogites have been recently identified within the Lancang Group characterized by accretionary mélange in the Changning-Menglian suture zone, at Bangbing in the Shuangjiang area of southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The authors report the result of petrological, mineralogical and metamorphism investigations of these rocks, and discuss their tectonic implications. The eclogites are located within the Suyi blueschist belt and occur as tectonic lenses in coarse-grained garnet muscovite schists. The major mineral assemblage of the eclogites includes garnet, omphacite, glaucophane, phengite, clinozoisite and rutile. Eclogitic garnet contains numerous inclusions, such as omphacite, glaucophane, rutile, and quartz with radial cracks around. Glaucophane and clinozoisite in the matrix have apparent optical and compositional zonation. Four stages of metamorphic evolution can be determined: The prograde blueschist facies (M₁), the peak eclogite facies (M₂), the decompression blueschist facies (M₃) and retrograde greenschist facies (M₄). Using the Grt-Omp-Phn geothermobarometer, a peak eclogite facies metamorphic P-T condition of 3000–3270 MPa and 617–658°C was determined, which is typical of low-temperature ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The comparison of the geological characteristics of the Bangbing glaucophane eclogites and the Mengku lawsonite-bearing retrograde eclogites indicates that two suites of eclogites may have formed from significantly different depths or localities to create the tectonic mélange in a subduction channel during subduction of the Triassic Changning-Menglian Ocean. The discovery of the Bangbing glaucophane eclogites may represent a new oceanic HP/UHP metamorphic belt in the Changning-Menglian suture zone.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Early Palaeozoic North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau and a paired subduction model

ABSTRACT An Early Palaeozoic UHP metamorphic belt was recently discovered in the North Qaidam Mountains in the north-eastern part of the Tibet Plateau. The belt contains abundant eclogite with lesser amounts of garnet peridotite and gneiss. The paragneiss contains abundant zircon with coesite inclusions whereas the eclogite has garnet with coesite pseudomorphs and omphacite with exsolved quartz. The calculated peak metamorphic conditions for the eclogite are T  = 730 °C and P  = 2.8 GPa. The garnet peridotites are magnesium-rich with Mg#s [100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)] up to 92. Olivine in the peridotites is highly magnesian (Fo > 91.5) and TiO₂-poor and is typical of low- T garnet peridotites. Calculated peak metamorphic conditions for the peridotites are T  = 837 °C and P  = 2.5 GPa. U–Pb and Sm–Nd isotope dating indicate that continental subduction started during the early Ordovician (∼ 495 Ma). The North Qaidam UHP, together with the North Qilian HP belt about 300 km to the north, constitute a pair of genetically related early Palaeozoic subduction zones along the northern margin of the Tibet Plateau.