淮南采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的时空分布特征

以淮南采煤沉陷区土壤为研究对象,测试分析了样品中汞的含量,结合土壤pH值、有机质含量特征,探讨了采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的时空分布特征。结果表明:与未沉陷区土壤相比,沉陷区土壤有机质破坏严重,最高下降了46%;采煤沉陷区土壤中汞的含量为0.013~0.050 mg/kg,平均值为0.027 mg/kg,69.7%的采样点超过了淮南市土壤背景值;沉陷8 a后土壤汞含量最高,为0.033 mg/kg,是未沉陷土壤汞含量的1.74倍,且随着沉陷时间的增加,土壤中汞存在富集趋势;水稻土壤汞富集能力最高,高于玉米和大豆土壤;在垂直剖面上,汞含量由表层向下依次降低;且汞与pH值表现出显著负相关,有机质与汞显著正相关。      

汞矿区稻田土壤汞形态分布特征及对甲基化的影响

汞污染区稻米甲基汞超标现象普遍存在,汞在土壤中的形态分布被认为是影响甲基化过程的重要因素之一.本研究选取贵州省万山废弃汞矿区和土法炼汞区为研究区域,在水稻生长期间对稻田土壤剖面中总汞、甲基汞及形态汞进行测定,结合土壤环境因子指标,讨论土壤汞形态分布特征对甲基化的影响.研究表明,汞矿区稻田土壤中总汞和甲基汞均表现出随土壤深度加深而逐渐降低的趋势,且主要以有机结合态和残渣态形式存在,占总汞的98％以上.在废弃汞矿区,不同形态汞可能会转化为生物难以利用的形态:溶解态与可交换态、特殊吸附态与氧化态汞可能先转变为有机结合态,再转变为残渣态汞.在土法炼汞区表现为硫酸盐还原与铁还原过程驱动的汞甲基化过程,并且有机结合态汞可能也参与了甲基化过程.     

汞量测量及α杯氡测量在探测秦始皇陵中的应用

在对秦始皇陵开展了汞量测量试验研究中, 上方在陵墓发现了高强度的汞异常区, 表明深部确有汞源存在, 异常范围可能反映了地宫的大体平面位置。热释汞研究证明秦始皇陵上方土壤汞基本由低温汞组成, 实际上土壤汞测量是低温汞特征的反映。壤中气汞与土壤汞比较两者具有一致性, 相比而言土壤汞更稳定。α杯氡测量在勘查地下汞源和确定陪葬坑的位置等试验中取得初步效果。     

低温工程性修复高浓度汞污染稻田土及底泥中汞形态变化研究

为分析工程性低温热解技术对土壤和底泥中总汞及形态汞变化的影响,采集T1区(化工污染类型)稻田土、河道底泥及T2区(矿山冶炼类型)稻田土进行处理,并对处理前后土样总汞及形态汞浓度进行测定。结果表明,低温工程性修复高浓度汞污染土壤和底泥中总汞去除率可达70%以上,T1区稻田土、底泥及T2区稻田土中有机结合态汞分别降低84.2%、71.4%、92.2%,残渣态汞分别降低58.9%、69.4%、95.2%;不同污染形式所形成的汞污染状况不同,相较于T2区,T1区有机结合态高、残渣态低;热解后土壤露天放置相比于密封存储,有机结合态增高4.1%,残渣态降低4.3%,由于受到生态环境的影响,可能存在残渣态向有机结合态转化的趋势。以潜在生态危害指数法对土壤和底泥中总汞及生物有效态汞进行生态风险评价发现,低温热解修复效果表现为稻田土优于底泥。     

陕甘宁盆地近地表土壤中汞的地球化学特征及其与油气的关系

程序升温热解析实验结果表明.近地表土壤中主要有两种赋存状态的汞:即吸附态的单质汞及化合态的氯化汞。盆地内不同地球化学景观区,壤中汞的分布特征不同;沙漠区壤中汞浓度比黄土区的高、含量变化范围大;过渡区介于二者之间。在自然状况下,壤中汞的区域背景变化服从正态分布。研究区双峰或多峰的频率分布特征,表明近地表土壤中有外来汞的加入,盆地内石油、天然气是外来汞的主要来源。     

多年冻土区土壤中汞的研究进展

汞污染是当前重要的全球性环境问题。在气候变暖的背景下,多年冻土退化能够显著改变土壤环境和水热过程,进而可引发土壤中汞的活化和大量释放,对生态系统产生潜在的风险。本文综述了多年冻土区土壤总汞的浓度和储量、空间分布和影响因素,阐释了多年冻土不同退化过程中（活动层增厚和热喀斯特发育）土壤中汞的迁移转化和释放特征及其环境效应。北半球多年冻土区土壤总汞储量为597 Gg(384～750 Gg),植被吸收作用驱动的大气单质汞[Hg(0)]沉降是土壤中汞的重要来源。多年冻土区土壤中总汞含量和空间分布主要受大气汞沉降、有机质含量和沉降后过程（如淋溶作用）的影响。多年冻土退化不仅能够向大气和水生生态系统释放大量的汞,还可增强微生物甲基化作用生成剧毒的甲基汞（MeHg）,已经对全球汞循环及区域环境产生了重要影响,且这一影响在持续加强。未来研究中需结合汞同位素等多技术手段,追踪多年冻土融水径流中汞的迁移转化和传输过程;强化热喀斯特对汞释放的影响研究;结合野外原位观测与模型模拟,全面评估多年冻土退化对土壤汞迁移转化的影响及其环境效应。     

黑龙江黑土区农田土壤/大气界面汞交换通量特征研究

运用动力学通量箱与Tekran 2537B气态汞分析仪技术,对黑龙江省黑土区农田土壤/大气界面汞交换通量进行了实地监测,结果显示不同地区黑土的汞交换通量存在显著差异,7个监测点土壤/大气界面汞交换通量均值为(69.46±37.08)ng·m-2·h-1,接近我国典型城市城区土壤/大气界面汞交换通量平均水平。影响因素分析显示,土壤汞含量影响土壤释汞能力,汞交换通量与总辐射强度、土壤温度、土壤湿度和风速呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关,与大气压不相关。     

金矿区农田土壤重金属污染的环境效应分析

通过对比研究小秦岭某金矿区土壤重金属综合污染区和对比区内的小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,结果表明污染区内小麦籽粒中汞、铅、镉累积程度显著高于土壤对比区对照样,铬、砷、铜、锌与对照区几乎没有差异,汞、铅、镉、锌、铜的超标率分别为86.67%、60%、33.33%、6.67%、20%。在污染区,玉米中铅、镉、铬较对照区明显累积,但仅有汞超标,超标率为15.15%。同一采样地点,金矿区小麦籽粒比玉米更易吸收累积重金属。小麦中重金属含量与立地土壤重金属污染程度存在较好的相关性。与1990年比较,小麦中汞、镉累积效应非常显著。研究区土壤重金属污染已经造成了小麦严重污染。     

壤中气汞测量在安集海地区找油气的试验研究

利用汞的地球化学特征,在安集海地区开展壤中气汞测量找油气的试验,发现３个壤中气汞异常,缩小了在该区寻找油气藏的靶区,为进一步开展工作提供了新的找矿信息。     

城镇地区土壤中汞的累加量及其存在形式

以长春、南京的土壤汞异常和东营研究区的区域地球化学调查资料为例,采用元素相关关系法首先确定土壤中汞的基准值,在此基础上确定汞的累加量,取得了满意的结果。进一步的研究结果表明,汞的累加与土壤中出现的辰砂具有一定关系。     

陕西潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染的环境效应

以潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染区的小麦、蔬菜、水果中的Hg含量为重点研究对象,与尚未污染的农田土壤区进行对比,研究土壤Hg污染的农作物效应.评价区小麦样本Hg的超标率为78.57%,小麦Hg超标与土壤Hg污染的关系明显.评价区萝卜样本超标率为40%,叶菜、西红柿、苹果、红薯中样本超标率均为100%,对照区果蔬类也全部超标,但明显低于评价区.评价区农作物Hg超标倍数从大到小依次为:青菜＞油麦菜＞萝卜叶＞西红柿＞苹果＞红薯＞小麦＞萝卜.土壤Hg污染的环境效应极为严重,矿区环境污染防治刻不容缓.     

贵州万山汞矿区稻田土壤汞的分布及污染特征

受历史汞矿开采活动影响,万山汞矿区稻田遭受了严重的汞污染。为了查明万山汞矿区稻田土壤的汞污染现状以及评估其环境质量改善情况,系统采集了受汞矿区影响的五条主干河流沿岸稻田土壤进行汞含量分析,评价总汞和甲基汞污染程度及其生态风险,并与2008年以来该区域稻田土壤汞数据进行对比。结果表明,研究区稻田土壤的总汞含量为0.21~207 mg/kg,几何平均值为(4.26±4.83)mg/kg;甲基汞含量为0.42~13μg/kg,几何平均值为(1.81±1.93)μg/kg。59%的稻田土壤处于重度汞污染,75%的稻田土壤存在极强的汞潜在生态风险。与已往数据相比,稻田土壤汞含量在2012年后呈下降趋势,基本反映了当地汞防治措施的执行效果。为了避免稻田土壤汞污染引起的安全健康风险,今后应采取除污染源治理以外的土壤修复措施或风险管控措施。     

The Distrbution of Various Mercury Species in Soil

According to the mercury species with different solubilities,the analytical procedure involving sequential chemical extraction has been applied to partitioning the mercury species in soils into seven fractions.Soil samples collected from five localities in different areas (the high-mercury ares.the man-made mercury-polluted area and the reference area)were an alyzed for the seven mercury species.It is found that high mercury contents of soils can be attributed to both man-made pollution and geological processes,but the two kinds of solis show obvious differences in the distribution of their mercury species.     

Mercury in some granitoid rocks of the yukon and its relation to gold-tungsten mineralization

Data for the mean mercury contents of some granitoid rocks of the Yukon are presented. A correlation of high mercury content with plutons postulated to be the sources, or genetically related to the sources, of the alluvial gold deposits of the McQuesten area is established. In addition a relation is indicated between high mercury content in one intrusion and high content in the Palaeozoic shale host rock. A limited amount of data is presented on the mercury content of the Proterozoic and Palaeozoic rocks of the sampled area.     

江西南昌-樟树地区土壤汞污染现状评价

在阐述南昌-樟树地区汞区域地球化学特征的基础上,引用国家土壤环境质量标准（GB/T18407.1-2001）,对区内土壤汞环境质量进行了评价,揭示了表层土壤汞污染现状,分析了污染形成的原因,探讨了重污染区域土壤汞的存在形态与分布特征.     

土壤中汞存在形式的研究

本文运用部分连续萃取不同地球化学相的化学分析方法，对高汞区，人为汞污染区和背景参考区五个采样点土壤样品的七种汞形态进行了分析，研究表明，人为汞污染和地质作用都会造成土壤中汞的富集，但这两类土壤中汞的相态分布有明显的差别。     

Mercury in Stratabound copper mineralization in the Mammoth area,northwest Queensland

Copper mineralization along the Mount Gordon Fault Zone in northwest Queensland contains sufficient mercury to permit mercury pathfinder techniques to be used for exploration for further deposits in the area. At the Mammoth mine, the No. 1 orebody contains 310–14000 ppb Hg, with the highest contents in “sooty chalcocite” which may be of supergene origin. The B orebody contains 100–4300 ppb Hg, with highest concentrations at the top of the deposit. Other deposits in the Mammoth area contain 10–1600 ppb Hg, with mean mercury contents > 200 ppb in fault-related mineralization.There is a strong positive correlation between mercury and copper, sulfur, silver, arsenic, bismuth, lead, antimony and thallium contents in the deposits which suggests mercury was introduced during the mineralizing process. However, most of the mercury occurs on the surfaces of sulfide minerals, indicating its introduction at a late stage of mineralization.Mercury in the No. 1 orebody is partly of supergene origin whereas primary mineralogy may control mercury distribution in the B orebody. The presence near the Mammoth Fault of a lens of pyrite containing high concentrations of mercury (geometric mean 820 ppb) suggests that the mercury content of pyrite encountered in future exploration programmes in the region might be used to indicate proximity to mineralized fault zones.Gossans derived from copper deposits contain more than five times the amount of mercury in ironstones developed over unmineralized or poorly mineralized fault zones. The mercury contents of iron-rich rocks may be used to discriminate gossans from the numerous fault ironstones in the Mammoth area.     

Farmland mercury contamination in the vicinity of an organic chemical factory in Guizhou,China

This study assesses the level of contamination of Hg in farmland soils along the irrigating channel downstream from Guizhou Organic Chemical Factory （GOCF）, where metallic mercury is used as a catalyst to produce acetic acid. The total input of mercury into the environment, as announced by GOCF, is 140 t in the past 30 years （1971-2000）. Sampling sites were chosen based on the distance from the source of pollution--the chemical factory. A total of 39 samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for total mercury concentrations and methyl mercury concentrations. The characteristics of vertical and horizontal distributions of total mercury and methyl mercury in the study area （farmland） are described in this paper. Much attention was paid to the transformation of inorganic Hg into organic mercury species in soils as well. The results showed that the farmland has been heavily contaminated by Hg. Land cultivation activity, land utilization style and distance from the pollution source could be the dominant factors controlling the distribution of THg and MeHg. It is observed that active transformation of inorganic Hg into organic mercury species （MeHg） usually takes place in paddy soils.