潮汐河口区水化学研究中若干问题的初步探讨

河口滨海区的水体是由组成和性质显著不同的河水和海水混合而成的。在河口区河水和海水的混合作用是复杂的动力学过程。在这一过程中还伴随着其他化学过程、物理化学过程和地质过程。诸如由于水质条件的剧变所引起的难溶物的沉淀作用,胶体和悬浮物的聚沉作用,各种固相与溶解成份之间的交换吸附与沉积作用以及气体交换作用等。因此,河口区混合水体所含物质的组成不仅与河水和海水的化学组成以及江河流量、涌入河口的海水量、河口的地形地貌、沿岸的地质、潮汐过程和气象等外界环境条件有关,也与伴随着混合过程而产生的许多复杂的化学、物理化学过程密切相关。这些过程尤其对混合水体中的微量元素的迁移及溶解气体的分布变化有显著的影响。     

潮汐波动对潜水含水层海水入侵规律的影响研究

滨海潜水含水层的海水入侵过程会受到潮汐波动的影响。本文基于OpenGeoSys科学模拟软件,以动态潮汐边界作为海相边界,建立斜坡海滩潜水含水层海水入侵的二维剖面数值模型,探讨了潜水含水层水位波动及盐度运移规律,突破了传统海水入侵数值模拟过程中忽略潮汐影响的局限性。结果表明:潮汐作用改变了传统海水入侵模型的盐度分布规律及淡水排放通道;在定流量内陆边界条件下,潮汐作用会缩短盐水楔在淡水中的扩散距离,减缓了海水入侵的程度。本文有效地解决了数值模拟时考虑复杂海相边界时遇到的问题,通过数值模拟进一步揭示了潮汐波动影响下的海水入侵机理。本文的研究成果为合理优化开采地下淡水资源、定量评价与防治海水入侵提供科学的理论依据。     

河水与海水混合过程中Eh-pH的变化特征及影响因素

河口是河水和海水混合地带,河口地区每时每刻都在发生复杂的物理、化学、生物作用,该过程中水体Eh、pH参数的变化直接关系到氧化还原元素的行为以及重金属、有机污染物的迁移、转化和清除。本研究采集了长江河水、东海陆架海水,设置了盐度为5、12.5、25的3组混合实验,模拟长江河口水体混合过程,实时测定混合过程中水体Eh、pH变化,分析其影响因素。结果表明:混合水体为弱碱性-强氧化环境,pH值变化范围为7.83~8.22,pH值总体上呈现下降的趋势;Eh值变化范围为503.7~579.7 mV,在混合开始的1 h内迅速升高,随后迅速下降并逐渐趋于稳定。河水和海水混合过程中Eh、pH的变化主要受机械混合和氧化还原反应控制,机械混合导致两类水体Eh、pH快速中和,以Fe2+为主的氧化反应消耗了水体中的O2和OH-,使得混合水体中的Eh、pH呈现下降趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定。     

海水垂向入侵问题研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,风暴潮在沿海地区的频率和强度均可能增长,由此引发的海水垂向入侵可能会造成大面积的含水层淡水咸化。同时,由人类活动引起的沿海虾塘咸水养殖规模日益增长,由此引发的咸水垂向入侵可能会导致沿海地区地下水水质及生态环境的恶化。虽然已有一部分学者在海水(咸水)垂向入侵的研究中取得了成果,但由于海水(咸水)垂向入侵过程复杂,其对地下水咸化及恢复规律依然有待深入研究。文章阐述了海水垂向入侵的危害及前人的研究办法,总结了他们的研究成果并得出了海水垂向入侵的影响因子,指出了洪水和养殖活动对沿海地区含水层的威胁。得出的结果如下:研究海水垂向入侵常用的方法包括室内试验和数值模拟;海水垂向入侵主要与地形地貌、含水层性质和水文气象条件有关;虾塘养殖等人类活动可能会成为垂向咸水入侵的潜在来源。建议未来在海水垂向入侵研究中将多种现场观测实验方法结合起来。数值模拟应注重与现场观测实验数据相互验证,模型简化的方式有必要仔细考虑。虾塘养殖等人类活动可能造成的垂向咸水入侵问题应更多地受到关注。     

文登区浅层地下水化学演化与海水入侵研究

作者采用水化学演化图（hydrochemical facies evolution diagram,HFE-D）和海水入侵地下水质量指数（GQI_SWI）对山东威海文登区地下水的化学演化和海水入侵情况进行了分析。Piper图的结果表明文登区从北到南地下水的化学组成分别是Ca-HCO₃、Ca-Mg-Cl、Na-Cl。HFE-D表明沿海地区的含水层中海水占主导地位,并且地下淡水补给不足,无明显淡化趋势;内陆地区含水层中的淡水多数处于海水侵入期,有咸化趋势。运用GQI_SWI、地理信息系统和空间插值法结合,得到了文登区浅层海水入侵现状图。另外,作者考虑渗透系数对离子浓度的影响,运用反距离加权插值算法并结合渗透系数分析了文登区浅层地下水海水入侵程度。结果表明文登沿海地区已经发生了极其严重的海水入侵现象,结合HFED可知咸水有向内陆继续扩散的趋势。研究结果对文登区地下水资源的利用和海水入侵的防治具有重要意义。另外本文是HFE-D和GQI_SWI在国内文献中的首次应用,为国内其他地区的海水入侵评价提供了参考。     

桩海地区下古生界古潜山碳酸盐岩孔隙特征与空间组合规律

基于桩海地区下古生界碳酸盐岩古潜山储层的孔隙特征,分析了研究区不同潜山区块有效孔隙的空间组合特征,探讨了影响研究区下古生界孔隙类型及储层在空间上的组合特征的主控因素。下古生界碳酸盐岩古潜山以裂缝-扩溶缝-溶蚀孔洞为主,原生孔隙基本消失,具有储集意义的主要为次生孔隙。储层在空间上的组合形式主要包括非常发育的潜山内幕储层,且与风化壳储层不具有统一油水界面,深部溶蚀特征明显;太古界变质岩与下古生界碳酸盐岩之间往往具有统一的油水界面;许多下古生界古潜山带具有"上缝下洞"的储集空间特征等。孔隙的次生性及多样化的空间组合形式导致不同潜山区块储集能力的明显差异。多级不整合面古岩溶作用形成相时早期的溶蚀孔隙和潜山内幕储层;深埋藏溶蚀作用对碳酸盐岩先成孔隙的溶蚀改造和太古界与下古生界之间统一油水界面的形成具重要影响;新构造运动和埋藏期溶蚀作用相结合可合理解释研究区下古生界古潜山带"上缝下洞"的储集空间组合形式。     

莱州湾凹陷南部地区浅层沙三下亚段混积岩岩石学特征及成岩作用

通过对莱州湾凹陷区域构造地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等分析,认为莱州湾凹陷南部地区古近系沙三下亚段的地层埋藏浅,广泛发育湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积,混合沉积特征主要为结构混合和互层混合。考虑到混积岩成分和成因的复杂性,本文在岩心、壁心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、荧光薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析的基础上,对莱州湾凹陷南部地区混积岩样品进行了X-射线衍射分析和岩石有机质中碳氢氧元素分析,分析了碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩混积的岩石学特征。结果显示:莱州湾凹陷南部地区浅层沙三下亚段混积岩中陆源碎屑平均含量为60.5%,碳酸盐矿物含量为28.2%,属于碳酸盐质陆源碎屑岩,混积岩主要为泥灰岩、灰质砂岩和砂质白云岩。其中,碎屑矿物主要以细-粉砂级石英为主,碳酸盐矿物主要为泥晶方解石;粘土矿物组合主要为伊蒙混层,其次为伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石;且三者呈均匀混合的特征。同时通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜和储层流体包裹体观察,综合分析成岩作用表明,埋藏浅的沙三下亚段混积岩储层主要经历了压实、压溶作用、溶蚀作用、胶结交代作用,其中胶结交代作用较强,而研究区压实、压溶作用对比渤海湾盆地大部分埋藏较深的古近系地层都弱,储集空间以原生粒间孔为主,其次为粒内溶蚀孔和微缝。压实、压溶作用弱和溶蚀作用强是研究区沙三下亚段储层物性好的主要原因。     

冬季黄海暖流水的起源

以1986年1月中美南黄海联合考察所得的温盐资料为基础,分析了冬季黄海暖流水的起源,主要结果有:(1)冬季黄海暖流水主要是由对马暖流水和东海混合水通过侧向混合而形成的,但黄海混合水和朝鲜西岸沿岸水也不同程度地参与了混合;(2)在对马暖流水向南黄海扩展的过程中,尽管平流扩展的方式不能被忽视,但在济州岛附近海域,水平涡旋扩散却起着主要作用;(3)对马暖流水与东海混合水一起,主要由下层进入南黄海,这是由于在济州岛西南海区的上层存在着强烈锋面(这里是混合增密区).     

塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系岩溶储层类型与特征及控制因素

近年来,塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气勘探开发取得了重要发现。综合露头、钻井、岩心、地震等资料进行分析,明确哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系岩溶储层包括大型溶洞、溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀裂缝3种类型,将研究区内桑塔木组尖灭线南北划分成剥蚀区和覆盖区。通过地震解释资料分析发现,桑塔木组尖灭线以北的剥蚀区的岩溶储层主要受到风化壳的影响,风化壳发育的范围和强度影响岩溶储层的规模;建立研究区断裂控制岩溶模式分布图,并分析井漏数据与断裂系统叠合关系,得出断裂系统及其对所控制的层间岩溶作用,是桑塔木组尖灭线以南覆盖区岩溶储层发育的主要控制因素;明确了加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕、Ⅲ幕3个不同岩溶发育时期,受断裂控制的明河、暗河对研究区岩溶储层的叠加改造作用。     

直流电阻率法在洋戴河平原海水入侵识别中的应用

海水和淡水之间的显著电性差异使得直流电阻率法可用于识别和监测海水入侵。洋戴河平原不同海水入侵程度含水层,其电阻率呈现出显著分异,一般规律为:严重入侵(5Ω·m),轻度入侵(5～13Ω·m),未入侵(13～150Ω·m)。结合水文地质钻孔资料,依靠含水层电阻率分布识别海水入侵。结果表明,洋戴河平原部分地区海水入侵进程具有明显的季节效应,由于农灌开采地下水导致6月海水入侵程度较为严重,3、11月海水入侵程度相对较弱。研究区滨海浅层地下咸水(微咸水)区主要分布在河道两侧,并向周围抽水灌溉区发展,其主要来源是海水沿河床入侵后形成的混合咸水以及灌溉回归水。现有的措施已经对海水入侵发展起到了一定的减缓作用,但仍需加强典型地段的防治。     

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of the Simulated Seawater?Freshwater Mixing Zones in Steady-State Coastal Aquifers

The uncertainty and sensitivity of predicted positions and thicknesses of seawater-freshwater mixing zones with respect to uncertainties of saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, molecular diffusivity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities were investigated in both head-control and flux-control inland boundary systems. It shows that uncertainties and sensitivities of predicted results vary in different boundary systems. With the same designed matrix of uncertain factors in simulation experiments, the variance of predicted positions and thickness in the flux-control system is much larger than that predicted in the head-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted position of the mixing zone are inland freshwater head and transverse dispersivity. However, the predicted position of the mixing zone is more sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted thickness of the mixing zone include transverse dispersivity, molecular diffusivity, porosity, and longitudinal dispersivity, but the predicted thickness is more sensitive to the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. These findings improve our understandings for the development of seawater?freshwater mixing zone during seawater intrusion processes, and give technical support for groundwater resource management in coastal aquifers.     

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of the Simulated Seawater—Freshwater Mixing Zones in Steady-State Coastal Aquifers

The uncertainty and sensitivity of predicted positions and thicknesses of seawater-freshwater mixing zones with respect to uncertainties of saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, molecular diffusivity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities were investigated in both head-control and flux-control inland boundary systems. It shows that uncertainties and sensitivities of predicted results vary in different boundary systems. With the same designed matrix of uncertain factors in simulation experiments, the variance of predicted positions and thickness in the flux-control system is much larger than that predicted in the head-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted position of the mixing zone are inland freshwater head and transverse dispersivity. However, the predicted position of the mixing zone is more sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. In a head-control system, the most sensitive factors for the predicted thickness of the mixing zone include transverse dispersivity, molecular diffusivity, porosity, and longitudinal dispersivity, but the predicted thickness is more sensitive to the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a flux-control system. These findings improve our understandings for the development of seawater?freshwater mixing zone during seawater intrusion processes, and give technical support for groundwater resource management in coastal aquifers.     

A literature review of the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on OTEC heat exchangers

An investigation has been made of available data on the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers. Pertinent oceanographic data is lacking at or near potential OTEC sites for the calculation of the degree of saturation of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate. Consequently, only “extrapolated” saturation values can be used. These indicate that near surface seawater is probably supersaturated, with respect to the calcium carbonate phases calcite and aragonite, at all potential OTEC sites. The deep seawater that would be brought to the surface at the potential Atlantic Ocean sites is also likely to be supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The deep seawater at the potential Pacific Ocean sites may be slightly undersaturated.The fact that OTEC heat exchangers will be operating in seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, means that if nucleation of calcite or aragonite occurs on the heat exchanger surfaces, significant growth rates of calcium carbonate scale may be expected. The potential for calcium carbonate nucleation is highest at cathodic metal surface locations, which are produced as the result of aluminum corrosion in seawater. Consequently, corrosion and scale formation may be closely related. What the possible effects of biofouling may be on this process are not known.     

北黄海水中辐照度的分布变化特征

本文对北黄海５次现场调查中获得的水中辐照度资料，应用统计分析方法，建立辐照度随水深变化的关系模式，分析辐照度的垂直衰减特性。结果表明：辐照度随水深按指数函数规律衰减；辐照度垂直衰减系数Ｋ有明显的季节变化和区域特征；不同水层的Ｋ值各不相同，Ｋ的变化存在分层结构。     

滨海含水层海水入侵影响因素研究综述

滨海含水层海水入侵的研究对于海水入侵的灾害防治及地下水资源的可持续管理具有重要的意义。基于国内外海水入侵影响因素研究现状,归纳了地质条件(包括海岸边界坡度、含水层介质分层、水力传导系数和弥散度)和水动力条件(包括海平面和地下水位的变化)这两类基础的影响因素,分析、总结了滨海含水层海水入侵机理,同时指出将相互作用、互有联系的影响因素作为一个系统开展研究,会更有利于理解海水入侵整个过程。     

Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones,Hawaii

This is the first article to describe mineralization of midplate submarine rift zones and hydrothermal manganese oxide mineralization of midplate volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala and Puna Ridges. These Mn oxides form two types of deposits, metallic stratiform layers in volcaniclastic rocks and cement for clastic rocks; both deposit types are composed of todorokite and bimessite. Thin Fe‐Mn crusts that coat some rocks formed by a combination of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal processes and are composed of δ‐MnO₂. The stratiform layers have high Mn contents (mean 40%) and a large fractionation between Mn and Fe (Fe/Mn = 0.04). Unlike most other hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits, those from Hawaiian rift zones are enriched in the trace metals Zn, Co, Ba, Mo, Sr, V, and especially Ni (mean 0.16%). Metals are derived from three sources: mafic and ultramafic rocks leached by circulating hydrothermal fluids, clastic material (in Mn‐cemented sandstone), and seawater that mixed with the hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization on Haleakala Ridge occurred sometime during the past 200 to 400 ka, when the summit was at a water depth of more than 1,000 m. Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikces, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits. The supply of seawater to ridge interiors must be extensive because of their high porosity and permeability. Precipitation of Mn oxide below the seafloor is indicated by its occurrence as cement, growth textures that show mineralizing fluids were introduced from below, and pervasive replacement of original matrix of clastic rocks.     

水库对海岸带海水入侵影响的数值模拟研究

修建海岸水库是满足滨海地区淡水资源的保障的一个重要方式,为了进一步分析海岸水库的建立对滨海含水层的海水入侵的影响,采用SUTRA(saturated-unsaturatedtransport)模型建立具有代表性的二维海岸模型开展定量和定性研究,结果表明:潮汐作用抑制底层盐水楔的入侵,加快海陆物质交换;实例中计算表明建坝后,海岸水库坝体的建立加剧了海水入侵;水库水位在平均海平面以下时,潮汐动力因素占主导,海水入侵严重且随着水位抬高,海水入侵程度基本保持不变,应注意海水入侵的防治;库区水位在平均海平面以上时,海水入侵程度随着库区水位的抬高而减少,可以调节水库水位进行滨海含水层的海水入侵的防控;海岸水库在建设中存在一个控制水位,当水库水位在控制水位以上,库区水体盐度和含水层淡水储量能得到保证;库区高水位时内陆物质运移时间较长,运移区域较广,氮类污染物易在库底含水层堆积,需重视含水层的地下水污染防治。     

南马里亚纳海槽岩石学特征

南马里亚纳海槽岩性比较复杂：有玄武岩，根据标准矿物组合，进一步划分为碱性玄武岩，橄揽拉斑玄武岩和石英拉斑玄武岩；火山碎屑岩，包括凝灰岩和角砾凝灰岩；以及方辉橄榄岩．大部分玄武岩样品是距今五百万年以后形成的，个别岩石样品的形成年龄为八百万年左右．不同类型的玄武岩是含Ｈ２Ｏ的地幔岩块在底辟上升过程中，局部熔融、分离的产物；火山碎屑岩是火山喷发的火山灰、火山砾被水化学分解的物质胶结而成；方辉橄榄岩是地幔岩浆底辟上升直接侵入结晶的产物．