矿床变化与保存研究的裂变径迹新途径

矿床形成后的变化与保存是矿床学研究与找矿勘探中一项极其重要但仍需进一步加强的基础性工作。影响矿床变化与保存的众多因素中,区域隆升与剥蚀是最为关键的因素之一。裂变径迹法是研究区域隆升与剥蚀的一种有效手段,它能为我们提供剥蚀速率以及剥蚀量的定量数据。一些产于花岗质岩体内与岩体有成因联系的矿床,其成矿深度可以通过详细的流体包裹体研究来获得。通过成矿深度与岩体剥蚀深度对比分析,能使我们更好地了解矿床形成后变化保存条件。裂变径迹法与流体包裹体研究相结合是矿床形成后变化与保存研究一种切实可行的方法。     

邯郸永年县洪山碱性岩体剥蚀程度分析

邯郸永年洪山碱性岩体及其周边成矿条件优越,已发现金、铜矿化点多处。研究显示金、铜矿床（点）在形成及分布上与洪山岩体有着密切的成因联系。金矿化主要分布在岩体北侧的火山凝灰岩中;铜矿化分布较广,但矿化以岩体中心区域为主。由于岩体剥蚀深度研究程度较低,位于岩体顶部或上方的铜金矿化主体部分是否已遭受风化剥蚀,区内铜金矿化深部找矿潜力如何等问题均亟需分析确定。据此,本文依据岩体“盖层”厚度恢复法、相对隆升剥蚀程度识别法、夷平面法和磷灰石裂变径迹法等综合判别洪山岩体剥蚀深度。不同剥蚀程度判别方法所得结论基本吻合,得出洪山岩体中心区域隆升剥蚀程度最大,在2km左右;岩体南北两侧剥蚀程度逐渐减小。在岩体剥蚀深度分析基础上,给出了区内铜金矿床找矿方向,认为金矿化有利找矿区域在岩体南侧火山凝灰岩分布区,岩体中心部位铜矿化找矿前景不容乐观。     

宁镇中段矿化斑岩体的侵位深度及剥蚀程度研究

判别岩体侵位深度对找矿富有指导意义,查明岩体剥蚀程度是评价斑岩铜矿找矿前景的重要因素之一。运用岩体"盖层"厚度恢复法、成岩温度与压力计算法、蚀变矿化分带判别法、岩体的顶垂体、捕虏体、析离体及岩脉发育状况判别法,以及岩石的结构、构造和矿物结构形态判别法,综合研究了宁镇中段主要斑岩体的侵位深度和剥蚀程度,结果表明宁镇中段侵入体总体上具有由西向东、由南向北剥蚀程度逐渐加深的特点。     

峡谷地区大型地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场反演分析

合理地确定地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场对于地下洞室群的总体布局、支护设计有着重要的意义。本文提出了一种依据少量实测地应力资料反演地下洞室群岩体初始地应力场的方法。这种方法假设远古地形是一无起伏的夷平面,认为岩体初始地应力场主要由处于远古地应力状态下的远古地形经过漫长的地形剥蚀形成,而远古地应力场由地质构造运动和岩体自重形成。以有限元数值分析为基本手段,提出了可以考虑构造运动、岩体自重和地形剥蚀等多因素的岩体初始地应力场反演思路。通过某水电站地下厂房区域岩体初始地应力场反演的工程实例分析,验证了这一方法的可行性和实用性。     

东昆仑山小南川岩体裂变径迹年代与中新世晚期以来的构造地貌演化

对昆仑垭口地区小南川岩体7件样品进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试, 分析了岩体的冷却过程及岩体的剥露与构造地貌演化的关系.结果表明东昆仑山区中新世晚期视剥蚀速率极为缓慢, 为0.020~0.035mm/a, 反映的是构造隆升作用微弱、地貌缓和的地质环境, 因而构造隆升速率与低的视剥蚀速率相当.上新世以来小南川岩体突发性快速隆升冷却, 造成超过3km的物质揭顶, 这不是由单纯的剥蚀过程导致, 而是反映了昆仑山上新世以来的强烈构造隆升驱动下的成山作用过程.岩体上新世的裂变径迹年龄与近东西向的昆仑河-野牛沟谷地断裂断陷、昆仑垭口盆地断陷以及后期西大滩谷地断陷的综合构造地貌演化有密切的成因联系.此外裂变径迹年龄的空间分布格局反映了区域性的差异隆升作用, 由南向北、由西向东, 隆升和剥蚀作用逐渐衰减, 这与东昆仑山南北向以及东、西昆仑山之间地貌发育的差异性以及新生代火山作用分布是吻合的.      

轮南地区奥陶系天然裂缝形成的控制因素与发育机理

地下天然裂缝是导致地质灾害的主要原因之一，轮南奥陶系埋深在5000m以下，岩体的天然裂缝不能直接观察，且其天然裂缝发育受多种因素控制，在地质演化过程中经多斯发育而成，发育机理非常典型、复杂。通过观察、描述岩芯的裂缝发育特征，分析深度、温度、围压、剥蚀、裂缝充填等因素对地下岩体力学性质的影响，确定了裂缝发育的控制因素。进而预测了裂缝发育概率分布和发育特点，分析了轮南地区奥陶系天然裂缝的发育机理。     

西南三江义敦岛弧南端地壳抬升历史及资源评价意义

云南格咱岛弧成矿带是西南"三江"(怒江、澜沧江、金沙江)多岛弧盆系中一个重要的地质构造单元,位于甘孜—理塘结合带西侧德格—中甸陆块的东缘,印支期义敦岛弧带南端。它始于晚三叠世甘孜—理塘洋壳的向西俯冲,燕山期经历了陆内汇聚和造山后伸展作用阶段,喜山期受青藏高原碰撞隆起效应的影响,本区表现为强烈的逆冲-推覆构造和大规模走滑平移活动。区内岩浆活动强烈,成矿地质条件优越,是近年来新发现的重要铜多金属成矿带,其中以印支期产出于普朗复式岩体的斑岩型铜矿床最为典型。本文通过格咱岛弧岩浆岩带主要成矿斑岩体的磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学的研究表明,裂变径迹年龄分布于12~68Ma,均小于成岩成矿时代,区内主要成矿斑岩体的剥蚀速率为0.046~0.236mm/a,剥蚀程度约为1473~2904m。通过岩体的剥蚀程度与铜多金属矿床的形成深度来分析,各成矿岩体的剥蚀深度基本上小于侵位深度,这对矿床形成后的保存情况较为有利。根据区内主要斑岩型矿床剥蚀资源量的定量计算,将矿床剥蚀情况划分为3个数量级:I级为矿床轻度剥蚀、Ⅱ级为矿床中等剥蚀、Ⅲ级为矿床严重剥蚀,为该区斑岩成矿系统资源潜力评价和深部找矿提供了理论依据。     

用原地重熔说讨论热液铀矿形成的若干问题

从花岗岩原地重熔说的角度，对热液铀矿床研究中存在的诸如矿岩时差，大小岩体矿化特征，产铀岩体判别指数以及与钨（锡）、铌、钽矿化，红层和构造运动等关系问题进行了初步的探讨。重熔说认为，岩体只是重熔界面凸起而被剥蚀的地方，岩体的大小仅反映剥蚀程度的大小，而无本质的区别。由于铀沉淀的“位源距”较大，铀总是沉淀于岩体的外接触带中。外接触带作为成矿围岩，既可以是沉积岩（包括红层）、变质岩，也可以是早期的花岗岩，前二者反映剥蚀程度较小（“小岩体”），后者反映剥蚀程度较大（“大岩体”）。由于后者的成矿围岩为花岗岩，所以产生了矿岩时差大的错觉。用化学成分计算出的指数与铀矿化没有直接的关系。此外，铀矿化一般晚于钨（锡）、铌、钽等矿化，故多与“大岩体”有关，其成矿壳层较低，成分也较为简单。铀的化学性质非常活泼，其矿化很可能包括了构造运动方面的重要信息。     

青藏高原东南缘次林错岩体晚白垩世- 早新生代快速剥蚀

青藏高原东南缘是研究构造、地貌演化和气候变化相互作用的理想场所，前人研究主要揭示了晚始新世—早中新世和晚中新世以来的快速剥蚀事件，缺乏晚白垩世—早新生代时期地貌演化过程的研究。次林错花岗岩已有的低温热年代学数据覆盖了整个新生代时期，为探索该区域新生代早期的剥露演化历史提供了重要资料。该岩体新生代早期冷却事件是岩浆冷却单一作用的结果，还是受快速剥蚀作用的影响，目前仍然存疑，需要定量研究。因此，本文结合已有的岩石地化和年代学数据，对次林错花岗岩开展了锆石饱和温度和一维岩浆冷却模拟研究。锆石饱和温度计算结果表明次林错花岗岩的岩浆结晶温度介于647~705℃之间，属低温花岗岩。一维岩浆冷却模拟结果显示岩体侵位时的最小围岩温度为160~120℃，对应深度约为3. 7~5. 0 km。结合锆石和磷灰石(U- Th)/He年代学数据，本文认为该岩体在晚白垩世—早新生代时期(67~40 Ma)经历了一期剥蚀量至少为2 km的快速剥蚀事件。已发表成果的综合分析表明，此次快速剥露事件可能是整个青藏高原地区广泛存在的构造剥蚀事件，新特提斯洋的俯冲闭合与印亚板块的初始碰撞可能是触发此次大规模区域剥蚀的主要原因     

云南格咱岛弧印支期地壳隆升与剥蚀及其地质意义:来自黑云母矿物压力计的证据

区域的隆升与剥蚀是影响成矿岩体形成后变化与保存的主要因素,矿物压力计能定量获取花岗质岩浆初始结晶时的压力条件,是研究花岗岩体形成深度及隆升剥蚀历史的有效手段之一。应用黑云母的TAl地质压力计,计算了云南格咱岛弧岩浆岩带印支期典型成矿斑岩体侵位的深度,并估算了格咱岛弧地区地壳的隆升与剥蚀速率,探讨了矿床形成后变化及保存的情况,结果表明印支期以来格咱岛弧地区的成矿岩体剥蚀速率较小,平均为0.018 mm/a,这对矿床形成后的保存较为有利。研究结果为探讨滇西高原印支期以来的构造隆升—剥蚀提供了定量参考。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是二连盆地重要的产油基地之一,早白垩世腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积末期经历了两次强烈的抬升 剥蚀,沉积地层剥蚀量的恢复对油气成藏评价有重要意义。文章基于钻井泥岩声波时差和镜质组反射率数据对二连盆地吉 尔嘎朗图凹陷腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组的剥蚀量进行了计算,恢复了其原始沉积厚度及埋藏过程。研究结果表明：研究区腾 格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积后受构造反转的控制都经历了不同程度的剥蚀,腾格尔组的剥蚀厚度约为243~1933 m,赛罕塔拉 组的剥蚀厚度约为95~290 m。剥蚀量厚度展布明显受不同方向、不同尺度断层在构造反转期的差异活动性影响,靠近西北 边界断层的罕尼构造带剥蚀量相对较大,向东南缓坡带逐渐减小。区内不同构造部位剥蚀量的差异对油气成藏有直接影 响,断陷区及后期反转控制的大沉积、强烈剥蚀区,烃源岩层生烃时间长。而构造反转形成的与构造走向一致的隆升带的 剥蚀卸压有利于促使油气沿NE断裂面发生垂向和侧向运移,并在断裂面两侧有利的圈闭位置成藏。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是二连盆地重要的产油基地之一，早白垩世腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积末期经历了两次强烈的抬升 剥蚀，沉积地层剥蚀量的恢复对油气成藏评价有重要意义。文章基于钻井泥岩声波时差和镜质组反射率数据对二连盆地吉 尔嘎朗图凹陷腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组的剥蚀量进行了计算，恢复了其原始沉积厚度及埋藏过程。研究结果表明：研究区腾 格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积后受构造反转的控制都经历了不同程度的剥蚀，腾格尔组的剥蚀厚度约为243~1933 m，赛罕塔拉 组的剥蚀厚度约为95~290 m。剥蚀量厚度展布明显受不同方向、不同尺度断层在构造反转期的差异活动性影响，靠近西北 边界断层的罕尼构造带剥蚀量相对较大，向东南缓坡带逐渐减小。区内不同构造部位剥蚀量的差异对油气成藏有直接影 响，断陷区及后期反转控制的大沉积、强烈剥蚀区，烃源岩层生烃时间长。而构造反转形成的与构造走向一致的隆升带的 剥蚀卸压有利于促使油气沿NE断裂面发生垂向和侧向运移，并在断裂面两侧有利的圈闭位置成藏。     

晚新生代以来青藏高原东缘的剥蚀过程:来自裂变径迹的证据

本文以青藏高原东缘的三级地貌(川西高原、龙门山和四川盆地)单元为基础,利用裂变径迹定年数据分区块研究了该地区的晚新生代以来的剥蚀速率。研究结果表明,晚白垩世以来青藏高原东缘经历了一个由平缓到突然加速的剥蚀过程,其转折点为中新世。在整个时间段内的平均剥蚀速率,川西高原为0.26mm/yr,龙门山为0.72mm/yr,四川盆地为0.20mm/yr。龙门山的剥蚀速率大约是川西高原的2.8倍,间接反映边缘山脉的隆升并不等同于高原内部的隆升,边缘山脉的隆升可能是构造隆升和剥蚀隆升相叠加的结果。     

Morphological controls on the dynamics of carbonate landscapes under a mediterranean climate

The influence of the morphological setting on the denudation of carbonate landscapes and the respective contributions of mechanical and chemical weathering processes are still debated. We have addressed these questions by measuring ³⁶Cl concentrations in 40 samples from the Luberon mountain, SE France, to constrain the denudation of various landscape elements. We observe a clear contrast between the local denudation rates from the flat summit surface, clustered around 30 mm/ka, and the basin‐average denudation rates across the flanks, ranging from 100 to 200 mm/ka. This difference highlights the transient evolution of the range, whose topography is still adjusting to previous uplift events. Such a pattern also suggests that carbonate dissolution is not the only driver of denudation in this setting, which appears to be significantly controlled by slope‐dependent processes.     

Shaping the Australian crust over the last 300 million years: Insights from fission track thermotectonic imaging and denudation studies of key terranes

Apatite fission track thermochronology is a well‐established tool for reconstructing the low‐temperature thermal and tectonic evolution of continental crust. The variation of fission track ages and distribution of fission track lengths are primarily controlled by cooling, which may be initiated by earth movements and consequent denudation at the Earth's surface and/or by changes in the thermal regime. Using numerical forward‐modelling procedures these parameters can be matched with time‐temperature paths that enable thermal and tectonic processes to be mapped out in considerable detail. This study describes extensive Australian regional fission track datasets that have been modelled sequentially and inverted into time‐temperature solutions for visualisation as a series of time‐slice images depicting the cooling history of present‐day surface rocks during their passage through the upper crust. The data have also been combined with other datasets, including digital elevation and heat flow, to image the denudation history and the evolution of palaeotopography. These images provide an important new perspective on crustal processes and landscape evolution and show how important tectonic and denudation events over the last 300 million years can be visualised in time and space. The application of spatially integrated denudation‐rate chronology is also demonstrated for some key Australian terranes including the Lachlan and southern New England Orogens of southeastern Australia, Tasmania, the Gawler Craton, the Mt Isa Inlier, southwestern Australian crystalline terranes (including the Yilgarn Craton) and the Kimberley Block. This approach provides a readily accessible framework for quantifying the otherwise undetectable, timing and magnitude of long‐term crustal denudation in these terranes, for a part of the geological record previously largely unconstrained. Discrete episodes of enhanced denudation occurred principally in response to changes in drainage, base‐level changes and/or uplift/denudation related to far‐field effects resulting from intraplate stress or tectonism at plate margins. The tectonism was mainly associated with the history of continental breakup of the Gondwana Supercontinent from Late Palaeozoic time, although effects related to compression are also recorded in eastern Australia. The results also suggest that the magnitude of denudation of cratonic blocks has been significantly underestimated in previous studies, and that burial and exhumation are significant factors in the preservation of apparent ‘ancient’ features in the Australian landscape.     

张家口北部铅锌银多金属矿床区域剥蚀程度分析

张家口北部是河北省重要的铅锌银多金属矿床富集区.区内多金属矿床成矿作用和控矿因素相似,矿化形成均与燕山期酸性小岩体侵入变质结晶基底有关.区域多金属矿床化探异常具可对比性.化探异常图显示区内多金属矿床与化探异常在地表总体呈现无偏性空间分布特征,化探数据因子分析结果表明成矿元素相关性在水系沉积物中未发生改变.据此可将原生晕中依据不同元素组合识别矿体剥蚀程度的思路运用于1:20万化探数据,以此识别区域多金属矿床剥蚀程度.本文以张家口研究程度较高的蔡家营多金属矿床为例,选用可有效识别矿体剥蚀程度的(Bi+V+Ba)/(B+Sb+U)、(U/Th)元素比值,将区域化探数据用于多金属矿床剥蚀程度分析,结果显示区内多金属矿床均出露于剥蚀强度较高区域,受到不同程度的剥蚀.累加NAP值方法显示兰闫多金属矿床剥蚀程度最高,蔡家营、青羊沟矿床剥蚀程度明显降低.区内多金属矿床多分布于岩石风化程度较高的变质结晶基底出露区域及其周边.火山岩盖层下伏变质岩中多金属矿床多呈隐伏-半隐伏状态分布,应是区内下步多金属矿床找矿方向.     

Evolution of hillslope soils: The geomorphic theater and the geochemical play

How and how fast do hillslope soils form as the landscape’s morphology changes over time? Here results are shown from an ongoing study that simultaneously examines the morphologic and geochemical evolution of soil mantled hillslopes that have been exposed to distinctively different denudation history. In Northern Sierra Nevada, California, the authors are investigating a tributary basin to the Middle Fork Feather River. A major incision signal from the river is well marked in a knickpoint within the tributary basin which stretches from its mouth to the Feather River at an elevation of ～700 m to the plateau at an elevation of ～1500 m. Hillslopes are significantly steeper below the knickpoint. The area’s total denudation rates are currently being constrained using cosmogenic radio nuclides, but a previous study suggested an order of magnitude difference in total denudation rates below and above the knickpoint. When compared with topographic attributes calculated from LIDAR data, physical erosion rates can be modeled as a linear function of ridge top curvature. Surprisingly, over the wide range of total denudation rates, soil thicknesses do not vary significantly until a threshold point where soil mantled landscapes abruptly shift to bedrock dominated landscapes. Bioturbation by tree falls appear to buffer soil thickness over the wide range of physical soil erosion rates. From three hillslopes with different physical erosion rates, the concentrations of Zr, which were considered conserved during dissolution and leaching, were determined and used as a proxy for the degree of mass losses via chemical denudation. There is a general trend that colluvial soils along the hillslopes with lower physical erosion rates are enriched in fine size fractions, Zr, and pedogenic crystalline Fe oxides. Likewise, the saprolites show greater degrees of chemical denudation at the sites above the knickpoint, presumably because of the saprolites’ longer turnover time in the slowly eroding landscapes. In the two steep hillslopes below the knickpoint, no significant or systematic topgraphic trends were found for soil geochemistry. However, soils show increasing Zr enrichment in the downslope direction in the hillslope above the knickpoint, which suggests a critical denudation rate beyond which soils’ turnover time is too short to develop a geochemical catena. As detailed CRN-based soil production rates and catchment scale denudation rates are acquired, the data will be combined with a mass balance model to calculate the rates of chemical denudation and weathering in soils and saprolites along the denudation gradient.     

Quantifying the impact of former glaciation on catchment‐wide denudation rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be

Glacial denudation can significantly perturb terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide depth profiles and, if this is not corrected for, derived apparent denudation rates will overestimate the actual denudation rates. Here we determine how much ¹⁰Be‐derived denudation rates – calculated under the assumption of steady state – deviate from actual denudation rates as a function of three parameters: (1) the total amount of glacial denudation, (2) the post‐glacial denudation rate and (3) the time elapsed since deglaciation. We provide correction lines for the full parameter space explored (glacial denudation: 0.01–100 m; post‐glacial denudation rate: 1–1000 mm/ka; deglaciation: 1–100 ka before present), to evaluate and, if necessary, correct denudation rates for the impact of glacial denudation. Applied to ¹⁰Be‐derived catchment‐averaged denudation rates for formerly glaciated catchments in the Black Forest, Germany, we find that uncorrected denudation rates overestimate actual rates by up to a factor of three.     

阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来的剥露历史和古地形恢复

应用裂变径迹技术研究阿尔泰山南缘中新生代以来的隆升剥露历史,并对古地形进行恢复。对所获得的11个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄分析表明,裂变径迹年龄变化分布于99.1~43.7 Ma之间。该地区晚白垩世以来平均视剥露速率为0.050 mm/a。热史模拟结果表明,阿尔泰山南缘自白垩纪以来经历了多期冷却剥露历史:早白垩世至晚白垩世晚期(约120~75 Ma),剥露速率为0.044 mm/a;晚白垩世晚期至始新世(约75-70~50 Ma),剥露速率为0.070 mm/a;中新世以来(约20-15 Ma~现今),剥露速率为0.081 mm/a。对研究区进行古地形恢复显示,自白垩纪(120 Ma)至今,平均剥露幅度达约5 km,古地形海拔降低约0.8 km。阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来古地形海拔仅在17.5~50 Ma期间保持基本稳定,其他阶段均有降低的趋势。早白垩世的构造抬升与蒙古-鄂霍茨克海最后阶段的闭合以及西伯利亚板块和中朝-蒙古板块的最终收敛和碰撞有关;晚白垩世晚期至始新世的构造活动则是受拉萨地块、Kohistan-Dras岛弧增生的远距离影响;中新世以来快速隆升可能与印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应有关。     

胶东西北部金矿剥蚀程度及找矿潜力和方向——来自磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学的证据

矿床形成后会经历不同形式的变化,区域隆升与剥蚀是影响矿床变化保存最为关键的因素之一。构造-热年代学是目前广泛运用于研究区域隆升剥蚀的一种重要手段,本文以我国最大金矿集中区———胶东西北部金矿及赋矿围岩玲珑花岗岩为研究对象,尝试将构造-热年代学引用到矿床成矿后变化与保存研究。通过磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学测试获得玲珑花岗岩距今110Ma以来的隆升演化历史,结果显示岩体剥蚀速率很小,平均0.0303±0.0044mm.a-1,自金矿形成后区域热-构造运动趋于平静,这对矿床的保存非常有利。胶东金矿成矿深度范围集中于4~10km,根据剥蚀速度计算玲珑花岗岩剥蚀量仅为2.0~4.2km,远未达到金矿最大成矿深度。当前本区金矿勘探和开采深度普遍小于2km,深部金矿找矿潜力良好。