青岛海滩砂中的变生矿物曲晶石

青岛海滩砂中的曲晶石(Cyrtolite)晶形完好，除了具有锆石的一般性质外，以富含Th、Y、Yb、Hf、La、Re和Sc等稀有、稀土、放射性元素为特征，是青岛海滩重矿物砂中的重要稀土元素矿物之一。     

山东荣成成山角至石岛海岸地貌和沉积特征

山东东部成山角至石岛海岸属基岩岬湾岸,进一步可分为侵蚀岸,侵蚀堆积岸,湾内初期夷平岸及连岛砂坝岸等4种类型。本区砂坝-泻湖体系发育良好,泻湖有海湾-泻湖,半封闭泻湖和封闭泻湖等。海岸砂坝粒度和重矿物组合受制于基岩,如南段正长岩分布区,砂体主要由中砂构成,重矿物中锆石,钛铁矿占优势。钻孔资料揭示了海湾、泻湖、砂坝以及各类泻湖沉积的垂直层序,反映了海湾封闭而成泻湖的沉积过程,以及泻湖消亡的历史。     

青岛海滩砂中的变生矿物曲晶石

青岛海滩砂中的曲晶石(Cyrtolite)晶形完好,除了具有锆石的一般性质外,以富含Th、Y、Yb、Hf、La、Re和Sc等稀有、稀土、放射性元素为特征,是青岛海滩重矿物砂中的重要稀土元素矿物之一。 本文介绍曲晶石的形态、物性参数、X射线粉晶数据、红外光谱和化学成分特点,     

基于数量性状的砂海螂(Mya arenaria)选择指标评估

采用多元回归和通径分析的方法,研究了砂海螂(Mya arenaria)形态性状对重量性状的影响,建立了利用形态性状估计重量性状的回归方程,以评估砂海螂育种的选择指标。结果表明,各形态性状与体重、软体部重之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);壳长对体重和软体部重的直接效应均为最大,其通径系数分别为0.4338和0.3265,是影响体重和软体部重的主要因素。壳宽对体重和软体部重的直接影响效应次之,但壳高对重量性状的影响主要是间接效应。决定系数分析的结果与通径分析结果具有一致的变化趋势。上述结果为砂海螂选择育种提供了依据,以壳长作为首选指标,能有效地增加体重和软体部重。     

广西钦州湾海域表层沉积物分异特征与规律

根据2008年12月广西钦州湾海域表层沉积物粒度分析结果,结合沉积物结构、地形和水动力条件,探讨了沉积物的分布规律及其作用机制。结果表明,钦州湾海域表层沉积物在横向上,自西向东呈现出西部粗、东部细,分选程度西部好于东部的特征;在纵向上,沉积物粒径呈现由内向外粒径从粗到细的特征,大致在5m水深处存在一个明显的界限,该水深以浅区域的砂含量较高,且主要沉积砂等较粗物质;该水深以深区域以粉砂质黏土为主,砂含量较低。Flemming的三角图式表明,钦州湾海域沉积动力相对较弱。在此基础上,根据水动力差异与物源不同,将研究区划分为5m水深以浅的西部区、5m水深以浅的东部区和5m水深以深的区域等3个沉积区。     

南黄海西部陆架区表层沉积特征与物源分析

对南黄海西部陆架区626个海底沉积物进行了沉积特征分析,包括粒度和黏土矿物测试。研究结果表明,研究区的表层沉积物类型主要包括砾石、砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂、砂质泥和泥。依据表层沉积物成因,将调查区分为4个区:苏北近岸老黄河细粒沉积物区、中东部的残留砂沉积区、西北部的准残留砾石区和东北部的山东半岛水下楔形体末端沉积区。研究区的黏土矿物组合类型主要为伊利石-蒙皂石-绿泥石-高岭石,组合类型与黄河黏土矿物组合类型相同,表明主要物质来源于黄河。研究区中东部分布有粉砂质砂和砂,具有滨岸环境的沉积特征,而与现在所处的沉积环境不相一致,它们被解译为形成于全新世早期的滨岸环境,并在海底留存至今,属"残留沉积"。     

苏鲁交界海域表层沉积物类型和分布特征

对2002年采自苏鲁交界海域的466个表层沉积物样品作了粒度分析和粒度参数计算,并进行了沉积物分类和分布特征的研究,结果表明:(1)研究海域的表层沉积物类型主要为砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粘土质粉砂和砂-粉砂-粘土5种。(2)研究海域的表层沉积物主体是砂,随着离岸距离的增大,砂含量将逐渐增加然后又逐渐减少。砂含量的经、纬向分带性不明显。粉砂与砂的平面分布特征正好相反,粘土含量的平面分布特征与粉砂相似。(3)研究海域表层沉积物的平均粒径为0.34~7.30,平均为4.09,沉积物颗粒的直径总体上为细砂粒径;分选系数为0.34~4.26,平均为2.10,分选差;偏态为-0.41~0.75,平均为0.29;峰态为0.66~3.69,平均为1.34。(4)根据沉积物中各组分含量、粒度参数、水深、沉积物类型的平面变化特征等,由西向东将研究区分成西部、中部和东部3个分区。由岸向海,西部分区沉积物由粗到细地变化,平均粒径等值线呈NE向与岸线平行分布;东部和中部分区,沉积物粒度变化的规律不明显。     

西南印度洋龙旂、断桥热液区沉积物中重矿物空间分布特征及其意义

以中国大洋第34航次在西南印度洋龙旂与断桥热液区采集的洋底表层沉积物样品为研究对象,为洋中脊热液硫化物勘查重砂找矿工作提供一定的理论与工作基础,开展了沉积物自然重砂矿物的相关研究。绘制了研究区重砂矿物分布图,并根据研究区已探明热液矿体(喷口)的位置,对沉积物重分散晕的形成与分布规律进行了分析;从研究区沉积物的34种矿物中,筛选出3种沉积物重砂找矿的指示性矿物(重砂总量、黄铜矿、黄铁矿)及5种参考性矿物指标(帘石类矿物、透闪石、磁铁矿、铬铁矿、钛铁矿);运用统计学方法,建立了沉积物中指标矿物含量与矿源距离之间的线性方程,提出了根据测站沉积物中指标矿物含量,初步推算矿源距离的方法。     

泉州湾海域表层沉积物矿物碎屑分布特征及其环境意义

对泉州湾13个表层沉积物样品进行了矿物碎屑定量分析．通过矿物分析，发现泉州湾不同站位的轻、重矿物组分、含量和表征存在差异．根据矿物的分布和组合特征．将耒州湾划分为4个组合区，不同组合区所处沉积环境是不同的．分析表明，研完区表层沉积物的碎屑矿物具有明显的亲陆性，物质来源主要为河流输砂和沿湾海岸侵蚀来砂，且其分布受物源、水动力条件和矿物物理性质等因素所控制。     

珠江流域沉积物重矿物特征及其示踪意义

珠江流域沉积物重矿物组合与源区岩石特征具有极好的相关性,不同支流的重矿物组合及其代表性特征矿物差别明显.根据重矿物组合类型、重矿物特征指数及相关性分析可以把珠江流域源区类型从西到东分为3个区带,西部区带为西江上游源区,其重矿物组合类型为磁铁矿+钛铁矿+锆石+白钛石+磷灰石,特征矿物为磁铁矿、钛铁矿、磷灰石、铬铁矿,在该...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.