春季东海产卵场及其邻近海域的浮游植物群落

根据2007年5月在东海产卵场及其邻近海域(26°50′～34°07′N,120°50′～123°59′E)进行的多学科综合调查,研究了该海域浮游植物群落的结构特征.经Uterm(o)hl方法分析,共发现浮游植物4门55属144种,其主要类群为硅藻和甲藻,优势物种为柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、具齿原甲藻(Prorocendrum dentatum=东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense)和中肋骨条藻(Sletonema costatum).浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.1×103～1158.6×103个/L,平均值为78.9×103个/L;细胞丰度在表层较高,随水深增加而降低;表层的高值主要分布在长江口至南麂列岛的成淡水交汇处以及象山外海域.调查区浮游植物群落的多样性总体水平较低,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数均与细胞丰度呈镶嵌分布,细胞丰度较高的区域多样性水平较低.     

崎岖列岛附近海域浮游植物与水环境状况研究

于2001年冬(2月)、春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)首次对崎岖列岛附近海域的浮游植物和赤潮生物与枯水期(2月)、丰水期(7月)的水质进行了调查研究.采用浮游植物细胞丰度法和环境质量单项评价标准指数法,对该海域环境质量状况进行评估.结果表明:崎岖列岛附近海域共有浮游植物6门45属90种,其中赤潮生物有33种,浮游植物平均细胞丰度从大到小的顺序为,夏季(4.25×104个/dm3),秋季(3.85×104个/dm3),春季(2.66×104个/dm3),冬季(5.20×103个/dm3).底泥中发现的藻类有80种,其中赤潮生物有31种,并发现一些甲藻孢囊及休眠孢子.底泥藻类丰度为12~612个/g,平均值为68个/g.主要有害赤潮生物为具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum(东海区的东海原甲藻P.donghaiense),链状亚历山大藻Alexandrium catenella,塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense,项圈亚历山大藻Alexandrium monilatum,尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,具尾鳍藻Dinophysis caudata,夜光藻Noctiluca scintillans,裸藻Eutreptiella gymnastica等.主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum.该海域化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐和无机氮则超标严重,水质已处于严重富营养化状态.     

2006 年春季长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物

根据2006 年5 月在长江口及其邻近水域（30毅30忆N-32毅30忆N,121毅E-123毅30忆E）39 个测站采集的浮游植物水样,应 用Uterm觟hl方法初步分析研究了该水域浮游植物群集特征,并针对浮游植物优势物种与相关环境因子进行典范对应分析。调 查区浮游植物以硅藻和甲藻为主,此外还有少量的金藻、蓝藻和绿藻。浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.76耀6123.78 cells/mL 之间, 平均为397.94 cells/mL,主要优势物种为具齿原甲藻（Prorocentrum dentatum）,骨条藻（Skeletonema spp.） 和米氏凯伦藻 （Karenia mikimotoi）,细胞丰度明显高于2006 年同航次网样分析结果,具齿原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻水采样品中为优势物种,网 样中则较少检出,水采结果甲藻丰度比例远高于硅藻,与网采结果相反。甲藻物种数和丰度比例较往年明显增加,群集结构 与其他季节有明显差异。浮游植物细胞丰度在5 m层出现最大值。两个典型断面的浮游植物分布特征受到具齿原甲藻、骨条 藻和米氏凯伦藻共同影响。南部水域浮游植物群集多样性程度和物种均一性高于浮游植物密集区。应用典范性对应分析表明 春季环境因子中盐度、溶解氧与甲藻相关性较大,硅藻与pH 值和营养盐浓度关系更为密切。     

春季南黄海、东海浮游植物群落结构与环境因子

2017年春季(04-20—05-09)在南黄海和东海海域(119°30′～125°00′E,26°00′～36°00′N)67个站位进行水文、化学和生物的综合调查,使用水采方法研究调查海域的浮游植物群落结构,并将群落数据与环境因子(温度、盐度和营养盐)进行相关性分析。调查中共鉴定出浮游植物4门55属146种,主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,还有少量的金藻和蓝藻,生态类型以温带近岸性和广布性物种为主。优势物种组成方面,南黄海和东海海域存在差异,其中南黄海海域优势物种为诺氏海链藻(Thalassiosira nordenskioldii)、太平洋海链藻(Thalassiosira pacifica)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)和具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)等,东海海域优势物种为柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaetoceros debilis)和具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)等。调查区浮游植物细胞丰度为(0.07～547.87)×10~3个/L,平均值为29.45×10~3个/L,高值区集中在南黄海中部和闽浙沿岸区域,其中在南黄海中部的10～30 m水层发生硅藻水华。与环境因子的相关性分析表明,南黄海海域浮游植物细胞丰度与硅酸盐和磷酸盐浓度呈现显著正相关性,与其他环境因子相关性不明显;东海海域浮游植物细胞丰度与温度和盐度呈现显著负相关性,与硅酸盐、铵盐和硝酸盐浓度呈现显著正相关性。调查区香侬-威纳多样性指数介于1.05～4.86,平均值为2.48,高值区出现在调查区的北部近岸区域;Pielou均匀度指数介于0.02～0.97,平均值为0.57,高值区集中在南黄海北部近岸区域和东海外侧区域。     

东海米氏凯伦藻水华中中华哲水蚤的选择性摄食

提要为评估中型浮游动物选择性摄食对有害藻华发展进程的影响,应用一种新的结合Frost直接摄食法和Landry稀释法的现场培养方法,于2005年4月27日—6月5日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位进行了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)对浮游植物和微型浮游动物摄食速率的研究。比较了中华哲水蚤对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)摄食习性的差异,并评估了其摄食在水华进程中的作用。研究结果表明,中华哲水蚤对有害藻华物种存在摄食选择性和摄食速率的阈值。当自然水体中米氏凯伦藻细胞丰度达到157cells/ml和具齿原甲藻细胞丰度达到981 cells/ml时是中华哲水蚤由偏好趋于排斥摄食的阈值。当自然水体中米氏凯伦藻细胞丰度达到176 cells/ml时,中华哲水蚤对其停止摄食。米氏凯伦藻有害藻华发生区中华哲水蚤对具齿原甲藻的无选择性滤食以及对米氏凯伦藻的排斥摄食行为,影响水华进程,最终导致水华物种向米氏凯伦藻方向演替。     

2009 年晚春黄海南部浮游植物群落

在2009 年6 月对黄海南部及中部海域30 个站位进行综合调查, 对获得的131 个浮游植物样品用Uterm?hl 方法进行初步分析, 共鉴定浮游植物4 门51 属73 种(不包括未定名种), 其中硅藻32 属47种(不包括未定名种), 甲藻17 属24 种(不包括未定名种), 定鞭藻1 门1 种, 蓝藻1 门1 种, 硅藻在物种丰富度上占有优势。浮游植物的生态类型主要以温带近岸种为主, 优势物种为具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)等。调查区浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.089 × 10³～1 045.200 × 10³ 个/L, 平均为15.941 × 10³ 个/L, 甲藻的细胞丰度要高于硅藻。细胞丰度高值区位于调查区的南部海域, 以具齿原甲藻为主, 垂向上在10 m 层出现最大值, 随着深度的增加丰度降低。调查区的Shannon-winner 多样性指数和Pielou 均匀度指数的平面分布基本一致, 并且与细胞丰度的分布呈相嵌形式, 即在细胞丰度高的区域多样性指数较低。     

2011年夏季北黄海浮游植物群落

2011年6月21日至24日在北黄海海域(36°00′~40°00′N,121°00′~125°00′E)30个站位应用Uterm(o|¨)hl方法进行了浮游植物群落的分析。共发现浮游植物27种,隶属3门23属,其中硅藻门15属17种,占所发现物种数的63.9%;甲藻门6属8种,占所发现物种数的30.6%;金藻门2属。优势物种为:微小原甲藻[Prorocentrum minimum(Pavillard)Schiller]、具槽帕拉藻[Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve]、圆筛藻[Coscinodiscus spp.]、直唐氏藻[Donkinia recta(Donkin)Grunow]、渐尖鳍藻[Dinophysis acuminata ClaparedeLachmann]和曲舟藻[Pleurosigma spp.]。浮游植物的表层细胞丰度为0.19×10~3~1885.67×10~3s/L,平均值为77×10~3s/L;甲藻细胞丰度为0.04×10~3~1882.15×10~3s/L,平均值为72.08×10~3s/L;硅藻细胞丰度为0.04×10~3~43.82×10~3s/L,平均值为5.11×10~3s/L。表层分布看,夏季表层浮游植物细胞高值区主要集中在渤海海峡、山东半岛和辽东半岛近岸区域,中部海域较低,优势种以具槽帕拉藻和圆筛藻为主。垂直方向上,浮游植物细胞丰度主要集中在中上层水体;断面分布上,B-F断面硅藻细胞丰度的高值区多出现于冷水团区域,主要由具槽帕拉藻贡献,甲藻细胞丰度的高值区在中上层水体,由微小原甲藻贡献。表层浮游植物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.03~2.94,平均值为1.57;均匀度Pielou指数为0.01~0.91,平均值为0.67。总体来看,渤海海峡和辽东半岛南岸的浮游植物物种多样性较高。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,具槽帕拉藻、圆筛藻、舟形藻、曲舟藻、太平洋海链藻[Thalassiosira pacifica Gran et Angst]、斯氏几内亚藻[Guinardia striata(Stolterfoth)Hasle]细胞丰度与营养盐条件呈现正相关。     

2004年秋季长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物群集

根据2004年11月在长江口及其邻近水域37个测站采集的浮游植物水样Utermhl方法分析结果,研究了该水域浮游植物群集特征,包括浮游植物优势种、细胞丰度和多样性指数,并进行了其与环境因子的典范对应分析(CCA).调查区浮游植物组成以硅藻和甲藻为主,其丰度所占比例分别为67.97%和28.94%.浮游植物优势种为中肋骨条藻、具槽帕拉藻和菱形海线藻等温带近岸种.浮游植物细胞丰度为0.27×103~133.38×103 个/L,平均为4.97×103 个/L,高值出现在调查区的南部和东南部.Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在各测站变化较大.分析表明,优势种中肋骨条藻的分布与硝酸盐和硅酸盐呈正相关,具槽帕拉藻和菱形海线藻与温度呈正相关.     

渤海浮游植物群落结构及与环境因子的相关性分析

2011年11月25日-12月1日在渤海(37°00′-40°00′N,118°00′-121°00′E)21个站位进行了水文、化学和生物的综合调查,应用Uterm觟hl方法对调查海域的浮游植物群落进行了研究,并将群落数据与环境因子(温度、盐度和营养盐)进行了相关性分析。本次调查共发现浮游植物3门30属65种,主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,还有少量的金藻,生态类型以温带近岸性物种为主,主要优势种为:具槽帕拉藻[Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve]、偏心圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenberg)、梭状角藻[Ceratium fusus(Ehrenberg)Dujardin]、相似曲舟藻(Pleurosigma affine Grunow)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg)和菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)等。调查区浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.89×103~16.4×103cells/L,平均值为4.36×103cells/L。表层浮游植物细胞丰度分布主要受硅藻刻画,高值区集中在辽东湾南侧和渤海海峡西侧海域,甲藻则主要集中在调查区西部和西北部海域。细胞丰度在水体中的垂直分布为随水深增加先升高后降低。调查区浮游植物群落多样性指数和均匀度指数均在调查区中部海域较高,在外侧海域较低。与历史资料的对比发现,近30年来渤海中部海域浮游植物群落结构由早期的硅藻占绝对优势转化为硅藻和甲藻联合占优。PCA和CCA分析以及与历史资料的对比表明,渤海中部海域营养盐结构的改变可能是造成这种转化的主要原因。     

2008年春季东海近海浮游植物群落

根据2008年春季对东海产卵场及邻近水域的33个大面站位的调查,对春季东海产卵场及邻近水域的浮游植物群落进行了研究。通过Utermhl方法对调查区样品的初步分析,共鉴定浮游植物4门66属155种(不包括未定名种),硅藻占主要优势,甲藻在物种组成上也占有重要的地位。浮游植物生态类型主要以温带近岸种为主,少数为暖水种和大洋种,主要的优势种为具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costa-tum)、锥状斯比藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)。调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.311~22 273.15×103cell/L,平均为266.36×103cell/L。在表层水体,浮游植物细胞丰度由近岸向外海逐渐降低,在长江口门附近存在高值区,杭州湾南部存在另一个次高值区;在垂直方向上,细胞丰度随着深度的增加而降低,高值存在表层。调查水域表层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数的分布基本一致,在调查区域长江口门附近和杭州湾南部的多样性水平较低。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.