柯坪塔格断裂带重复地震识别及其时空特征分析

根据互相关系数不小于0.8的波形互相关意义上重复地震的定义, 利用国家数字地震台网中的乌什和巴楚台记录的区域地震波形数据, 识别并研究了新疆柯坪塔格断裂带及其周缘的板内重复地震. 对所有相互距离不超过30 km的地震事件的垂直分量采用0.5—5.0 Hz带通滤波后进行波形互相关计算. 其中乌什台共识别出460例重复地震, 组成重复地震对和多重地震对共171组, 占总事件数的15.5%; 巴楚台共识别出822例重复地震, 组成重复地震对和多重地震对共298组, 占总事件数的21.2%. 对重复地震的分析表明, 台站分布的不同和波形事件记录质量的差异, 是造成两个台站识别出的“重复地震”数目和比例不同的原因. 对重复地震复发的时间间隔统计表明, 重复间隔从数分钟到数百天不等, 最长重复间隔达10年.      

博阿断裂西段重复地震识别及断层深部滑移速率研究

本文选取博阿断裂西段周围30 km范围内2010年1月—2015年12月期间9个台站记录到的1272次地震事件的波形记录,利用波形互相关技术从中识别出65组(231次)重复地震,并且基于这些重复地震事件估算该断层的滑移速率.结果显示:该区域重复地震比例为18.2%;博阿断裂阿拉山口—精河段、精河—新源段的平均滑移速率分别约为0.99 mm/a和1.35 mm/a,乌苏—石场段、巴仑台—乌什城段的平均滑移速率分别为1.36 mm/a和2.03 mm/a,这与GPS观测结果基本一致;深部滑移速率的极大值分布在2—10 km深度范围内,其中巴仑台—乌什城段在8 km深度处达到了极大值8.6 mm/a.      

利用重复地震观测重庆巫山地区地壳介质变化

利用波形互相关技术,对重庆数字地震台网记录的巫山地区90次地震波形资料进行相关计算,识别出24对同时被2个地震台站记录且各台波形互相关系数不小于0.8的重复地震对;利用射线追踪方法,对巫山地区重复地震位置做归一化处理,得到所选台站记录地震P波走时差变化,结果显示,在2013年重庆巫山M_L 3.7地震前,建坪、双龙、荆竹地震台记录到该地区短期地壳介质速度有明显升高现象。     

利用重复地震观测重庆武隆地区地壳介质变化

选取重庆数字地震台网记录的武隆地区107次M_L≥1.5地震波形和观测报告资料,采用波形互相关技术进行相关计算,识别出12组同时被3个地震台站记录且各台波形互相关系数不小于0.8的重复地震。利用射线追踪方法,对武隆地区重复地震位置做归一化处理,得到所选台站记录地震P波走时差变化,结果显示:在2017年武隆M_S5.0地震前4年,武隆、仙女山、涪陵地震台记录到P波走时差均存在长期的负异常变化,持续时间长达339天,共出现18次负值,表明该时段地壳介质速度有明显升高现象。      

天山中段地区重复地震时空特征研究

基于2009—2017年新疆区域数字地震台网记录的地震波形数据,利用波形互相关技术及主事件定位方法识别并重新定位了新疆天山中段及其周缘的重复地震。以波形互相关系数0.9作为阈值来确定研究区的重复地震事件,统计结果显示3万零181个事件中的1万1 618个为重复地震事件,这些重复地震事件组成了2395组重复地震对和重复地震丛,占总事件数的38.5%。根据重复地震重定位前后地震对之间距离的统计结果推测,该区域的系统定位误差约为5—10 km。进一步结合该区域最新的震源分类结果对不同震源类型重复地震的时空分布特征予以分析,结果显示:重复矿山爆破事件在空间上呈丛集性分布,且其中的93.6%发生于白天,同时呈现季节性发生模式,即爆破多发生于夏季,而冬季较少;而重复构造地震在空间上大多沿断层分布,24小时内呈随机分布的特征,且研究时段内每个月的活动水平相对平稳;重复诱发地震成丛分布于靠近油气田和水库的区域,但其中部分诱发地震的位置与构造地震重叠,发震时间特征与构造地震相似,为随机分布。      

由重复微震估算的龙门山断裂带深部滑动速率

使用断层附近两个数字地震台网记录的重复地震数据研究了发生2008年汶川M7.9灾难性地震的龙门山断裂带的深部滑动速率。通过波形互相关分析,识别出波形高度相似的231组相似地震对和224组多重相似对。大部分相似地震活动表现为非周期性,复发间隔从数分钟到数百天不等。针对每一组多重相似对,我们首先依据在同一地震台站记录的波形来塑造参考地震的波形,用以量取每个地震相对于参考地震的S与P波的相对到时差,并确定每个地震与多重相似对质心的相对距离,从而挑选出每组地震中的重复事件。我们识别出了位于M7.9汶川地震震源区的12组重复微震,大部分重复微震分布在2008汶川地震同震大破裂闭锁区的边缘,揭示了微震活动与未来破坏性大震在空间位置上的密切关系。由重复微震直接获取的滑动速率随深度增加而增大,在4～18km深度范围滑动速率为3.5～9.6mm/a,约为GPS和地质等浅表观测的滑动速率值的2倍。研究结果对于理解断层活动性和地震危险性分析具有重要意义。     

“重复地震”在江西省及邻区测震台网定位精度评价中的应用

基于江西及邻区测震台网记录的自2009年以来的662次地震事件,采用波形互相关方法计算得到了267对重复地震对。利用其中至少3个台站记录到,且各台波形互相关系数不小于0.8的23对重复地震研究了江西省及邻区的地震定位精度。结果显示:赣南及邻区定位精度优于赣北及邻区,宜春地区定位精度较差。     

利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率

利用首都圈数字化地震台网2001—2006年的波形资料分析北京平原地区隐伏断裂的深部滑动速率。通过波形互相关分析,识别出35组相似地震对和20组多重相似对,大部分相似地震活动表现为非周期性,重复间隔从数分钟到数百天不等。针对研究区内台站分布稀疏和低信噪比波形记录的现状,在波形相似的基础上,提出了采用在子采样条件下的S-P相对到时差(dSmP)和相对到时拾取误差来对相似地震震源位置的一致性进行强约束,进一步探索和完善波形意义上重复地震的识别方法。基于4组"重复地震"估算北京平原区黄庄-高丽营断裂和南口-孙河断裂在不同孕震深度处的滑动速率为1.0～1.2mm/a,怀安镇盆地南缘断裂地表以下9.4km处的滑动速率估计值为1.5mm/a,这一结果和地质资料结果相符。     

临汾地区重复微震的识别及其断裂带深部滑动速率估算

基于山西数字地震台网2001—2010年记录的地震,研究临汾地区的地震活动,并寻找重复微震,进而计算深部滑动速率。双差法重新定位后的地震图像显示,在研究时段内,临汾地区29.3%以上的地震发生在临汾盆地平原腹地的苏堡断裂两侧,即沿NNE向分布南、中、北3个隆起间的2个次级凹陷之一的临汾-洪洞次级凹陷内;震源深度分布与研究区的深部构造较为相符。通过波形互相关分析,识别出波形高度相似的49组相似地震对和25组多重相似对。大部分相似地震活动表现为非周期性,复发间隔从数分钟到数百天不等。依据在同一地震台站记录的波形塑造参考地震的波形,用以量取每个地震相对于参考地震的S—P相对到时差,并确定每个地震与多重相似对质心的相对距离,从而挑选出每组地震中的重复事件。识别出研究区2组重复地震,并由此估算得到滑动速率为1.9~2.8mm/a,该值与同时段GPS和地质等浅表观测的滑动速率值基本相符。     

鲜水河断裂带南段深部变形的重复地震研究

利用2000—2013年四川数字地震台网和水库台网的波形资料以及川西流动台阵的事件波形,通过辨识发生在同一断层位置上的重复地震来定量研究鲜水河断裂带南段的深部变形.针对研究区台站分布稀疏的客观情况,应用了子采样条件下基于S-P相对到时差来约束震源位置一致性的方法,在鲜水河断裂带识别出11组重复地震,并利用连续波形资料进行了重复地震完整性的初步测试,同时运用结合波形互相关资料的双差法来完成研究区背景地震和重复地震位置的精确定位.重新定位后的地震图像展示研究区中上地壳存在明显缺震层,其与壳内的低速低阻层相吻合.利用重复地震的地震矩和重复间隔,估算出鲜水河断裂带南段孕震深部的滑动速率为3.0~10.2mm·a-1,显示研究区不同地震构造区的深部滑动速率存在明显差异.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.