铝合金中镁元素数字光谱快速分析

利用可见光谱数字化分析系统将铝合金中镁元素Mg518.36nm分析谱线组谱图转变为数字化的电子谱图,使用计算机自动分析代替人眼视觉判断,解决了谱图的量化分析和记录难题。对6种不同镁元素含量的铝合金标准样品进行了数字化分析测定,探索了选用Mg518.36nm作为分析谱线,分别选用Cu510.55nm和Fe510.75nm作为比较谱线进行定量测定的方法。数据显示,分析谱线和比较谱线的强度比值与镁元素含量呈正比。研究了数字化系统指导视场定位和谱线辨别的途径,降低了可见光谱分析的技术难度并提高了快速分析的可靠性。结果表明,数字化技术保持快速分析特点的同时可以达到定量分析的目的,能够有效解决铝合金中镁元素的快速定量分析及材料牌号鉴别问题。     

数字矿区的建设构想

伴随着新世纪和“数字地球”时代到来，数字省区、数字城市等工程已经启动，数字矿区的建设也因此提上日程。根据我国矿区现状，从区域融合和可持续发展结合的角度，诠释了矿区概念，对数字矿区建设的必要性及可行性进行探讨，给出了数字矿区建设的思路和框架。     

Statistical regression applied to borehole strain measurements data analysis

Summary In mining and geotechnical engineering, it is usually necessary to carry out field measurements in order to obtain information. Parameters are often measured indirectly and calculated based on certain relationships to the measured quantities. More often, the number of measurements taken is greater than the minimum required, in order to increase the reliability of results. However, some data points are less reliable than others for reasons such as measurement errors; a solution which best fits the measurement data is obtained accordingly. As a result, there is a residual or a difference between the individual quantities measured and those predicted from the best-fit solution. This brings about a question of how big a residual is acceptable for a solution to be reliable. It is also important to know whether the data point with the largest residual is the most erroneous, whether those data points with large residuals should be deleted and how many of them should be deleted. Standard deviation may provide a measure of the data divergence but it is questionable if this parameter can be used as a measure of the reliability of solution. In order to solve these problems, the author has done extensive study in this area, especially as part of geotechnical data analysis. In this paper, the statistical multiple regression method is introduced to analyse the measurement data. The method is applied to the analysis ofin situ stress measurement and can be easily adopted to analyse data from other field measurements and laboratory tests. An example is included which illustrates the analysis procedure and shows the advantages of the method.     

激发极化法在新疆奥尔托喀讷什一带锰矿区的找矿效果

虽然传统物探方法在大多数金属矿产勘查中都取得了良好的效果,但在锰矿勘查中的应用却相对较少,这主要是由于锰矿与其围岩的地球物理性质和化学性质差异较小,加大了锰矿的勘探难度,尤其是埋深较大、后期改造强烈的一些锰矿床,勘探难度更大,导致进行直接找矿效果并不显著。笔者近几年主要在巴山锰矿带和塔里木盆地西南缘锰多金属矿区采用不同的物探方法进行锰矿勘查工作,在部分矿区取得了较好的勘查效果。本文主要以塔里木盆地西南缘锰多金属矿区的新疆奥尔托喀讷什一带锰矿区为例,主要介绍了采用激发极化法在该工区开展的具体工作情况以及取得的一些成果认识,表明该方法在寻找隐伏含锰层位具有较好的效果。     

Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines, Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, Spain

Underground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining the permeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.     

岩土工程数码监测无线传输方法及其装置

变形监测在工程、施工、运行各阶段均发挥着重要的作用,是确保岩土工程施工、运行安全必不可少的技术措施,是完善岩土工程设计方法的关键性环节和施工、运行技术决策的重要依据。传统的人工监测方法费时费力且监测频次和结果均难以保证。一种基于公用电话网和GPRS网络的数码监测无线传输方法及其装置,通过基于公用电话网的数据采集通信设备,由主控计算机通过无线传输配套软件,设置、控制监测现场的数据采集仪,并将监测结果通过GPRS网络无线传输至主控计算机,从而实现无人值守条件下的岩土工程变形数码遥测。该装置结构简单、精度和自动化程度高、误码率底、稳定性好,监测结果也更为准确、稳定、直观,使岩土工程变形监测不再艰苦和繁重,尤其适用于环境艰苦、条件恶劣等地的自动化遥测。     

国际矿业税制最新改革焦点及其启示

矿业税费制度多年来一直是我国改革的难点和热点。该文分析了最近几年来世界主要矿业国家和地区矿业税制改革的最新动态和发展趋势,总结了国际矿业税制最新改革对我国的启示,提出了构建我国有效矿业税制应该建立矿业税费评价制度,确立评价指标和方法,建立良好的矿业税基本制度。     

Simulation of Geological Contacts from Interpreted Geological Model Using Multiple-Point Statistics

Applications of multiple-point statistics (mps) algorithms to large non-repetitive geological objects such as those found in mining deposits are difficult because most mps algorithms rely on pattern repetition for simulation. In many cases, an interpreted geological model built from a computer-aided design system is readily available but suffers as a training image due to the lack of patterns repetitiveness. Porphyry copper deposits and iron ore formations are good examples of such mining deposits with non-repetitive patterns. This paper presents an algorithm called contactsim that focuses on reproducing the patterns of the contacts between geological types. The algorithm learns the shapes of the lithotype contacts as interpreted by the geologist, and simulates their patterns at a later stage. Defining a zone of uncertainty around the lithological contact is a critical step in contactsim, because it defines both the zones where the simulation is performed and where the algorithm should focus to learn the transitional patterns between lithotypes. A larger zone of uncertainty results in greater variation between realizations. The definition of the uncertainty zone must take into consideration the geological understanding of the deposit, and the reliability of the contact zones. The contactsim algorithm is demonstrated on an iron ore formation.     

井下采掘三维定位自动监控系统功能架构设计

设计了井下采掘三维定位自动监控系统的总体结构,详细介绍各个功能模块的设计原理及系统实现的功能。应用三维GIS技术J、ava3D技术建立了矿山三维可视化平台,并在此基础上与矿山井下人员定位系统、矿业产量远程监控系统,集成开发了井下采掘三维定位自动监控系统,实现了井下采掘的实时监控、人员实时定位,降低了矿山开采的安全隐患,提高了对矿山开采的监管力度,能够为矿产资源开发与保护、矿山安全管理等提供信息服务。     

基于地勘项目管理系统实现矿区地勘项目资料的数字化管理①——以内蒙古长汉卜罗铅锌多金属矿区为例

内蒙古长汉卜罗铅锌多金属矿区地质勘查过程产生了海量的异构数据,造成数据管理维护困难。在对矿区地勘项目资料的整理与分类的基础上,基于C/S与B/S混合体系结构的地勘项目管理系统实现对矿区地勘项目整个生命周期数据的数字化管理,大大提高了地勘项目资料的管理效率,并为地勘项目管理系统在其它矿区的应用推广起到了示范作用。     

地下空间GIS二次开发中的数字制图方法研究

地下空间的信息化实现与综合开发利用是21世纪城市建设的主题,也是重大工程建设的基础问题。结合东深供水改造工程地下环境信息系统开发,着重研究了自动化数值制图模块的功能设计、数据搜寻方法、柱状图自动绘制方法、任意剖面图的绘制方法等数字制图方法。在数据搜寻方法中主要强调了数据组织形式和多库协同搜寻方法;在柱状图绘制中发展了固定表格绘制、动态数据填充两种方法;而在任意剖面图的绘制中主要探讨了橡皮筋式剖面线实现方法和剖面数据计算等方法。最后,在东深供水改造工程中进行了应用,结果表明：这些方法具有自动化程度高、高效、准确等优势,并具有较好的纠错性能,对于面向工程实际问题而开发的数字制图功能的设计与实现,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

铅锌矿区地表环境中重金属元素的时空动态变化及生物有效性探讨

综述了近十年来国内外有关铅锌矿区重金属污染的一些研究进展。近十年来,国内外对铅锌矿山开发引起的重金属在土壤、植物、水和大气系统中的分布、形态、累积、迁移及转化机理等进行了广泛深入的研究,本文着重总结和探讨了铅锌矿区重金属的时空分布特征、生物有效性及其影响因素和机制等方面,以期能对这些方面有一个较为系统深入的理解并提出一些建设性意见。     

MAT 253气体同位素质谱仪测定微量氢同位素组成进样方法初探

幔源流体活动区天然气中微量H2是研究幔源H2同位素组成的最佳样品,但受目前测试技术的限制,能准确测试同位素组成的H2浓度下限仍然有待继续降低。前人研究表明,当H2浓度低于1.5%时,测试结果的误差较大,可信度较低,这可能与载气进样时在进样针孔附近发生了随机分馏有关。为了避免这种随机分馏,文章提出了一种利用压差进样的方法,即利用饱和NaC l溶液增加样品瓶内的压力实现进样。实验结果表明,利用这种进样方法,不同浓度条件下,H2同位素组成测试值的极差与标准偏差都随H2浓度的增加而减小,统计得到的绝对误差与仪器的误差范围相当。因此,该进样方法可以有效避免微量H2在进样过程中发生的随机分馏,提高测试结果的精度和可信度。同时表明可以对现有设备进行合理改造,挖掘仪器的测试潜能。     

Random Forest Tree Based Approach for Blast Design in Surface Mine

Blasting is one of the primary mining operations for extracting minerals and ores however, if not designed properly, may have a varying degree of environmental and socio-economic impact in and around mining areas. In Indian mining industry, blast designs are fundamentally based on the experience and capability of the blasting crew and its assessment is more qualitative in nature, based on conventional trial and error basis. With the change in site geology and geotechnical parameters, the blast design parameters also require alterations, which can be standardized with the development of an intelligent system such as neural network. In this paper, the concept of artificial neural network and random forest algorithm has been used for better blast designs. Over 120 blast results from an opencast coal mine have been used for prediction of burden and energy factor with blast hole diameter, bench height to stemming ratio, nature of strata and average fragment size as input parameters. Out of 120 data sets 85 data sets recorded at a surface coal mine was used to train the model and 20 for the validation. Co-efficient of determination and root mean square error was chosen as the indicators to identify the optimum neural network and random forest model. The root mean square values obtained for energy factor is 0.153 while it is 0.1947 for burden. Similarly, the RMSE values obtained using random forest tree algorithm is 0.48 for burden while 50.76 for energy factor. The results revealed that random forest tree network system has potential to design better blast that is not generic and can be a potential tool for blasting engineers to design optimum blast for the mines.     

无人机在矿区表土特征及地质灾害监测中的应用

随着无人机的出现和发展,各种传感器的小型化和智能化程度不断提高,装载传感器的无人机成为获得空间数据的高效工具。因其成本低、重访周期短、快速高效、质轻灵活、操作简便、影像获取时空精度高等特点,广泛应用于矿区土地损伤监测。以“无人机(UAV)、反演(Inversion)、土壤监测(Soil Monitoring)、地表塌陷(Surface Collapse)、地裂缝(Ground Fissure)”为关键词,通过总结Web of Science、知网、谷歌学术等检索系统中2010年1月—2021年5月发表的学术论文,对比分析无人机监测技术与其他监测技术的差别,综述无人机监测矿区重金属、土壤含水率、含盐量、地表塌陷、地裂缝及边坡稳定性的一般流程及数据处理方法,并概述无人机在矿区表土特征及地质灾害监测中的应用前景,认为未来可通过集成野外时序跟踪调查、高精度土壤质量监测技术、高空间分辨率无人机监测技术、数字模拟手段和典型工作面的试验监测与分析,研究工作面自开切眼至停采线动态推进中地质灾害与土壤质量演化耦合关系,构建采煤沉陷区土壤质量演化预测理论体系和时序演变模型。从而进一步探讨矿区土壤质量与地质灾害之间的关系,提出减缓、控制及提升矿区土壤质量的措施,为我国煤炭生产基地煤炭资源开采与生态环境的协调可持续发展提供技术支撑。      

Multi-agent distributed data mining approach for classifying meteorology data: case study on Iran’s synoptic weather stations

Today’s organizations, industries and research centers are geographically distributed in different sites. To achieve true knowledge of business, mining massive amounts of data is necessary. In earth-related sciences such as meteorology, the date obtained from the various types of sensors is huge because of the high-frequency rate of data acquisition process and also the geographical distribution of weather stations. Therefore, the data mining and knowledge discovery process of this big and distributed data is a challenging work. In this paper, we propose a new distributed data mining approach called multi-agent hierarchical data mining to classify meteorology data, which has been collected from different sites widely distributed around the country (Iran). Our method utilizes a modified version of REPTree algorithm, which has been optimized to work in multi-agent system. To evaluate the proposed approach, it is implemented on 20 million of meteorology data record. Experimental results show that multi-agent hierarchical data mining approach can achieve significant performance improvement over centralized and parallel methods for knowledge discovery in large amounts of data.     

EH4电导率成像系统在金属矿找矿中的应用研究

EH4电导率成像系统是音频大地电磁探测系统之一,该方法多应用于大地构造、石油、水文、地热和工程等领域,在金属矿找矿领域中应用尚不成熟。本文概述了EH4电导率成像系统的方法原理、数据采集和后期数据处理方法。用该测量系统对西藏山南和新疆阿勒泰两个铜矿区的岩性、构造、含矿地质体位置进行了解释,其结果与钻探结果基本吻合。尤其是对于新疆铜矿区规模较小的矿体赋存位置-断裂破碎带,EH4系统能够对此有很好的解释,说明EH4测量系统是金属矿找矿的一种有效的方法。     

深部煤炭资源探采对比与勘探方法探讨

以淮南煤田口孜东井田为例,在探采对比分析的基础上,分析了其勘查技术方法选择的合理性,探讨了深部煤炭资源勘查技术方法。结果表明,两阶段的构造发育情况、煤层情况、开采地质条件、资源/储量基本吻合,说明针对上述问题采用的勘查技术手段是合理的,但在建井和生产时出现了巷道变形严重等问题,暴露了勘查过程中对地应力未进行测量,指出了深部煤炭勘查中要增加地应力的测量工作,才能更好地做到煤炭勘查为煤炭资源开发服务。      

Analysis of mining-induced variation of the water table and potential benefits for ecological vegetation: a case study of Jinjitan coal mine in Yushenfu mining area,China

The impact of high-intensity coal mining on water resources has drastically affected the local environment in the Yushenfu mining area, Northwest China. Many studies have ascertained that coal mining has caused reduction of the phreatic water level and vegetation death, which has deteriorated the fragile arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, at Jinjitan coal mine, it has been observed that the phreatic water level rose due to coal mining, which has been beneficial for the local ecology, especially the vegetation. In this study, the variation of the phreatic water table and its ecological effects were investigated by in-situ tests and remote sensing. The results suggest that the recovery of the permeability of the loess aquitard controls the vertical leakage of phreatic water, whereas horizontal recharge is controlled by land subsidence. An ecological impact evaluation, using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), demonstrates that the vegetation is being gradually improved. Compared to a small improvement of ~9.7% in the unexploited area, a?~23.3% improvement occurred in the exploited area where low-density shrubs transformed to high-density shrubs and herbs. Emergence of phreatic water at the land surface in low-lying areas of the working faces may induce the formation of an oasis and wetland system in arid and semiarid areas. These findings could change the conventional negative impression around mining and improve ecological restoration practices.

     

Model Establishment for Ponding in Coal Mining Subsidence Areas and its Prediction: Case Study of Northern Jining,China

Mining in areas with a high phreatic water surface leads to groundwater exposure and the accumulation of the water in the subsidence basin. The calculation of the volume of water is of high importance. This paper analyzes the seasonal or perennial ponding caused by mining in areas with high phreatic water surfaces. With the help of digital elevation model, the estimated groundwater elevation, and the basis of a mining subsidence prediction model, a model of ponding in subsidence areas has been established. Using this model, the amount of mining subsidence ponding in northern Jining has been calculated. Furthermore, the evolution of ponding has been forecasted. Our experimental results indicate that the average depth of the ponding area is projected to be about 3 m after mine closure. The volume of the new perennial ponding is 0.2–2 million m³ per year and it is negligible to the river confluence in Jining. This model helps in the calculation of the amount of water in the subsidence area and the evaluation of the impact of mining subsidence area on the catchment, which would provide a certain basis for the reclamation and protection of water resources in the locality.