An introduction to the classification of the physiognomic landscape types: methodology and results of testing in the area of Kazimierz Landscape Park (Poland)

The publication of the European Landscape Convention (2000) had a stimulating effect on the development of both new systems of landscape classification and new methods of their evaluation and mapping. As an example, a new classification of physiognomic landscape types was developed in Poland in 2014. The objectives of the paper are to (1) popularize, on the international scale, the classification of physiognomic landscape types in a new, improved version, (2) present the original method of physiognomic landscape types mapping with the use of the system of basic landscape units, and (3) present the results of testing of the method in the area of the Kazimierz Landscape Park, Poland. In the area of the Kazimierz Landscape Park, 491 basic landscape units were delimited, within which, on the basis of the leading traits of land relief and cover forms, the physiognomic landscape types were identified. Maps of this type can be important tools in implementing the recommendations of the European Landscape Convention. The total number of physiognomic landscape types identified within a specific area can be one of the key indicators of landscape diversity.     

景观生态质量评价研究——以吴江市为例

从土地生态学的角度探讨景观生态质量的评价理论和方法。景观生态质量(LsEQ)是景观生态系统维持自身结构与功能稳定性的能力,因此,景观生态质量的衡量标准是景观生态系统的稳定性,其稳定性取决于景观生态系统的自身稳定程度与外部生态学干扰程度的对比。以吴江市为例进行实证研究,结果表明,吴江市景观生态质量等级呈西南高、东北低的空间分布态势,评价结果与实际情况吻合,表明该评价方法有一定可行性。     

陕西省耕地质量分等省级成果汇总的多属性集簇方法

为了将1∶10000高精度县级耕地分等数据汇总形成1∶500000省级耕地分等数据,基于ArcGIS软件和Access软件,采用多属性集簇的方法对乡代码、地类代码、自然质量等、利用等及经济等属性控制条件进行集簇,采用移动、分割、增加等三种策略进行簇点视觉汇总。研究结果表明多属性集簇的方法能够满足耕地分等省级数据汇总的精度要求,提高工作效率,探索形成了科学可行的省级数据汇总方法体系,采用ArcGIS软件准确快速地构建了省、县两级耕地分等单元之间的可追溯查询关系,取得了良好的应用效果。该研究方法为实现耕地分等省级数据汇总提供理论依据和技术支撑,对耕地分等省级成果汇总和国家级成果汇总具有借鉴和参考价值。     

基于CBERS-2遥感数据的艾比湖流域景观生态分类系统

景观生态分类是景观生态学研究的一项重要内容,是开展景观评价、规划与管理等工作的基础。应用CBERS-2遥感影像数据,以地质地貌、土地利用/土地覆被状况、地表植被等因子为分类依据,对艾比湖流域景观生态类型进行了自上而下地划分。研究认为:景观生态分类是建立在尺度的基础之上,不同尺度上的分类单元在纵向上构成了景观带至景观元的多等级景观生态分类体系;艾比湖流域景观生态类型可划分为2个景观类(4个景观亚类)、14个景观系、27个景观型,且该分类系统属于景观生态分类等级阶梯中的中尺度分类段;艾比湖流域景观生态分类系统,对进一步认识和科学合理地利用、规划及管理干旱区内陆湖泊流域的景观具有重要意义。     

景观连通性理论在城市土地适宜性评价与优化方法中的应用

针对传统的土地适宜性分析方法忽略景观水平生态过程的问题,本文将景观连通性理论应用于土地适宜性评价方法的不同阶段,以达到优化城市生态系统的目标。首先选择影响生物水平流动的主要要素作为评价因子,应用于长沙市望城区滨江片区,确定案例区的土地适宜性评价结果,建构城市土地景观过程阻力评价体系。通过水文连通性分析方法及分布式水文模型确定案例区的潜在雨水生态廊道,将之与土地适宜性评价结果进行加权叠加,根据评估结果,提出案例城市土地适宜性评价的优化方案。结果表明:景观连通性方法适用于传统城市土地适宜性评价方法的改进以及评价结果的优化。     

The role of fire as a long-term landscape modifier: Evidence from long-term fire observations (1922–2000) in Greece

The objective of this paper is to document the role of fire in shaping the landscape by identifying links between historical fire records and the current landscape indicating that fire favors certain land use/land cover (LULC) types. We geo-referenced fire records taken from 1922 to 2000 in Aitoloakarnania, the largest prefecture -in terms of surface area- of Greece and compared the past LULC classes where fires burned to the present landscape. The outputs indicated a shift of the historic fire ignition points from natural to agricultural-related LULC classes since a significant proportion of fire incidents that, according to the fire records, burnt natural vegetation units is currently located in agricultural landscape units. Additionally, a significant proportion of the fire-affected land cover classes retain their character thus supporting the argument that these classes, especially fire-prone or fire-resistant, have developed mechanisms to cope with fire. In such ecosystems the role of fire is to maintain rather than transform land cover classes.The findings of this research lead us to conclude that fire can be perceived as a long-term landscape modifier in the Mediterranean, although its effects may vary from region to region because of differences in regeneration patterns among the main land cover types, topographic constraints and local fire histories. Historical fire records extending back to the early 20th century proved to provide valuable information that can reveal interesting patterns of fire burning history and explain present land cover and use patterns. This knowledge, documented from historical records, can be used to develop fire management and land cover/land use management planning.     

湿地脆弱性评价研究进展

湿地脆弱性评价是近年来湿地科学及可持续性科学领域的热点和前沿.湿地脆弱性评价研究经历了从湿地脆弱性特征定性评价,到湿地脆弱性定量评价,再到气候变化下湿地脆弱性评价的发展历程.首先,在对湿地脆弱性概念归纳总结的基础上,提出湿地脆弱性是在自然环境和人为压力下湿地退化的程度和可能性.其次,定性介绍了水土流失、水热分配不均、湿地退化等主要脆弱性特征表现;并以脆弱性评价的基本步骤为主线论述了模型法、特征法、综合指数法、EFI评价法、空间分析法等主要研究方法;同时,从不同角度概述了气候变化背景下的湿地脆弱性,总结了湿地水文景观分类法、生物完整性指标法、模型法、空间分析等评价方法.最后,指出湿地脆弱性研究中存在的概念不统一、评价标准不一致、评价指标范围较狭窄、动态研究偏少、定量评价的不确定性等主要问题,提出了完善评价体系、加强动态研究和国内对气候变化下湿地脆弱性的定量研究以及不确定性分析、脆弱性评价与决策管理衔接等湿地脆弱性未来研究的重点.     

基于不透水表面指数的城市地表覆被格局特征——以深圳市为例

以遥感数据进行土地利用/覆被分类为基础,利用景观格局指数研究快速城市化地区地表覆被格局变化时,面临两大难题,即① 混合像元影响分类的精度存在不确定性,直接影响格局分析结论的可靠性;② 景观格局指数,难以有效分析城市内部局部地区景观格局演变过程的变化特征。针对上述关键问题,本文以不透水表面组分表征城市的主体景观,运用地统计学及剖面线方法分析深圳市地表覆被格局的空间分异及其演变特征。结果表明：① 1990-2005 年,深圳地表覆被空间格局经历了分散-单中心聚集-多中心分散-多中心聚集的演变过程,在经历了东西-西北东南-东北西南-南北方向的发展过程后,景观整体的自相关程度高,空间梯度差异小。1990 年的不透水表面组分比2005 年低20%~40%,并且早期局地变化波动较大,后期变化波动明显减小。在局地空间演变上,老城区变化小,新城区及工业区变化大,城市不透水表面的局地空间差异性显著缩小。② 城市不透水表面具有显著的梯度特征,在空间上主要呈现连续渐变的特点,因而在格局分析方法上,地统计学与剖面线方法可以同时从整体和局地两个层次对空间格局演变进行有效刻画。     

A step towards an objective procedure for land classification and mapping

This paper outlines a method for explicitly classifying landscape using 4 km² grid cells, a set of attributes derived from topographic and geologic maps and an agglomerative numerical taxonomic procedure which can accommodate mixed data. The method was used to classify the landscapes of the Hunter Valley, NSW (22 000 km²) and the landscape classes generated are briefly described. These classes are compared with the land systems of the Hunter which were developed by traditional integrated survey procedure. It is concluded that the method could provide a more satisfactory starting-point for integrated land survey than air photo pattern analysis.     

Land cover in Norway based on an area frame survey of vegetation types

The Norwegian area frame survey of land cover and outfield land resources (AR18X18), completed in 2014, provided unbiased statistics of land cover in Norway. The article reports the new statistics, discusses implications of the data set, and provides potential value in terms of research, management, and monitoring. A gridded sampling design for 1081 primary statistical units of 0.9 km² at 18?km intervals was implemented in the survey. The plots were mapped in situ, aided by aerial photos, and all areas were coded following a vegetation type system. The results provide new insights into the cover and distribution of vegetation and land cover types. The statistic for mire and wetlands, which previously covered 5.8%, has since been corrected to 8.9%. The survey results can be used for environmental and agricultural management, and the data can be stratified for regional analyses. The survey data can also serve as training data for remote sensing and distribution modelling. Finally, the survey data can be used to calibrate vegetation perturbations in climate change research that focuses on atmospheric–vegetation feedback. The survey documented novel land cover statistics and revealed that the national cover of wetlands had previously been underestimated.     

南京幕燕风景名胜区景观生态评价与规划

风景名胜区景观生态评价可以为风景区规划、建设和管理提供重要的依据,也是实现风景区可持续发展的有效途径之一。以南京幕燕风景名胜区为例,对幕燕风景区的景观生态评价与规划进行了研究。在大量野外工作的基础上,建立了幕燕风景区次生植被分类系统,并以植被为标志,拟建了风景区景观生态分类系统,调绘了风景区景观生态现状图;选取多样性、代表性等8项指标对风景区的景观生态进行了评价,并根据景观综合评价指数将类景观类型划分出4个等级;以景观生态评价结果为依据,提出了风景区景观生态规划的关键措施,研制了风景区景观生态规划图;最后,根据景观生态学原理和方法,进一步提出了风景区可持续发展的建议。     

Monitoring land changes in an urban area using satellite imagery,GIS and landscape metrics

Monitoring land changes is an important activity in landscape planning and resource management. In this study, we analyze urban land changes in Atlanta metropolitan area through the combined use of satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and landscape metrics. The study site is a fast-growing large metropolis in the United States, which contains a mosaic of complex landscape types. Our method consisted of two major components: remote sensing-based land classification and GIS-based land change analysis. Specifically, we adopted a stratified image classification strategy combined with a GIS-based spatial reclassification procedure to map land classes from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes acquired in two different years. Then, we analyzed the spatial variation and expansion of urban land changes across the entire metropolitan area through post classification change detection and a variety of GIS-based operations. We further examined the size, pattern, and nature of land changes using landscape metrics to examine the size, pattern, and nature of land changes. This study has demonstrated the usefulness of integrating remote sensing with GIS and landscape metrics in land change analysis that allows the characterization of spatial patterns and helps reveal the underlying processes of urban land changes. Our results indicate a transition of urbanization patterns in the study site with a limited outward expansion despite the dominant suburbanization process.     

南京江心洲旅游景观健康评价

在对景观健康理论和旅游景观特征分析基础上,初步建立了以压力-状态-响应模型为主线的旅游景观健康评价体系。参照国家环境质量标准、生态城市以及旅游景区评定标准等确定了相对健康的目标值。设计采用熵权-灰色关联模糊评价法,依据评价对象与目标值序列的相似程度,将评价结果划分为5个等级。整合遥感和统计调查数据,对南京江心洲2001~2007年旅游景观健康进行了跟踪评价。研究结果表明:在2001~2002年旅游集中开发建设时期,研究区旅游景观综合健康指数下降;随着响应的健康指数持续上升,2002年后下降速度减缓,2005年后开始逐渐上升,但一直处于亚健康水平(≤0.7),压力健康指数持续下降限制了旅游景观健康综合水平的提高;旅游景观状态的健康指数在短暂下降后呈上升态势;设施用地的无序扩张、化肥施用量居高不下、林地减少和破碎化等问题需要引起重视。     

Assessment of land degradation in Mediterranean forests and grazing lands using a landscape unit approach and the normalized difference vegetation index

Land managers need sound, evidence-based information about land degradation patterns and about the effectiveness of their management responses. Obtaining such information is particularly difficult in Mediterranean grazing lands and forests, where a long history of anthropogenic pressure, high topographical and climatic variability, and frequent disturbances combine to create a highly diverse and unstable environment.Our study aimed at designing a methodology to provide land managers in three data-scarce drylands in Spain, Greece, and Cyprus with spatially explicit, up-to-date information on the state of their land, the pressures driving land degradation, and the effectiveness of their management efforts using remotely sensed NDVI data. To translate NDVI values into a land degradation assessment, we analysed the variance of the annual average NDVI within different landscape units, which we identified based on land cover, aspect, and slope steepness parameters. After calibrating and validating the land degradation mapping methodology using field observations, we related the obtained land degradation patterns with spatial information about grazing and wildfire, as well as controlled grazing and afforestation practices.Our methodology proved useful to assess land degradation and management measures in dry, semi-natural ecosystems. It also provided insights into the role of landscape in modulating land degradation. Results indicate that grazing is a significant cause of land degradation even in partially abandoned areas; repeated fires have a negative impact; slope steepness increases the land's sensitivity to grazing; north- and east-facing slopes are less sensitive to fire in the long term than south- and west-facing slopes; and the effectiveness of responses to land degradation is substantially affected by land cover and topography.The methodology presented can be used to overcome the lack of spatially explicit information on the state of the land in drylands of the Mediterranean and beyond, or as a basis for more in-depth studies to plan restoration interventions.     

A method for habitat assessment in agricultural landscapes

The need for a conservation policy for remnant semi-natural vegetation in the agricultural landscape of lowland Britain is stressed. An essential prerequisite for such a policy involves the formulation of a method for habitat assessment which may provide relevant ecological information to planners, land owners and land managers. Existing techniques of ecological evaluation and their problems are briefly reviewed and a new approach, habitat inventory analysis, is described. In addition to measures of habitat and species diversity, variables related to the size and fragmentation of remnant habitats are emphasized and the potential of selected techniques of multivariate analysis for ordering the data is demonstrated. Examples of the use of the method in parts of Cornwall and Dorset are presented and the complete methodology is critically discussed.     

武汉汉阳湖区土地资源评价研究

在Arc/info地理信息系统支持下,以武汉汉阳湖区为例,选取自然生态指标、社会经济指标和区位指标,建立了土地资源评价体系,对汉阳湖区的土地资源质量进行了科学评价。评价中运用层次分析法确定评价因子的权重,同时利用Arc/info系统强大的空间分析和图形操作功能,将图形和属性数据统一管理,加强了评价的整体性和准确性。评价结果符合当地实际情况,评价指标的选取以及评价所采用的方法体系,为城市湖泊地区进行土地资源评价提供了参考。     

Small-area estimation of land cover statistics by post-stratification of a national area frame survey

The objective of this paper is to examine a method for estimation of land cover statistics for local environments from available area frame surveys of larger, surrounding areas. The method is a simple version of the small-area estimation methodology. The starting point is a national area frame survey of land cover. This survey is post-stratified using a coarse land cover map based on topographic maps and segmentation of satellite images. The approach is to describe the land cover composition of each stratum and subsequently use the results to calculate land cover statistics for a smaller area where the relative distribution of the strata is known. The method was applied to a mountain environment in Gausdal in Eastern Norway and the result was compared to reference data from a complete in situ land cover map of the study area. The overall correlation (Pearson’s rho) between the observed and the estimated land cover figures was r = 0.95. The method does not produce a map of the target area and the estimation error was large for a few of the land cover classes. The overall conclusion is, however, that the method is applicable when the objective is to produce land cover statistics and the interest is the general composition of land cover classes - not the precise estimate of each class. The method will be applied in outfield pasture management in Norway, where it offers a cost-efficient way to screen the management units and identify local areas with a land cover composition suitable for grazing. The limited resources available for in situ land cover mapping can then be allocated efficiently to in-depth studies of the areas with the highest grazing potential. It is also expected that the method can be used to compile land cover statistics for other purposes as well, provided that the motivation is to describe the overall land cover composition and not to provide exact estimates for the individual land cover classes.     

Variations of the Treescape in Relation to Urban Development in a Chinese City: The Case of Nanjing*

Urban trees, as prominent and pertinent landscape elements of cities, are increasingly studied by both practitioners and academics. Trees in Chinese cities have hitherto received little detailed analysis from the viewpoint of urban forestry or landscape analysis. This study attempts a comprehensive evaluation of the tree population in Nanjing, focusing on the association between urban development and treescape attributes. Six districts, covering the main built‐up area of 130 km², formed the study area. Nine land‐use types with varied urban morphology and three urban zones with different development history were identified, within which subareas and trees were sampled for field study of tree dimensions, tree performance, and site characteristics. Statistical analyses on the 6,527 surveyed trees verify that tree performance is significantly associated with land use, site condition, and related human activities. Treescape is associated with housing ownership, town planning, and the history of urban expansion. The relationship between treescape and urban landscape units can furnish hints for improved urban forest planning and management and better coordination between planners and landscape professionals.     

旅游景观生态系统格局研究方法探讨——以云南省丽江纳西族自治县为例

在旅游景观生态系统格局理论研究基础上,为反映功能异质性特征,从要素作用空间分异的角度,较为系统地建立了格局研究的方法体系。文章选择云南省丽江县进行了案例研究,结果表明:(1)方法的提出丰富了现有景观格局研究工作,结构与过程研究的结合,更符合旅游景观生态系统中以旅游者为主导的要素相互作用空间过程;(2)方法具有较高的应用价值,例如斑块范围研究能更好地反映旅游者的实际活动范围,为旅游目的地的旅游者管理与自然环境保护提供了更符合实际应用的空间依据。     

城镇建设用地集约利用潜力释放技术研究——以兰州市为例

在当前国家推行节约型社会、严格土地集约利用及管理的宏观环境下,城镇建设用地集约利用已经引起广泛关注。如何对存量城镇建设用地的集约利用潜力进行测算和挖掘,是城镇发展规划建设的重要问题。在土地集约利用评价的基础上进行了潜力测算,并进一步考虑潜力的空间释放方案。研究结合智能模拟方法,通过调整模型参数,对多套方案进行了演化模拟,最后从形态紧凑的角度进行了方案评价与优选。结果显示,该方法体系可操作性强,研究结果在数量和空间方面可视化程度高,模拟方案可作为规划参考。