新疆柯坪-巴楚地区碳酸盐岩构造裂缝发育的控制因素及油气勘探意义

构造裂缝发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要方面,对碳酸盐岩裂缝油气藏的储层预测具有重要意义。论文基于野外地质实际考察,研究岩性、地层厚度、构造性质等因素对构造裂缝的影响,建立比较系统的构造裂缝发育分布规律,建立构造裂缝发育的地质模型。白云岩的裂缝密度明显大于灰岩类的裂缝密度。地层越厚裂缝密度越小,但裂缝规模较大。走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝的裂缝密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系且存在"断裂控制的裂缝带","断裂控制裂缝带"与断裂的性质、规模和断距等因素密切相关。提出不同性质断裂"断裂控制裂缝带"宽度与断层破碎带宽度的比值K,这个比值的发现对断裂控制的裂缝油气勘探开发具有重要的应用价值。     

海拉尔盆地苏德尔特构造带基底裂缝特征及控制因素

裂缝是海拉尔盆地苏德尔特构造带基底的主要储集空间,其发育规律控制着苏德尔特构造带的油气分布。根据岩芯、测井等资料并结合盆地及其周缘露头观察,对海拉尔盆地火山岩基底储层裂缝特征和控制因素进行研究。结果表明海拉尔盆地苏德尔特构造带基底储层裂缝包括非构造缝(风化缝、溶蚀缝)和构造缝,其中以构造缝为主。裂缝长度变化较大,主要缝宽在0.1~3.0 mm,既有低角度缝也有高角度缝,有效裂缝倾角多为25°~80°。裂缝走向以北东向、近东—西向为主,其次为北西—南东向。裂缝的发育程度主要受基底岩性、剥蚀淋滤作用和构造作用控制,构造作用对全区裂缝的形成和改造具有重要意义。基底裂缝储层分段发育,各段储层裂缝主控因素不同,风化作用主要影响浅层裂缝发育;淋滤作用影响中层裂缝发育;构造作用控制深层裂缝发育。深层致密带储层是苏德尔特构造带深层油气藏勘探的重点目标区,主要发育在盆地基底深大断裂附近或是基底内幕构造应力转化带。研究对于海拉尔盆地基底内幕的油气勘探具有指导借鉴意义。     

埕岛潜山带裂缝分布评价

根据埕岛地区地质、测井、试井等资料,利用Ａ．Ｍ．Ｓｉｂｂｉｔ和Ｑ．Ｆａｉｖｒｅ裂缝参数估算方法,对埕岛潜山带的裂缝宽度、孔隙度、储渗类型进行了估算;采用曲率法、应力场模拟技术及断裂因子等方法,对潜山带风化期破裂缝及构造裂缝分布进行了预测和评价,将本区裂缝发育情况分为四级。文章指出,Ｉ级和Ⅱ级裂缝发育带是研究区下一步勘探的优先目标。     

宜昌天阳坪断裂两侧页岩气保存条件对比研究

中扬子宜昌地区在天阳坪断裂两侧实施了数口页岩气调查井和参数井,总体上,断裂两侧页岩的含气性差别较大。从页岩构造变形、裂缝发育特征、古流体活动等方面研究了保存条件差异的原因。结果表明:①因黄陵隆起的砥柱作用,天阳坪断裂以北的宜昌斜坡带为一简单的单斜构造,产状平缓,天阳坪断裂以南属于宜都-鹤峰复背斜的北端,断裂、褶皱构造发育,地层产状变化大;②典型井揭示天阳坪断裂以北地区页岩构造裂缝不发育,天阳坪断裂以南页岩构造裂缝非常发育并见多个破碎带,是页岩气逸散的主要通道;③古流体分析揭示天阳坪断裂以北页岩早期封闭体系的裂缝较发育,晚期裂缝不发育,天阳坪断裂以南地区晚期裂缝发育,古大气水下渗深度超过3 500～4 000 m,页岩的封闭性破坏严重;④综合研究表明,宜昌周边的页岩气勘探应围绕宜昌斜坡带向东西两侧巴东-大冶对冲干涉带拓展,天阳坪断裂以南的宜都-鹤峰复背斜北端构造变形最强、保存条件差,勘探风险较大。     

歧口凹陷湖盆特征及对油气成藏控制作用研究

通过分析歧口凹陷湖盆基本特征,剖析构造断裂演化与油气成藏关系,探索其对油气成藏的控制作用.歧口凹陷湖盆自古近纪-新近纪经历了断陷期、断坳转换期、拗陷期三大演化阶段,现今表现为多隆多凹、盆岭相间的分布特征.受区域构造应力场及幕式演化影响,湖盆断裂以NE、近EW向为主,主断裂以侧接、转换为特色.凹陷主要发育潜山构造带、断阶构造带、盖层滑脱型断裂构造带,不同构造带油气成藏模式富集特点差异明显.根据断裂构造与油气成藏关系,认为海陆调解带裂缝油气藏的勘探、远源缓坡区沿断裂构造脊的中浅层勘探及大断裂控制的"Y"字型浅层构造及两侧火成岩勘探是下步工作重点方向.     

琼东南盆地松南低凸起周缘花岗岩潜山储层特征及控制因素

研究花岗岩潜山储层特征及控制因素为琼东南盆地下一步潜山勘探提供依据,综合已钻井录井资料、壁心资料、测井资料、薄片资料及地球化学资料,识别风化壳并刻画储层特征.研究结果表明松南低凸起及周缘花岗岩受长期风化影响,纵向分带明显,由表及里依次发育粘土风化带、砂砾质风化带、裂缝带和基岩带.通过元素测井、成像测井、常规测井结合可以很好的识别潜山风化壳及纵向结构特征.纵向上不同风化层储集空间特征显著差异,依次发育孔隙型、裂缝-孔隙复合型、孔隙-裂缝复合型及裂缝型4种储集空间,以裂缝-孔隙型储集为主的砂砾质风化带物性最好,自砂砾质风化带以下,随埋深增加,风化减弱,储层物性依次变差.松南低凸起周缘花岗岩侵入体形成于三叠纪初期,自燕山期构造抬升,长期古隆起暴露、断裂及节理发育是其厚层优质风化壳型潜山储层发育的主要原因.同时,由于潜山后期埋深浅,经过压实、胶结等成岩作用影响弱,是凸起周缘潜山储层发育的重要原因.为下一步潜山领域勘探提供地质支撑.      

轮古东走滑断裂破碎带结构及与油气关系

利用最新处理完成的轮古东300 km2叠前深度偏移地震资料,多手段识别出轮古东气田发育3期4组断裂。断裂控制了裂缝走向与裂缝发育密度,裂缝主要为高角度(45°~75°)构造窄裂缝,沿裂缝存在溶蚀,走向主要为NESW。纵向上,一间房组裂缝发育密度最大(14条/100 m),其次为鹰山组(6条/100 m)和良里塔格组(4条/100 m);平面上,裂缝主要分布在主干断裂周边1 km范围内,随着距断裂距离增大,裂缝发育强度(裂缝线密度)呈指数降低。在此基础上,综合考虑主干断裂及伴生裂缝发育特征,将轮古东断裂破碎带平面上划分为"羽状破碎带、转换破碎带、斜列破碎带、复合破碎带"4种结构,羽状破碎带分布面积最广,是油气最富集的区域,是目前高效井的集中分布区,围绕羽状破碎带的钻探为走滑断裂控储控藏研究和寻找新的油气富集区域提供了新思路。     

基于改进的相干体分析技术的裂缝发育带预测研究

准确合理的裂缝带预测,对油气田勘探开发起着至关重要的作用。这里从准确预测裂缝发育带的角度出发,以提高断裂带的平面连续性及精细刻画小尺度裂缝发育带的平面展布特征为目标,提出了一种基于改进的相干体分析技术的裂缝发育带预测方法。该方法首先基于大网格相干数据体设定距离因子,将研究区域分为邻近断层区域(裂缝带较发育)和远离断层区域(裂缝带较不发育);再针对小网格相干数据体,根据分区结果进行自适应滤波处理:在邻近断层区域进行反距离加权构造导向滤波,远离断层区域进行中值滤波。将该方法应用到某研究区裂缝带预测,结果表明,方法不仅有效地压制了噪声,并保留了断层、裂隙等边缘细节信息,使断裂展布特征更加清晰,成像质量更好。     

逆断层控制构造裂缝发育的力学机制模拟

在探讨逆断层对构造裂缝控制作用的基础上, 应用Comsol有限元软件, 模拟不同水平作用力、不同岩性、不同断层倾角和距断层面远近等因素影响下断层及其周边区域的应力、应变情况, 并分析了不同控制因素下构造裂缝发育的规律。模拟结果表明, 构造裂缝的发育程度随施加的水平应力作用增大而线性增大; 岩石破裂前产生的应变量可用来描述岩石的脆性, 抗压强度对岩石破裂起主导作用, 而岩石的抗剪强度与岩石破裂发育有一定的相关性; 逆断层倾角存在一个临界角度, 使构造裂缝发育最为强烈; 逆断层控制裂缝发育, 距离断裂面越远裂缝发育程度越低, 并存在一个发育程度骤减的范围, 称为"断裂控制带", 该断裂控制带的形成和分布应该与断裂的性质、规模、断距及岩石力学参数等有关。      

塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类。露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带。裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好。断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密。滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面。变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育。利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区。沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位。断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式。走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义。     

碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带结构、分布与发育机制

断裂带通常包括狭窄的断层核与宽阔的破碎带,并对岩石物理及其水力学、流体与渗透性具有重要作用。根据断裂破碎带结构的差异,将碳酸盐岩断层核划分为颗粒支撑、基质支撑与胶结支撑等3种类型,将碳酸盐岩破碎带划分碎裂带与裂缝带。不同类型碳酸盐岩断层核与破碎带形成多种类型组合,并造成断裂破碎带多种复杂的渗流结构。通过井—震资料的结合,可以判识沉积盆地内部较宽的碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带,其宽度—位移关系可以指示断裂破碎带的不同生长方式与机制。复杂内部结构、多期构造成岩作用与non-Andersonian破裂机制可能导致碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带的异常生长,也是碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带机理研究的重要方向。     

碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带结构、分布与发育机制

断裂带通常包括狭窄的断层核与宽阔的破碎带,并对岩石物理及其水力学、流体与渗透性具有重要作用。根据断裂破碎带结构的差异,将碳酸盐岩断层核划分为颗粒支撑、基质支撑与胶结支撑等3种类型,将碳酸盐岩破碎带划分碎裂带与裂缝带。不同类型碳酸盐岩断层核与破碎带形成多种类型组合,并造成断裂破碎带多种复杂的渗流结构。通过井一震资料的结合,可以判识沉积盆地内部较宽的碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带,其宽度一位移关系可以指示断裂破碎带的不同生长方式与机制。复杂内部结构、多期构造成岩作用与non-Andersonian破裂机制可能导致碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带的异常生长,也是碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带机理研究的重要方向。     

Fracture systems in normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks,Northwest German Basin

Field studies of fracture systems associated with 58 normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks were performed in the Northwest German Basin. Fracture orientations, densities, apertures and lengths, as well as fault zone structural indices, were analysed separately for fault damage zones and host rocks. The results show a pronounced difference between carbonate and clastic rocks: mainly in carbonate rocks we found presence of clear damage zones, characterized by higher fracture densities than in the host rocks. While the maximum aperture is similar for both units, the percentage of fractures with large apertures is much higher in the damage zones than in the host rocks.Based on laboratory measurements of Young's moduli and field measurements of fracture densities, we calculate effective stiffnesses E_e, that is the Young's moduli of the in situ rock masses, within the normal fault zones. Compared with carbonate rocks, E_e computed for clastic-rock damage zones decreases significantly less due to lower fracture densities. We conclude that normal fault zones in carbonate rocks have more profound effects on enhancing permeability in fluid reservoirs than those in clastic rocks. The results are of great importance for modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of normal fault zones in subsurface fluid reservoirs.     

Hydrogeological behaviour of some fault zones in a carbonate aquifer of Southern Italy: an experimentally based model

Complex flow circulation patterns are likely to be present in fault‐controlled groundwater flow systems, such as carbonate aquifers. Nevertheless, not much information is available for faults in carbonates, and their hydrogeological behaviour is often neglected in conceptual and numerical models. The understanding of this aspect of subsurface fluid flow has been improved in a carbonate aquifer, where hydrogeological investigations at site scale demonstrated the existence of fault zones that act as barriers. The hydraulic conductivity of the fault core is as low as that of siliciclastic rocks that represent the regional aquitard of the carbonate aquifer. Despite the lower permeability, the fault zones allow a significant groundwater flowthrough and a good interdependence of piezometric heads upgradient and downgradient of the faults. Because of this discontinuous heterogeneity, the aquifer looks like a basins‐in‐series system, where seasonal springs can be detected along some fault zones, as a function of groundwater level fluctuations.     

碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用——以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例

多旋回叠合盆地断层具有异常复杂的构造变形与成岩演变,跨学科结合的构造成岩作用研究为断层破碎带演变机制与流体-岩石作用分析提供了新思路。结合塔中Ⅰ号断裂带构造解析和地化资料分析,探讨古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用的特殊性。结果表明,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统台缘带碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育多类、多期构造成岩作用,明显不同于围岩。断层破碎带宽度高达2~4km,裂缝类型多样、纵横向变化大、开启程度较高。沿断裂带压实作用较弱且有差异,发现有碳酸盐岩压实变形带发育,并有后期裂缝与溶蚀作用形成的局部高渗透带。断层破碎带观测到多期压溶低角度缝合线与高角度构造缝合线,部分具有渗透性。多达4~5期不同类型胶结作用沿裂缝带发育,大气淡水胶结较多,胶结程度相对较弱。准同生期大气淡水溶蚀与局部风化壳岩溶主要沿断层破碎带发育,而且埋藏溶蚀作用较强,发育大型缝洞体与溶蚀孔洞。构造成岩作用揭示塔中Ⅰ号断裂带东段上奥陶统碳酸盐岩断层破碎带经历断裂萌芽期-形成期-定型期-复活扩张期-局部开启期等5期演变,不同演化期构造成岩作用有明显差异。构造成岩作用的多期差异活动是造成古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带复杂性的重要因素。     

Tectonic implications of damage zone-related fault-fracture networks revealed in drill core through the Nojima fault, Japan

1800 m of drill core through the Nojima fault zone, Japan, reveals subsidiary fault and fracture networks that developed in the fault zone that triggered the 1995 Ms 7.2 Kobe earthquake. The subsidiary fault zones contain a fault gouge of < 1 cm bounded by thin zones of foliated cataclasite or breccia. Fractures are filled with calcite veins, calcite-cemented breccias, clay, and iron-oxide and carbonate alternation of the granitic host rock. These features are typical of extensional fractures that form the conduit network for fluid flux close to a major fault zone. The zone of distributed deformation surrounding the main fault is 50 m in width, and the dip of the Nojima fault at > 1 km depth is 75°. The fault-fracture networks associated with the Nojima fault zone are coseismic and were filled with carbonate and fine-grained material during repeated seismic-related infiltration of the fault zone by carbonate-bearing subsurface water. This study shows that fault-related fracture networks plays an important role as fluid flow conduits within seismically active faults, and can change in character from zones of high permeability to low permeability due to cementation and/or pore collapse.     

Numerical modelling of fault reactivation in carbonate rocks under fluid depletion conditions – 2D generic models with a small isolated fault

This generic 2D elastic-plastic modelling investigated the reactivation of a small isolated and critically-stressed fault in carbonate rocks at a reservoir depth level for fluid depletion and normal-faulting stress conditions. The model properties and boundary conditions are based on field and laboratory experimental data from a carbonate reservoir. The results show that a pore pressure perturbation of −25 MPa by depletion can lead to the reactivation of the fault and parts of the surrounding damage zones, producing normal-faulting downthrows and strain localization. The mechanism triggering fault reactivation in a carbonate field is the increase of shear stresses with pore-pressure reduction, due to the decrease of the absolute horizontal stress, which leads to an expanded Mohr's circle and mechanical failure, consistent with the predictions of previous poroelastic models. Two scenarios for fault and damage-zone permeability development are explored: (1) large permeability enhancement of a sealing fault upon reactivation, and (2) fault and damage zone permeability development governed by effective mean stress. In the first scenario, the fault becomes highly permeable to across- and along-fault fluid transport, removing local pore pressure highs/lows arising from the presence of the initially sealing fault. In the second scenario, reactivation induces small permeability enhancement in the fault and parts of damage zones, followed by small post-reactivation permeability reduction. Such permeability changes do not appear to change the original flow capacity of the fault or modify the fluid flow velocity fields dramatically.     

云南川西地区地震地质基本特征的探讨

云南川西地区是多震的地方(图1),从公元前116年到1974年6月,据记载共发生M≥4.75级的地震481次,其中6≤M<7的99次,7≤M<8的14次,M≥8的3次。震源深度一般小于30公里,均为浅源地震。本区强震多发生在深大断裂带上,而且都有一定的地质标志可循,与近代地壳运动、板块构造在成因上有着密切关系。     

俯冲-增生型造山带增生楔流体研究进展

俯冲－增生型造山带弧前增生楔流体的特点为：盐度低、氯化物含量异常低，并含有丰富的CO2和CH4。流体以扩散式或沿断层带渠道式活动；泥火山、张裂隙充填脉、碳酸盐壳、深海生物群是流体活动的直接体现；流体活动影响着增生楔的内部结构和构造样式；增生楔中流体活动特征的研究对研究造山带的地质演化及矿床成因具有重要意义。