隧道斜交穿越地裂缝的模型试验研究

西安地区由北向南间隔分布有十多条近东西走向的地裂缝,建设中的多条地铁线路与地裂缝呈斜交状态。为了揭示地铁隧道斜交穿越地裂缝时受地裂缝活动而产生的力学性状变化,采用50:1几何相似比尺的物理模型试验仪,在合理模拟围岩地层、衬砌结构、应力条件、地裂缝与洞轴线交角及其错动位移基础上,开展了斜交地裂缝活动条件下隧道衬砌结构与围岩相互作用的物理模型试验研究,并与正交地裂缝活动下的测试结果进行了对比分析。表明斜交地裂缝活动对地铁隧道的影响范围更大,各变形缝均有明显的沉降差发展;邻近斜交地裂缝的衬砌结构易处于“悬臂梁”受力状态,衬砌结构不均匀沉降使其产生旋转位移,围岩土压力变化使衬砌结构内力产生显著变化;随着地裂缝错动位移的发展,上盘内拱顶和下盘拱顶、拱底出现围岩作用的加强,而上盘拱底出现围岩作用的松弛。与隧道正交穿越地裂缝的情况比较,斜交穿越地裂缝时围岩土压力和衬砌结构内力变化更大,易出现拉裂破坏。     

复杂条件下隧道断面形状和支护参数优化

通过有限差分法（FLAC3D）数值计算和现场试验对马蹄形断面和大曲率边墙、似圆形断面形式下隧道的支护受力和围岩变形特征进行了对比分析,得出采用似圆形断面可以有效地控制围岩的变形量和变形速率,尤其是水平收敛变形;现场变形量测时的丢失位移所占总位移比例较大,其中下台阶丢失位移比例最大;通过现场试验,对不同支护刚度下围岩压力、锚杆受力、钢架、混凝土应力以及二次衬砌分担的围岩压力和模筑混凝土受力情况进行分析,结合洞室变形的现场量测,得出二次衬砌接触压力及分担围岩压力比呈现出随着初支刚度增大而增大的规律,并综合确定了板岩段合理的支护参数。该结论对在构造应力发育的软岩地区修筑隧道提供了有益的工程经验     

京承高速公路新道沟连拱隧道的优化设计

本文以京承高速公路新道沟连拱隧道为实例,应用有限元数值方法对连拱隧道二次衬砌的围岩抗力、应力、变形及其稳定性等问题进行了模拟与分析。首先,基于连拱衬砌的结构型式,作者建立了该隧道的数值模型,并提出用弹性杆单元按作用力等效的原则模拟围岩抗力;根据数值模拟结果对隧道支护结构的承载能力进行了讨论,并基于规范对二次衬砌进行了结构强度校核。该研究结果为新道沟隧道支护结构设计的优化提供了科学依据。     

强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道系统锚杆支护作用效果分析

以在建的穿越5•12强震区发震断裂带的广甘高速公路杜家山隧道为工程依托,选取20 m典型围岩区段为试验段,对有、无系统锚杆时的洞周位移、锚杆轴力、钢拱架内力、围岩与初支接触压力、及其二衬内力进行实测对比分析,探讨锚杆支护作用效果不明显的成因,提出了在强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道围岩中采用“钢喷”初期支护的支护方案。研究结果表明：设置锚杆的断面,其锚杆轴力值较小,最终洞周变形值及围岩与初支的接触压力值相对偏大,钢拱架和二衬的安全储备相对不足;锚杆的施工不仅在某种程度上加剧了对深部围岩的扰动,而且还延误了喷射混凝土和钢支撑支护对暴露围岩及时封闭的最佳时机;震后深部围岩的震裂损伤和震裂岩体地下水的渗透性增强,致使围岩松弛区域超过了锚杆设置范围,且锚杆与围岩间的黏结力被削弱。     

基于监控量测的公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例

依托垫江至邻水高速公路铜锣山及明月山隧道,对公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例进行研究。通过围岩压力实测值与普氏理论、太沙基理论和公路隧道设计规范深埋围岩压力公式计算值进行对比,结果表明: Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩压力计算值比较符合实测情况。通过对围岩压力、初期支护与二次衬砌的接触压力现场量测数据进行分析,得出Ⅲ级( 深埋) 、Ⅳ级( 深埋) 、Ⅴ级( 深埋) 和Ⅴ 级( 浅埋) 围岩二次衬砌受力分担比例分别为29. 20%、35. 28%、41. 38% 及32. 17%。研究成果对于公路隧道结构设计有着理论指导作用。     

温度场控制在多年冻土隧道施工中的作用

多年冻土隧道工程首先遇到的问题是如何解决开挖与衬砌的矛盾,因为开挖作业与衬砌施工所需的温度场不同,隧道开挖需要较低的温度场以利于无支护毛洞的稳定,而衬砌施工需要较高的温度场以利于混凝土强度的增长。通过数值模拟分析,提出多年冻土隧道施工温度场的控制参数,并将多年冻土隧道的开挖施工划分为4个阶段：安全施工阶段、相对安全阶段、安全预警阶段和安全隐患阶段。根据这4个阶段的特征,提出各个阶段应采取的相应工程措施,尽可能降低施工风险。通过全方位监测隧道洞内温度场的变化,指导开挖和衬砌的施工。     

Effect of the Blocking Water and Limiting Discharge and Surrounding Rock Permeability on the Stability of Subsea Tunnel

The influence of the sealing degree of the lining structure and the permeability of surrounding rock on the stability of the tunnel has always been the main topic concerned by the relevant engineering researchers. Based on the research background of the tunnel project of Qingdao metro line 1 and the in-depth analysis of the existing research results, this paper makes a systematic analysis and research on the influence mechanism of the sealing degree of the lining structure and the permeability of surrounding rock on the stability of the tunnel by the numerical simulation. The results show that the safety coefficient of each part of lining structure decreases with the increasing degree of tunnel sealing, which is manifested by the increase of the settlement of the vault and the convergence of the arch foot. In addition, the stability of surrounding rock becomes worse with the increase of permeability coefficient of surrounding rock, which means the higher pore pressure and larger displacement of rock around the chamber. At the same time, the influence of the sealing degree of the lining structure on the stability of the tunnel will increase with the permeability of the surrounding rock. The works in this paper have guiding significance for the construction of submarine tunnel under different characteristics of surrounding rock and the selection of sealing degree of lining structure.

     

深埋单线铁路隧道衬砌高水压分界值研究

作用在隧道衬砌上的水压力多大称为高水压？隧道工程界一直没有明确的分界值。以单线铁路隧道标准设计图为基础,以不用改变标准设计断面形状为原则,采用平面有限元方法计算和分析了衬砌的安全系数能否满足规范要求,研究了隧道衬砌高水压分界值。研究结果表明：单线铁路隧道直墙式衬砌高水压第一分界值为0.05～0.10 MPa,第二分界值为 0.18 MPa;曲墙式衬砌高水压第一分界值为0.20 MPa,第二分界值为0.40 MPa。水压力较大时,水压力成为衬砌结构上的主要荷载,高水压力分界值与围岩级别的关系不大,而与衬砌断面形状关系密切,曲墙式衬砌承受水压力的能力远远超过直墙式衬砌。单线铁路隧道按标准设计断面如果要承受水压也是有限的,超过40 m的静水头最好采取其它优化型式的断面。     

福建周宁水电站水压致裂地应力测量及其应用

周宁水电站在交通洞开挖过程中局部洞段发生了较强烈的岩爆。地下洞室和高压岔管、输水隧道设计及选择衬砌方式，需要查明原地应力状态。为此，采用水压致裂法在3个深钻孔中和岩爆部位进行了原位应力测量。结果表明，平面应力值随孔深增加呈线性增大；在岩爆和地下洞室附近，原位应力最大值为13～15 MPa，以水平挤压应力为主导，最大水平主应力方向为NW向。根据地应力测量资料和相关理论、判据分析认为：地下厂房长轴为NW向有利于围岩稳定；高压岔管和输水隧洞选用钢筋混凝土衬砌是可行的；发生局部岩爆，主要是由于隧道开挖围岩应力重新调整，在掌子面附近应力集中所致。     

Analysis of the evolution of road tunnels equilibrium conditions with a convergence–confinement approach

Since both lining structure and rock mass exhibit delayed behaviour, tunnel equilibrium conditions evolve with time. After discussing existing work done on different aspects of long-term tunnel behaviour, the aim of this paper is to “understand” the influence of rock mass and lining degradations on the long-term stability conditions of the tunnel by means of the convergence–confinement method. In order to represent the effects of degradation on tunnel long-term conditions, specific degradation models are selected according to the disorders identified during principal inspections of road tunnels in Switzerland. By simulating the reduction of the mechanical properties of both the rock mass and the lining or by using creep models, it is possible to assess the influence of the main degradation processes on tunnel stability. The results are interpreted in terms of tunnel safety factor. The presented approach for the determination of the long-term behaviour of tunnels, although valid for simple tunnel geometry and field stress conditions, allows to roughly estimate the influence of significant degradation processes that affect the rock mass and the supporting structure. Though this approach results in some simplification, it may be generalised and adopted with more refined numerical analyses for improving the assessment of tunnel long-term conditions.