长白山天池火山喷发序列研究

长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发.     

从卫星影像上分析海南岛第四纪玄武岩的分期

本文主要应用陆地卫星影像进行了目视判读、图象增强处理、结合野外验证和对前人资料的研究,确认海南岛第四纪玄武岩可划分为五个喷发期,喷发次数为十二次,玄武岩的喷发与活动断裂有着密切的关系     

大同地区玄武岩的岩石学特征

大同盆地第四纪的火山可以划分为两部分:西北区(通常称大同火山群)和东南区。西北区的火山群属典型的中心式喷发,其玄武熔岩是碱性橄榄玄武岩。东南区的火山岩属裂隙式喷溢,其玄武岩流主要是由橄榄拉斑玄武岩组成。本文概括了这两个地区的玄武岩类在岩石学、地球化学、稀土和微量元素等方面的差别和各自的特点     

中国东北饶河杂岩中的侏罗纪玄武质凝灰岩及枕状玄武岩:对古太平洋水下火山活动的启示

保存在陆地上的水下火山爆炸式喷发的地质记录非常少见,为揭示这一现象并探讨其全球意义,本文对中国东北饶河杂岩中的玄武质凝灰岩及枕状玄武岩进行了岩石学、地球化学以及年代学研究.玄武质凝灰岩由分选良好的晶屑(主要为单斜辉石)、玻屑和少量岩屑组成,具有较高的Mg O含量(15.7~15.9%),没有Eu的异常(Eu/Eu*=99~102).凝灰岩的锆石SHRIMP定年结果为(172±1)Ma,与前人报道的枕状玄武岩年龄接近.枕状玄武岩具有演化的Mg O含量以及弱的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=90~99).依据不活动微量元素判别,凝灰岩和玄武岩均属于碱性玄武岩,具洋岛型玄武岩配分特征以及一致的Nd同位素特征ε_(Nd)(t)=4.4~6.2,可能源自同一地幔源区.玄武岩的Sr同位素与Nd同位素耦合,而凝灰岩的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值显著偏高并与同期海水相近,暗示地幔物质与海水之间的元素交换更可能发生于火山爆炸式喷发而非溢流式喷发.进一步计算表明,水下火山爆炸式喷发引起的高效率海水-地幔物质之间的Sr同位素交换可能是历史上全球海水Sr同位素比值快速下降的原因之一.     

江南古陆东段两类玄武岩成因的地球化学制约

在江南古陆东段,广泛发育晚元古代的玄武岩,据岩相学和地球化学特征可区分为明显不同的两类:低钛玄武岩和高钛玄武岩.它们由上地幔的不同程度部分熔融产生的岩浆结晶形成.     

利用单斜辉石和铁钛氧化物识别长白山千年大喷发火山灰

火山层的对比和源区识别取决于其年龄的相近和成分的相似,然而,一些成分变化较大的火山层,则较难实现火山灰的对比.长白山千年大喷发(公元10世纪中叶)产生的火山灰在俄罗斯远东、朝鲜半岛、日本和格陵兰冰芯等地均有出现,在第四纪环境与火山序列研究领域是一层极为重要的等时对比参考.但是,长白山西侧对于此层火山灰的成分特征有着较大的不一致性,很难实现区域内的对比分析,从而不能作为一个绝对的等时参考.本文对长白山千年大喷发近源的黑色和灰色浮岩中单斜辉石和铁钛氧化物矿物进行成分测试,同时得到了远源四海龙湾沉积物火山灰层中与火山玻璃共生的单斜辉石和铁钛氧化物微晶的成分.结果显示,四海龙湾玛珥湖火山灰具有与千年大喷发黑色浮岩一致的矿物组成,即为普通辉石-透辉石和钛磁铁矿的微晶,与灰色浮岩的富铁钙铁辉石和钛铁矿截然不同,说明四海龙湾中的火山灰应主要来自于千年大喷发黑色浮岩喷发阶段,即为粗面质的喷发阶段,而碱流质的灰色浮岩相关的火山玻璃占少数.本文单斜辉石和铁钛氧化物微晶方法为长白山千年大喷发火山灰对比分析提供了一个新的参考标准.     

塔里木二叠纪熔积岩的发现及其对大火成岩省火山喷发环境的限定

熔积岩是岩浆与未固结的松软沉积物混合而生的一种特殊火山碎屑岩.它代表着岩浆活动与沉积作用的同期性,因此可以对岩浆喷发期内的沉积环境做出精确限定.在二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省西北缘印干-柯坪地区的早期喷发层序中首次发现熔积岩.其中,印干附近第二喷发期次层序中以淬冷开裂而形成的块状熔积岩为主,柯坪一带第二、第四喷发层序中则同时拥有块状熔积岩和流态熔积岩.上述熔积岩的宿主沉积物均为海相灰质,证明当时当地的岩浆喷发事件发生于陆表海相环境中.在距印干以东不远处的开派兹雷克剖面,同期层序中却只发育稳定的陆相溢流玄武岩而未见熔积岩,证明海陆环境在此发生了交互.在利用熔积岩确定三个剖面喷发环境的基础上,精确了塔里木大火成岩省西北缘喷发早期沉积环境的分布范围,及其随时间而发生变迁的详细过程.     

长白山火山的历史与演化

长白山火山跨越中朝两国,在我国境内包括天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,火山活动从上新世持续到近代,是我国最大的第四纪火山分布区。长白山火山的母岩浆是钾质粗面玄武岩,将长白山火山岩区称钾质粗面玄武岩省,岩浆结晶分异作用和混合作用主导了岩浆演化过程。天池火山之下地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具双动式喷发特点,一方面来自地幔的钾质粗厨玄武岩浆直接喷出地表;另一方面钾质粗面玄武岩浆持续补给地壳岩浆房,发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。西太平洋板块俯冲-东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。     

东北深源地震地质背景及其与内陆地震的相关活动

东北陆缘带的深震群,其空间分布由与第四纪喷发的玄武岩桨相一致.活动时间上与华北、东北内陆构造地震具相关起伏活跃现象.     

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是继峨眉山大火成岩省之后在中国境内确认的又一个大火成岩省,是当前研究的热点和前沿问题.论文系统总结了塔里木大火成岩省近20年研究取得的成果,指出了下一步重点研究领域.塔里木大火成岩省火山岩的残余分布面积大于25万平方公里,最大残余厚度达780 m,大规模玄武岩的喷出发生在290～288 Ma期间,属于快速喷发的大火成岩省岩浆事件.塔里木大火成岩省中最为发育的玄武岩和辉绿岩岩墙的微量元素特征与OIB的特征相似,且以高钛型为主体;但在同位素特征上明显的可以分为两类,柯坪地区玄武岩具有负的εNd值,重稀土值相对较高,来自富集型地幔;塔北玄武岩和辉绿岩具有正的εNd值和相对低的重稀土值,来自亏损型地幔.早二叠世大规模地壳抬升、苦橄岩与大规模岩墙群发育和瓦基里塔格大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床都支持塔里木大火成岩省与地幔柱活动有关.塔里木大火成岩省与中亚地区广泛发育的二叠纪基性和超基性岩浆作用存在着时空联系,它们是代表了一次具有重要地球动力学意义的构造岩浆事件.论文指出了塔里木大火成岩省的深部地质过程、成矿作用、与地幔柱关系、与盆地环境变化和生命演化的关系及其大火成岩省的地球动力学意义等方面研究将是下一阶段的重点研究领域.     

Internal flow structures in columnar jointed basalt from Hrepphólar, Iceland: II. Magnetic anisotropy and rock magnetic properties

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and rock magnetic properties were measured on specimens from a basalt plate that was cut from a vertical section of a basalt column from Hrepphólar, Iceland. Macroscopic structures are clearly distinguishable in the plate, including banding inferred to represent viscous fingering parallel to the vertical axis of the column. Rock magnetic experiments indicate that the dominant ferromagnetic (sensu lato) mineral is titanomagnetite, Fe _3?x Ti _x O₄, with a Ti-composition of x?=?~0.6. Magnetic properties are related to the position within the plate and reveal a dominant volume fraction of single domain titanomagnetite in the center of the basalt column, with multidomain titanomagnetite away from the center. The AMS determined by low-field measurements shows an inconclusive relationship with the visual structures, which arises from variation of the grain size (i.e., single domain versus multidomain) across the column. In contrast, the AMS measured with a high-field torsion magnetometer avoids the complication of magnetic domain state, as is demonstrated in this contribution, and additionally allows for the separation of ferrimagnetic from paramagnetic sub-fabrics. Both sub-fabrics display a clear relationship with the macroscopic structures and support the hypothesis that vertical flow of melt took place during development of the Hrepphólar columnar basalt. Maximum susceptibility axes of the ferrimagnetic sub-fabric are grouped near the vertical axis of the column. The paramagnetic sub-fabric varies systematically across the column in coincidence with internal structure. The shape of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid varies across the basalt column, showing an increasingly prolate fabric toward its center.     

Magnetic properties of olivine basalt: Application to Mars

The natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) of basalt lava containing (oxidised) magnetic phases is usually assumed to be proportional to the weight percent of magnetic phases. It is shown here that olivine basalt has a different behaviour. The NRM intensity increases at an increasing rate with the amount of magnetic phases. This is attributed to the oxidation of olivine during cooling of the basalt that leads to the exsolution of magnetite in a single domain state. In this way, olivine basalt is found to become an order of magnitude more magnetic than basalt that does not contain olivine. A simple explanation for the magnetic anomalies on Mars is offered, based upon these findings and Mössbauer spectroscopy data from Gusev crater on Mars.     

Volcanoes of the southwestern extension of the active Mariana island arc: New swath-mapping and geochemical studies

Until recently it was thought that the volcanoes of the Mariana island arc of the western Pacific terminated at Tracey Seamount at ∼ 14°N immediately west of Guam. Sea floor mapping in 1995 shows a series of large volcanic seamounts stretching westward for nearly 300 km beyond that point. The morphology, spacing, and composition of those sampled are consistent with their having formed as a consequence of eruption of suprasubduction zone arc magmas. The relationships of the volcanoes to the tectonic processes of subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the southern portion of the Mariana convergent plate margin are becoming increasingly clear as new bathymetry and geochemical data are amassed. The volcanoes along this trend that lie closest to Guam are forming where the center of active extension in the back-arc basin intersects the line of arc volcanoes. They develop well-defined rifts that are parallel to rift structures along the extension center, whereas volcanoes of the spreading axis to the north are smaller than the frontal arc volcanoes and tend to form along lineaments. Compositions of lavas from these intersection volcanoes bear some similarities to back-arc basin basalt, but are on the whole well within the range of compositions for Mariana island arc lavas. The Pacific plate subducts nearly orthogonal to the strike of the trench along the southern part of the Mariana system and the distance to the arc line from the trench axis is only ∼ 150 km. Several deep fault-controlled canyons on the inner slope of the southern Mariana trench indicate an enhanced tectonic extension of this plate margin. The presence of these active arc volcanoes and the existence of the orthogonal normal faulting along the southern Mariana forearc supports a model of radial extension for formation of the Mariana Trough, a model previously dismissed because of the lack of evidence of these two major geological features.     

The peripheral magma chamber of Ploskii Tolbachik,a Kamchatka basaltic volcano: Activity,location and depth,dimensions, and their changes based on magma discharge observations

The Klyuchevskoi group of volcanoes (KGV) in Kamchatka is the most powerful existing island arc and subduction zone volcanic center. The Holocene volcanic activity in the southern part of the KGV is concentrated in a large basaltic volcano, Ploskii Tolbachik (PT), altitude 3085 m and in its Tolbachik zone of cinder cones (TZ), length 70 km, which are similar to Hawaiian-type volcanoes and their rifts. A variety of different basalt types are erupted at a rate of 18 × 10⁶ t/yr.     

Nishinoshima volcano in the Ogasawara Arc: New continent from the ocean?

Nishinoshima, a submarine volcano in the Ogasawara Arc, approximately 1 000 km south of Tokyo, Japan, suddenly erupted in November 2013, after 40 years of dormancy. Olivine‐bearing phenocryst‐poor andesites found in older submarine lavas from the flanks of the volcano have been used to develop a model for the genesis of andesitic lavas from Nishinoshima. In this model, primary andesite magmas originate directly from the mantle as a result of shallow and hydrous melting of plagioclase peridotites. Thus, it only operates beneath Nishinoshima and submarine volcanoes in the Ogasawara Arc and other oceanic arcs, where the crust is thin. The primary magma compositions have changed from basalt, produced at considerable depth, to andesite, produced beneath the existing thinner crust at this location in the arc. This reflects the thermal and mechanical evolution of the mantle wedge and the overlying lithosphere. It is suggested that continental crust‐like andesitic magma builds up beneath submarine volcanoes on thin arc lithosphere today, and has built up beneath such volcanoes in the past. Andesites produced by this shallow and hydrous melting of the mantle could accumulate through collisions of plates to generate continental crust.     

The Crust-Mantle Structure in Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake Area

The seismic data obtained from the wide angle reflection and refraction profiles that pass through Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province were interpreted. Some conclusions drawn from the result are as follows: (1) The nearly EW-trending Zhangbei-Chongli crustal fault zone and WNW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone meet in the Zhangbei earthquake (Ms = 6.2) area; (2) At the intersection, the two deep crustal fault zones that stretch to the Moho and the discontinuities of interfaces within the crust form the path for large area basalt eruption in Hannuoba; (3) In the earthquake area, the local velocity reversal in the middle-upper crust and abnormal low velocity zone in the lower crust imply that the magmatic activity there is still fairly violent; and (4) The recent activity of Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone may be the main cause of the Zhangbei earthquake.     

张北—尚义地震区的壳幔构造

通过对河北张家口地区的深地震测深宽角反射／折射剖面资料的研究表明：近东西向的张北—崇礼地壳断裂带与北西西向的张家口—渤海地壳深断裂带在张北６２级地震区交汇。在这里延伸至莫霍面的地壳深断裂带和壳内界面的不连续处是汉诺坝大面积玄武岩溢出的通道。震区中上地壳内的局部速度逆转和下地壳内异常的低速带预示着岩浆活动仍较强烈。张家口—渤海地壳深断裂带近期活动可能是张北地震发生的主要因素     

Origin of andesite and its bearing on the Island arc structure

The hypothesis that andesite magmas originate from basalt magmas through fractionation is supported for the following reasons: 1) A close association of andesite and dacite with basalt in many volcanoes and a complete gradation in chemistry and mineralogy throughout this suite. 2) Formation of andesite magmas from basalt magmas by differentiation in situ of some intrusive and extrusive bodies. 3) Agreement between the calculated compositions of solid materials to be subtracted from basalt magmas to yield andesite magmas and the observed mineralogy of phenocrysts in these rocks. 4) Higher alkali contents in andesite and dacite associated with high-alumina basalt than in those associated with tholeiite. 5) A complete gradation from the high iron concentration trend of basalt magma fractionation (Skaergaard) to the low or noniron concentration trend (the calc-alkali series) which can be ascribed to the difference of the stage of magnetite crystallization. 6) Similarity between the orogenic rock suite and plateau basalts in the preferential eruption of magmas of middle fractionation stage, givin rise to the great volume of andesite in the orogenic belts and iron-rich basalt in the plateau lavas. Petrological and seismic refraction studies suggest that a great volume of gabbroic materials are present in the lower crust underneath the volcanic belts as a complementary material for the andesite lavas. The island arc structure would develop by repeated eruption of andesite on the surface and by thickening of the oceanic crust underneath the arc due to the addition of gabbroic materials. The suitable portion of the lower crust may be subjected to partial melting to produce granitic magma in the later stage of development of the arc, successively changing it to a part of the adjacent continent.     

Geochemical trends of sequential lava flows from Meseta volcano, Guatemala

The Meseta and Fuego volcanoes closely overlap and collectively are known as the Fuego Volcanic Complex. Historic activity occurs exclusively at Fuego, the southern center, and consists of high-Al basalts. Meseta, the inactive northern center, is predominantly composed of basaltic andesites with minor basalt and andesite. A thick sequence of lava flows and dikes is exposed by a steep collapse escarpment on the east flank of Meseta. The upper 75% of the sequence was sampled from three interfingering stratigraphic sections consisting of 27, 10 and 4 lavas, respectively. Temporal geochemical trends of each section indicates a complex evolutionary history. A major trend toward more evolved compositions upward in the section is consistent with crystal fractionation. This trend is sharply interrupted by the youngest lavas which become distinctly more mafic in composition. Magma mixing is apparently the dominant magmatic evolution process that generated these lavas. The two trends have distinct Sr signatures that suggest a change in parental magma compositions. This abrupt change in composition is interpreted to signal high input rates of mafic magma into the subvolcanic magma chamber. These changes eventually led to sector collapse of Meseta volcano and deposition of the Escuintla debris avalanche. Eruptive activity then migrated to the Fuego volcano where historic activity is similar to that of Meseta immediately prior to its collapse.     

The lesser antilles — A discussion of the Island arc magmatism

The active island arc of Lesser Antilles marks the junction between the Atlantic and Carribbean lithospheric plates. With the exception of the alkali basalts of Grenada, the volcanics of the arc can be regarded as belonging to the low-K, island arc, calc-alkaline suite. Although compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite have been described, porphyritic andesite appears to be the dominant rock type on most volcanoes (intermediate centers). Variable amounts of basalt and basaltic andesite occur and rarely predominate over andesite (latter are basic centers), whereas the more silicic members are only occasionally found. The calc-alkaline suite is characterized by relatively high Al₂O₃ and CaO and low K₂O, Rb and Ni. Variations, especially in the alkali elements, occur both with space and time. A characteristic feature of many of the volcanoes is the occurrence in the basalt and basaltic andesite volcanics of plutonic blocks, often showing cumulate textures. The blocks which ware composed of plagioclase — amphibole — olivine — clinopyroxene — magnetite are thought to be the products of fractionation. The differences between basic and intermediate centers is probably due to the frequency that the magma ascended to the surface or remained in high level chambers where fractionation occurred.