汶川8.0级地震陕西灾区震害特征分析

分析了汶川8.0级地震对陕西造成的灾害损失及震害特点。结合陕西灾区地震地质构造与区域环境背景,研究了陕西不同烈度区的震害特征和汶川地震在宝鸡市陈仓区和西安市市区形成的烈度异常破坏现象,并进一步探讨了防震减灾的相关问题。     

1990年6月14日苏联斋桑湖7.3级地震前富蕴地震窗的异常及其预报

一、前言 1990年6月14日20时47分,东经85°06′,北纬48°03′,苏联斋桑湖发生7.3级强烈地震。震中位于中苏交界地区的苏联境内,距新疆富蕴地震台334km。震前,笔者应用全国地震预报方法实用化攻关部分成果,对这次地震作了中期预报,根据富蕴窗小震频度异常提出了短期预报意见。 1990年6月1日,在新疆地震局月会商会上,以口头和书面形式提出:富蕴地震窗1990年5月小震频度为58次,系1977年有资料以来的最大异常,据此认为1990年6—9月,富蕴250km范围内可能发生6级左右地震。实际上1990年6月14日斋桑湖发生了7.3级地震,发     

中国内陆地震——西北三次强震破裂带考察

介绍了有关1931年8月11日新疆富蕴8.0级地震、1932年12月25日甘肃昌马7.5级地震和1937年1月7日青海托索湖7.5级地震的考察情况,包括对这三次内陆地震破裂带进行考察的目的及这些破裂带的特征;并指出,内陆破坏性大震是当前地震研究中的一个重要课题;最后提到,将这次考察的详细情况及所获得的重要资料已拍了电影和录象     

汶川8.0级地震绵竹市桥梁震害分析

汶川8.0级地震中桥梁破坏严重,根据现场调查资料对绵竹市公路桥梁的震害进行了分析。首先介绍了绵竹市地质地貌、烈度分布与桥梁的概况,然后对绵竹市桥梁震害进行统计和分析,介绍了几个典型的桥梁震害,最后给出结论和建议。     

芦山7.0级地震强震台仪器烈度与调查点烈度的对比分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震发生在龙门山断裂带南段,该地震是继汶川8.0级地震后的1次强震,但并非余震。文中利用2013年4月20日芦山地震的强震记录计算等效峰值加速度A0.5换算地震仪器烈度,并且将地震仪器烈度与强震台站周边5km内调查点烈度对比分析。结果表明,芦山地震的仪器烈度与周边调查点烈度吻合度58.6%,且偏差不超过1度。然而,即使宏观烈度相同,观测地面运动参数也存在较大离散度。但在缺少现场调查的震后初期,地震仪器烈度有可能为地震烈度范围判断提供定量的参考指标。     

对1931年新疆富蕴地震断裂带及构造运动特征的初步认识

本文对1931年8月11日富蕴8.0级地震造成的地震断裂带作了较详细的叙述,探讨了发震构造及其新构造运动特征。地震断裂带是在北北西向的可可托海-二台断裂的基础上发展的,南端已超出老断裂范围。全长170公里,总体走向北西342°,断裂面多向北东倾斜,倾角70°左右。从地震断裂的组合形式及山脊、冲沟错动情况,显示出水平运动为主的右旋扭动特征。富蕴8.0级大地震是可可托海-二台断裂新活动的体现,无论在区域受力状况,断裂力学性质和运动方式等方面,都具有强裂的继承性活动特征     

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震发生在自有历史记录以来从未发生过7级地震、自1657年汶川6.5级地震后,最近300多年来一直处于大震平静状态的龙门山逆冲断裂带上,具有震源浅、烈度高、影响范围广、破坏极为严重的特点.     

富蕴地震断裂带研究中的~(14)C年代学应用

富蕴地震断裂带位于新疆北部阿尔泰地区,它继承性地发展了可可托海——二台断裂,于1931年8月发生富蕴8.0级地震。断裂带内古地震及断层活动遗迹保存良好,对地震研究。有着极其重要的价值,因此引起了中外学者的关注。目前,人们试图利用地层年代配合野外证据,研究和推断断层活动及古地震重复周期。本文将利用所获得的~(14)C 年代数据,确定该地区全新世地层的年代,并对全新世以来,断层的活动年代进行一些粗略的探讨,为研究断裂的重复周期提供一些资料。     

汶川8.0级地震甘肃灾区震害特点及恢复重建对策

通过对2008年四川汶川8.0级特大地震对甘肃省破坏特点的综合分析, 阐述了本次地震震区环境背景情况,给出了汶川8.0级地震甘肃灾区地震烈度分布图,揭示了各烈度区的特征以及部分重灾县不同结构类型房屋的震害情况,较为全面地分析了本次地震的震害特点,归纳总结了汶川地震后甘肃灾区面临的形势,提出了震后防灾减灾恢复重建对策.     

土层结构对汉源烈度异常的影响

汶川MS8.0大地震在远离震中近200 km的汉源县县城产生了高烈度异常, 其原因比较复杂．为了分析土层结构对汶川大地震中汉源县老县城高烈度异常的影响, 在汉源县城震害科学考察基础上, 依据地震烈度异常的分布情况, 在背后山滑坡前缘地带布设5个工程地质勘察钻孔, 获得了汉源县老县城场地土层结构资料．在现场测试和室内试验的基础上, 给出了汉源县老县城场地各层土体动力学参数．本文利用汶川地震九襄强震台的强震记录, 结合其台站的场地资料反演给出了汉源县老县城的基岩地震动时程, 作为地震反应分析的基岩输入地震动．在此基础上利用土层地震反应一维等效线性方法对汉源县老县城场地进行了地震反应分析, 并将计算所得结果与Ⅵ度区其它强震台站获得的强震记录进行比较．研究结果表明, 汉源县老县城土层结构对地震动的放大作用导致地表地震动异常, 是汉源县老县城高烈度异常的主要原因之一．      

1994年9月16日台湾海峡南部7.3级地震概况综述

１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡南部发生了７．３级强烈地震，这是自１９１８年以来该地区发生的最强烈的一次地震。本文综述了这次地震的概况，内容包括：震源参数、地震烈度、地震活动序列、震这情况、人员死亡情况、地震地质情况、震害特征以及经验和教训。     

汶川M_S 8.0特大地震破坏特征初步研究

2008年5月12日的汶川8.0级特大地震造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。地震现场考察认为:极震区烈度为Ⅺ度,表现为强烈的带状分布,且破坏很重,地震破坏在垂直于断裂的方向上衰减非常快;Ⅹ度区和Ⅸ度区垂直于断裂的方向上极窄,Ⅹ度区和Ⅸ度区偏小;烈度在断层两侧迅速衰减,但Ⅵ度、Ⅶ度区的影响范围非常大,Ⅵ度区的影响范围约24万km2。垂直于断裂的方向上南部破坏范围在Ⅵ度区远大于北部地区。在不同烈度区均出现了大量的烈度异常点。对各类建(构)筑物、地貌、地形的破坏类型、破坏方式均有了新的认识     

A STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF LINFEN M7(3/4) EARTHQUAKE IN 1695

A magnitude 7(3/4) earthquake happened in Linfen, Shanxi, on May 18, 1965(the 34th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi). In the Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes, the epicenter of this earthquake is located at the northwest of Zhangli Village of Xiangfen County and Dongkang Village of Yaodu District, Linfen City(36.0°N, 111.5°E), and the epicentral intensity is Ⅹ. It was inferred by previous studies that Guojiazhuang Fault is the seismogenic structure of the earthquake. In this paper, in cooperation with the Archives of Linfen City and Earthquake Administration of Linfen, the author looked up in details the first-hand materials of the earthquake damage to the ancient town of Linfen and its surrounding areas, and based on this, drew the isoseismals of the earthquake. Through discussions with relevant experts, we consider that it would be more appropriate that the location of the macroscopic epicenter of this earthquake is in Donguan area of the ancient town of Linfen, the epicentral intensity is Ⅺ, and the major axis of the isoseismals is in NWW. Later, in the implementation of "Linfen city active fault detection and seismic risk evaluation", we found two earthquake fault outcrops near the macroscopic epicentral area of the 1695 Linfen earthquake. Shallow seismic exploration lines and drill rows perpendicular to the strike of the fault outcrops were arranged to implement the exploration. The results demonstrate that the right-lateral stepover composed of Guojiazhuang Fault and Liucun Fault, together with the Luoyunshan Fault(Longci segment), were involved in the 1695 Linfen earthquake, the intersection of the faults is the microscopic epicenter of the earthquake, and the above-mentioned three faults are the seismogenic structure of the earthquake. In addition, the seismic geological remains in this region(landslides, earthquake ground cracks, sand emitting channels, etc.) are mainly distributed on the hanging wall of the Guojiazhuang Fault, this proves from another perspective that the earthquake remains is the product of activity of Guojiazhuang Fault in 1695.     

结合天然地震推导水库地震的建筑物易损性

通过类比的方法,选择有现场调查资料并有建筑物破坏比结果的天然地震,基于地震中建筑物震害表现的一致性,以震级、震源深度和极震区烈度为标准,聚类得到与水库地震震害相似的天然地震震例。考虑到宏观经济水平与地震经济损失已有的统计模型,采用了人口密度、人均GDP和三产比例等3个宏观经济指标来反映不同地区的建筑物总体抗震水平,以加权海明(Hamming)距离来定义已知矩阵与目标矩阵的近似度,最终的加权结果即为待求地区的易损性矩阵。通过实际检验,所得的建筑物易损性关系能够反映水库地震的破坏特点,较中强天然地震的易损性要高。这种工作思路也可以用于水库地震其它方面的研究中     

SEISMIC INTENSITY EVALUATION MODEL IN MEIZOSEISMAL AREA BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH

China is the country with the challenge of severe earthquake disaster. In order to mitigate the disaster and save lives, emergency response and rescue work after an earthquake are deployed and led by the Chinese governments at all level, the effectiveness of which has been proved. In such work, how to quickly evaluate the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is a crucial issue at the early period after the earthquake. It is the foundation to estimate the disaster losses and decide the scale of rescue teams and materials. However, at the early period only a few physical parameters of the earthquake can be acquired and some of them may even be inaccurate. An evaluation model of seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is investigated and presented by statistic method in this study. After an earthquake there are four authoritative parameters officially released by China Earthquake Administration generally within ten minutes:earthquake magnitude (M_S), focal depth, latitude and longitude position, and the occurrence time. They are good candidate input parameters of the evaluation model. We collect the information of 215 historical earthquake occurring in China from 1966 to 2013, including:The four parameters and the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area. Through statistical analysis we find the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area has high correlation with the earthquake magnitude (M_S) and the focal depth and then select them as the formal input parameters. After further investigation a generalized linear model is built to fit the relationship between the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area, earthquake magnitude (M_S) and the focal depth. The effectiveness of the model is validated by the Sig value and F value from theoretic perspective. The validation also includes the application of the model in real earthquakes occurring from 2014 to 2017. After the earthquakes, the seismic intensities in meizoseismal area have been quickly estimated and used in the command of national earthquake disaster emergency relief. The applications in real earthquakes get good results. Finally, the robustness of the model is analyzed. We respectively verify the influences of the earthquake magnitude (M_S) and the focal depth and find the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is more sensitive to the earthquake magnitude. Under the condition of the same focal depth, when the change of the earthquake magnitude is up to 0.5, the change of the seismic intensity will reach to 1. However, in order to cause same change of the seismic intensity, the difference of the focal depth will be 10 kilometers. Basically, these changes derived from the model meet the situation of historical earthquakes.     

RESEARCH ON EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY MAPPING METHOD BASED ON TEMPLATE MATCH

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue are important ways to mitigate earthquake-induced losses. Various earthquake emergency maps can provide effective references and guidance to those actions. Currently, related studies include the investigation on symbols of emergency maps, remote sensing emergency mapping and GIS-based mapping methods. However, the existing studies overlook the characteristics of rapidity, dynamicity and variety of presentation methods in making earthquake emergency maps. In this paper, a map template matching method is used to quickly make earthquake emergency maps considering their characteristics. We take investigations on the service objects(users)of the earthquake emergency maps to understand the needs of making earthquake emergency maps. The audience theory in mass media field and map information transmission theory are adopted to classify the users of the earthquake emergency maps into four categories: earthquake emergency commanders, technical staffs for decision-making, earthquake emergency rescuers, and the public. The components of different types of users are described and then their diverse demands in earthquake emergency maps are analyzed, such as the needs of on-field disaster information maps, earthquake information maps, physical geography and social economic maps. Following those needs, we introduce the representation methods of the earthquake emergency maps according to their formats(vector or raster)and contents, such as point symbolization method, kilometer grid method, line symbolization method and range method. Then, we study the rapid plotting method of earthquake emergency map based on map template matching method. The core steps of the method include: 1)before earthquake, the templates of different earthquake emergency maps are designed, prepared and connect the earthquake emergency features with their related spatial database. The map layout and map elements are stored in the templates. 2)After earthquake, the earthquake emergency features will be generated from seismic models(such as attenuation model of earthquake magnitude and seismic intensity)or the information obtained from field investigation. 3)Corresponding earthquake emergency map template is selected in accordance with the generated seismic features. And the features are used to update related features inside the selected template. 4)Minor adjustments are made such as to the map scale and some map annotations to finally generate the formal earthquake emergency map. Architecture of template system of the earthquake emergency maps is designed, including map user level, map template level, template layer level and map element level. Regrading to the architecture, the general map template of earthquake emergency is presented which includes four main regions: title region, main picture region, auxiliary region and annotation region. The main picture region is the essential, which lays geographic background maps and earthquake emergency features. Finally, an earthquake emergency mapping system is developed. Based on the system, a case study is presented, which demonstrates making a simulated seismic intensity influence map. From three aspects, the case presents the application of the template-matching method including: generating earthquake emergency features, substituting the features inside the template with the generated features, and revising map annotations. Therefore, the map template matching method is verified so that it can be used to quickly generate various earthquake emergency maps.     

RESEARCH ON SELF-MEDIA INFORMATION MINING MODEL FOR EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY RESPONSE

From the events of catastrophic natural disasters that have occurred in recent years, it can be found that social media platforms are increasingly becoming the most important and most convenient way for the general public to timely release and obtain information on disasters. The information obtained from such platforms contains a large amount of information in the form of texts, pictures, etc. that record the current situation of the disaster. And it also has characteristics of high efficiency and high spatial distribution to serve the rapid emergency after the earthquake. In this paper, we firstly make a statistical analysis of 32 689 pieces of historical disaster data acquired from 5 earthquakes with obvious characteristics, such as post-earthquake disaster events, user's expression habits and so on, and adopts cross-validation method. Then information classification system which includes seven first-level categories and more than 50 second-level categories is constructed. The information classification system and evaluation system of crisis degree for post-earthquake emergency response are constructed both using cross-validation method. The former is referred to the thought of existing classification basis and the experience knowledge of several emergency experts. Based on the five indicators of subject word, action word, degree word, time and position measurement, an evaluation system of critically with four levels of severity, moderate intensity, mildness and others was constructed. Considering the sparse features of self-media information and the large difference in the number of training sets, a naive Bayes model for information classification is trained based on the classification system and evaluation system. Its accuracy rate is 73.6%. At the same time, the classification method of feature fusion of machine learning model and semantic calculation model is used to evaluate the criticality of the disaster information. The accuracy rate of the evaluation model is 89.2%, higher than 85.2% of the semantic computing model and 77% of the naive Bayesian model. The evaluation model has combined the advantages of semantic computing method which can evaluate all index features with machine learning method which has high classification efficiency and accuracy. The thresholds for classification between mild and moderate intensity, moderate intensity and severe intensity were 15.2 and 27.39. The model realized in this paper can crawl, classify and evaluate the disaster information in the media in real time after an earthquake, and realizes mining of a small amount of critical and important information from the massive self-media information, thus, to assist in earthquake intensity rapid reporting and accurate rescue. Finally, taking the Jiuzhaigou earthquake on August 8, 2017 as an example, 17 432 pieces of data were crawled in real time within 48 hours after the earthquake. At the same time, based on ArcGIS, the mining information is visualized in time and space, and the availability of the data is evaluated from two perspectives of earthquake intensity quick reporting and accurate rescue after the earthquake. The disaster information of Jiuzhaigou County in the earthquake area is obviously more than that of the non-earthquake area in terms of quantity and emergency degree. The results show that the self-media information with high spatial distribution can effectively find the severer disaster grade area after the earthquake, shorten the time of earthquake intensity prediction, effectively classify and extract information, provide real-time information for precise rescue, and improve the efficiency of emergency response after the earthquake.     

新疆伊犁喀什河断裂带分段性研究

据两种关系,即1812年尼勒克8级地震产生的地表破裂与断裂破裂的对应关系和地震最高烈度与破裂延伸烈度区间的关系,同时考虑古地震研究成果和现代地震活动特征,对喀什河断裂带进行了破裂分段性研究,将喀什河断裂带以博尔博松为界分为东、西两段,东段长220 km以上,西段长290 km。研究表明,东段目前处于1812年尼勒克8级地震以后的地震活动相对平静期,在未来的时间里喀什河断裂带西段可能是大震活动的主要区段。     

乾安-前郭5.0级地震的构造背景分析

乾安—前郭Ms5.0级地震是吉林省40年来发生的最大一次中强地震。本文从地震烈度考察、地震活动性分析、地震地质条件等方面综合分析了此次地震发生的构造背景并对此次地震成因进行了探讨。     

2016年尚义M_S 4.0地震震害特征及发震构造分析

阐述张家口市尚义M_S 4.0地震构造背景、地震活动特征,总结地震应急调查成果,介绍极震区震感现象和分布范围。通过对地震现场调查点和电话调查点的烈度评定,确定极震区的影响烈度为Ⅴ度,圈定地震等烈度分布区域,同时修正观测仪器震中位置。结合本次地震的宏观烈度分布、震源机制和震区卫星影像的线性构造解释等资料,讨论本次地震的孕震构造和发震断层。