海洋褐藻胶生产废水的絮凝-氧化处理研究

使用新型高效的絮凝剂Xp，对海洋褐藻胶生产废水进行絮凝，催化氧化处理试验，确定了絮凝剂Xp的最佳使用条件，催化氧化时间和氧化剂用量，结果表明，经本工艺处理后，废水中主要污染物CODcr的去除率达到83．9％，处理后的废水基本达到国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978－1996）限定的二级标准。     

响应曲面法优化电化学氧化处理染料废水工艺参数的研究

采用响应曲面分析中的Box-Behnken设计法,以电流密度、初始pH值、氯化钠浓度和反应时间为实验因素,以电化学氧化处理酸性粒子元青染料废水过程中的TOC去除率和能耗为响应值,通过响应曲面法结合优化期望函数得出电化学氧化最优效能的工艺参数。结果表明,分析得出的TOC去除率与反应能耗的多元二次回归模型均达到显著并有很好的相关性。电化学氧化最优工艺参数为电流密度55mA/cm~2,初始pH值为6,氯化钠浓度0.15mol/L,反应时间120min,在此条件下,TOC去除率为80.20%,能耗为19.85kWh/g(TOC),预测值与实际值之间的相对误差分别为2.2%与4.6%。表明此方法可用于优化电化学氧化处理染料废水工艺参数,为实际工程应用中制定高效节能的处理方案提供参考。     

用于海水脱硫恢复系统的电化学-化学复合氧化方法探讨

本文将聚丙烯腈基碳纤维(PAN-CF)刷电极用于海水脱硫电化学辅助恢复系统,研究不同初始pH、不同刷电极组合方式、一次海水掺混量、停留时间和二次海水掺混量等参数,在电化学-化学复合氧化和单独化学曝气处理时对SO2-3氧化效率和排水pH值的影响。结果表明,PAN-CF刷电极对SO2-3具有显著的电催化活性,电化学氧化效率与初始pH(3~6)值无关,而化学氧化则在pH增加时氧化效率升高。在一次掺混比2∶1时,相比于单独化学氧化处理4 min的结果(SO2-3氧化效率仅为88%),采用电化学-化学复合氧化处理2min后SO2-3氧化效率已达91.2%,而后再化学曝气处理2min可使SO2-3氧化效率达到95%,海水的pH值提升到6.04。因此,复合氧化比单独化学曝气处理更易形成有利的二次掺混条件,使二次掺混比低至0.5∶1时,pH、溶解氧和SO2-3浓度就可达到排放标准。     

竹环填料生物滤器在两种海水鱼养殖废水处理中的运行效果及微生物群落分析

以点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricas)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)养殖排放水为处理对象,在生产现场研究了竹环填料生物滤器处理高盐度、低氨氮负荷海水养殖废水的运行效果以及挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段微生物群落变化规律。结果表明,点带石斑鱼养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.93～1.33 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到27%～39%,挂膜时间需45 d;半滑舌鳎养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.38～0.52 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到20%～30%,挂膜时间需65 d。另外,对生物滤器挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段的氨氧化细菌数量和亚硝酸氧化细菌数量进行了统计,氨氧化细菌的数量在点带石斑鱼和半滑舌鳎养殖排放水处理系统中分别达到104～105 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,亚硝酸氧化细菌数量则分别达到104 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,并分析了温度、进水氨氮负荷、反硝化作用对半滑舌鳎养殖废水生物滤器亚硝酸盐积累现象的影响。     

输海污水中大豆加工业废水的絮凝法处理实验研究

输海污水中含有大量的有机废物,很多来源于大豆加工废水。文章研究了絮凝法对大豆加工废水的处理情况。无机低分子絮凝剂用量大但处理效果一般,无机高分子絮凝剂用量少而且处理效果很好,而其中聚合硫酸铁的处理效果最理想。在室温条件下,调节废水pH值至7时,PFS的最佳投加量是2.5g/L,蛋白质去除率可达60%,絮凝反应时的操作条件是快速搅拌(150rpm左右)1min,之后慢速搅拌(50rpm左右)5min。     

利用混凝沉淀法处理喷粉工艺中的磷化废水

进行了用混凝沉淀法处理喷粉工艺中磷化废水的试验研究。结果表明,在原水中SS为90-400mg/L,COD为150-400mg/L。在水温15℃、pH为9.0-10.0、搅拌时间为3-5min、PAM投加量为5mg/L/CaCl2投加量为200mg/L的条件下,SS和COD的最大去除率可分别达到90%和75%。     

纳米SnO2光催化剂的制备及其在养殖废水处理中的应用

以五水合四氯化锡为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备了纳米SnO₂光催化剂,采用电子显微镜和X光衍射仪对粉体的粒径、物象和形貌等进行了表征,对比分析了自制纳米SnO₂对于养殖废水中氨氮的光催化降解情况。研究结果表明催化剂投加量、废水中氨氮初始质量浓度、溶液pH值和H₂O₂质量浓度均是影响氨氮催化氧化去除效果的重要因素。通过正交实验确定了SnO₂光催化剂氧化的优化反应条件:SnO₂投加量为1.2 g/L,氨氮初始质量浓度为40 mg/L,pH值为8.0,H₂O₂质量浓度为1.0 g/L,催化时间为2 h时,去除率可达72%。     

絮凝法强化大生活用海水一级处理研究

研究了无机絮凝剂石灰、硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁和氯化铁单独使用及其与有机高分子絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）配合使用时强化大生活用海水一级处理的效果，结果表明，无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂配合使用时有很好的强化效果，COD去除率最高达61%，且对SS和BOD也有一定的去除效果。     

污水污泥对染料废水的吸附脱色性能研究

为探讨污泥的资源化利用和开发新型的染料废水吸附剂 ,在对污水污泥吸附处理染料废水的工艺条件进行优化的基础上 ,得到污水污泥对 3种染料 (中性橙、中性黑BL ,元青 )的最大吸附量及其吸附类型。结果表明 ,污泥焙烧温度、废水pH值和吸附时间对吸附效果有影响 ,而废水温度的变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变。在最佳工艺条件 (污泥经 40 0℃焙烧 ,废水pH值为 1,吸附时间为 3 0min ,水温为 3 0℃ )下 ,3种染料废水的脱色率均达到 98% ,其最大吸附量都在 2 9mg·g-1左右 ,与活性炭的效果相当 ,而高于其它种类的吸附剂。焙烧后的污泥对中性黑BL的吸附符合Langmuir方程 ,对中性橙和元青的吸附符合Henry方程。焙烧污泥的优良脱色性能使其在染料废水处理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

胶印含铬废水化学处理工艺条件应用研究

实验研究了胶印含铬废水化学处理的方法及工艺条件。经化学法处理 ,Cr( )和总 Cr的浓度均能达到国家工业污水排放标准 ;研究结果表明 ,废水中 Cr( )还原成 Cr( )的反应 ,还原剂 Na HSO3 投加量应是 Cr( )重量的 7倍以上 ;Cr(OH) 3 的沉淀反应的适宜 p H范围在 7.5～ 8.5 ,以 p H 8.0时为最佳 ;Cr(OH) 3 的沉淀反应的搅拌时间应在 2 0 min以上为宜 ;沉淀反应的烘干沉渣量为废水总 Cr量的 11倍。该实验研究结果可为含铬废水化学处理法的工艺设计提供理论依据     

钛(Ⅳ)催化极谱的研究——应用于天然水中痕量钛的测定

(一)仪器 SJP-1A型示波极谱仪(浙江丽水无线电厂),阳极为饱和甘汞电极.毛细管特性:在蒸馏水中m=0.63毫克/秒,t=7.3秒,汞柱高度52厘米.(二)试剂 全部试剂均采用二级试剂,溶液均用重蒸馏水配制.     

Wastewater tariffs in Thailand

Wastewater is one of the most serious environmental problems in Thailand. The major source of water pollution in the country is domestic wastewater discharge. The need for the provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities has long been identified by Central Government as a part of its efforts to protect the environment and well being of the population. Implementation of wastewater treatment projects over the past decades was driven by Central Government because of its technical knowhow and capacity to provide funding. However, when these facilities were handed over to local government authorities to operate and maintain, the concerned government agency had difficulty to manage the facilities in a sustainable manner due to inadequate planning, budgeting and ownership. They were unprepared technically as well as financially to deal with the duties imposed on them. Currently, the Thai Government is in the process of constructing 95% of wastewater treatment plants all over the country. The polluter pay principle (PPP) was introduced to justify the adoption of wastewater tariffs as an alternative source for funding the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment facilities. The Government in the past adopted a passive role with regard to the introduction of wastewater tariffs. Since the enactment of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535 (1992), more administrative measures become available, including the implementation of tariff system for schemes funded under the Environment Fund. However there are still political and social obstacles in the introduction of effective, sustainable funding of wastewater facilities, including the perceived low willingness of beneficiaries to pay for wastewater services and the general unwillingness of the water supply sector to combine collection and billing of charges for water supply and the wastewater services. As this concept is new to the Thai Government, it is not yet widely applied. Currently there are only 3 out of 95 local government authorities utilizing the wastewater tariffs and a few more are working toward this end.This paper investigates the application of wastewater tariffs based on the pollution pay principle.     

Field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water

This paper reports a study of the field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water at Bari East (Italy). A wastewater sea outfall system is an integral and fundamental part of each wastewater treatment with ultimate sink in the sea water. The design of a water treatment plant and wastewater outfall must take into account the use of the environmental water, the values of physicochemical parameters to be respected in order to safeguard the use itself and the quality of the environmental water where wastewater is issued. In the present study measurements of sea current velocity components were carried out with a VM-ADP (Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler). Salinity, wind directions and velocities were assessed with, for one survey, the total faecal coliforms and other biochemical parameters. It was emphasized that the measurements necessary for monitoring cannot be concentrated in the wastewater outfall pipe zone only, but should be extended to a neighbouring area of the outfall pipe, with an extension depending on the wastewater discharge, the polluting charge and the magnitude of the sea currents and the winds typical of the zone of interest. The analyses presented in this paper confirm that the sea zones close to the wastewater outfall pipe are particularly sensitive and vulnerable. Such results must be considered in the planning of a wastewater outfall pipe.     

Method for determining stable isotope ratios of dissolved organic carbon in interstitial and other natural marine waters

A procedure is described for the analysis of the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters from marine and higher-salinity environments. Rapid (less than 5 min) and complete oxidation of DOC is achieved using a modification of previous photochemical oxidation techniques. The CO₂ evolved from DOC oxidation can be collected in less than 10 min for isotopic analysis. The procedure is at present suitable for oxidation and collection of 1–5 μmol of carbon and has an associated blank of 0.1–0.2 μmol of carbon.Complete photochemical oxidation of DOC standards was demonstrated by quantitative recovery of CO₂ as measured manometrically. Isotopic analyses of standards by photochemical and high-temperature sealed-tube combustion methods agreed to within 0.3.. Photochemical oxidation of DOC in a representative sediment pore-water sample was also quantitative, as shown by the excellent agreement between the photochemical and sealed-tube methods. The δ¹³C values obtained for pore-water DOC using the two methods of oxidation were identical, suggesting that the modified photochemical method is adequate for the isotopically non-fractionated oxidation of pore-water DOC.The procedure was evaluated through an analysis of DOC in pond and pore waters from a hypersaline microbial mat environment. Concentrations of DOC in the water column over the mat displayed a diel pattern, but the isotopic composition of this DOC remained relatively constant (average δ¹³C = −12.4.). Pore-water DOC exhibited a distinct concentration maximum in the mat surface layer, and δ¹³C of pore-water DOC was nearly 8. lighter at 1.5–2.0-cm depth than in the mat surface layer (0–0.5-cm depth). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in elucidating differences in DOC concentration and δ¹³C over biogeochemically relevant spatial and temporal scales. Carbon isotopic analysis of DOC in natural waters, especially pore waters, should be a useful probe of biogeochemical processes in recent environments.     

The effects of wastewater discharges on the functioning of a small temporarily open/closed estuary

Wastewater discharges affect the functioning of small temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) through two main mechanisms: (1) they can significantly change the water balance by altering the quantity of water inflows, and (2) they can significantly change the nutrient balance and hence the water quality. This study investigated the bio-physical responses of a typical, small TOCE on the east coast of South Africa, the Mhlanga Estuary. This estuary receives significant inflows of treated effluent from upstream wastewater treatment works. Water and nutrient budgets were used together with biological sampling to investigate changes in the functioning of the system. The increase in inflows due to the effluent discharges has significantly increased the mouth breaching frequency. Furthermore, when the mouth closes, the accumulation of nutrients leads to eutrophication and algal blooms. A grey water index, namely the proportion of effluent in the estuary and an indicator of the additional nutrient inputs into the estuary, reached high values (?50%) during low flow regimes and when the mouth was closed. In these hyper-eutrophic conditions (DIN and DIP concentrations up to 457 μM and 100 μM respectively), field measurements showed that algal blooms occurred within about 14 days following closure of the mouth (chlorophyll-a concentrations up to 375 mg chl-a m⁻³). Water and nutrient balance simulations for alternative scenarios suggest that further increases in wastewater discharges would result in more frequent breaching events and longer open mouth conditions, but the occurrence of hyper-eutrophic conditions would initially intensify despite more frequent openings. The study indicates how water and nutrient balance simulations can be used in the planning and impact assessment of wastewater treatment facilities.     

船舶压载水的生物入侵分析

船舶压载水的转运和排放是水生生物入侵的重要途径。为保障我国海洋生态和水产养殖安全,文章基于我国航运大国地位,介绍船舶压载水排放带来的生物入侵及其相关国际标准和法律规定,并对我国船舶压载水监管提出建议。研究结果表明:由船舶压载水引起的生物入侵主要包括浮游生物和微生物;目前国际对于船舶压载水排放主要执行D-2标准,很多国家均以法律手段对船舶压载水进行监管;我国在加快船舶压载水立法的同时,应加强基础数据研究、制定统一的规范标准和扩展关注领域。     

Devenir des virus entériques en mer et influence des facteurs environnementaux

To improve the knowledge of the survival of enteric viruses in a marine environment, the influence of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, UV, salinity) on the survival of infectious poliovirus 1 and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in seawater was first studied, the influence of suspended solids (SS) on poliovirus adsorption and survival in seawater was then evaluated and the detection of rotavirus genome in environmental samples (shellfish, river water, treated wastewater) was finally investigated. The results show that temperature has a major impact on virus survival in seawater as the time necessary to inactivate 90 % of the virus (T₉₀) is 671 days at 4 °C and only 25 days at 25 °C. Ultraviolet light (42 mW s cm⁻²) rapidly inactivates viruses but HAV is more resistant (T₉₀ = 2.6 min) than the poliovirus 1 (T₉₀ = 1.3 min). By contrast, seawater salinity has no effect on virus survival. In presence of SS, 90 % to 99.9 % of the viruses were adsorbed. This adsorption does not provide any protection for viruses with low SS concentrations (3 and 15 mg L⁻¹) but a slight increase in virus survival was observed with a high SS concentration (500 mg L⁻¹). Finally environmental sample analysis indicated that 20 % shellfish, about 40 % river water and 40 % treated wastewater tested positive for the rotavirus genome.     

Measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sea water by high temperature combustion method

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the largest organic carbon reservoir in sea water and plays an imporrant role in the marine carbon cycle and other biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Accurate and precise determinalion of the bOC concentration in sea water is thus a prerequisite for any interpretation of DOC biogeochemistry. A key factor in analytical quality control is an accurate determination of the blank. The assessment and distinction of DOC blanks are essential for the precise measurements of oceanic DOC. The total DOC blank includes instrument and water blanks in the high temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) method. DOC can be measured accurately using the HTCO method only when the instrument blank is correctly distinguished from the total DOC blank and corrected in the sample measurements. Low DOC blanks can be achieved by extensive conditioning of new catalysts and the whole instrument system, whereas instrument blanks can be quantified by subtracting the water blank from the total DOC blank. We have been able to produce low carbon nanopure water [≤2μmol/dm³(C)] and have a low instrumental blank [< 5-6 μmol/dm³(C)] when using the HTCO method. Results of concentrations and distributions of DOC in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic are oceanographically consistent. Results from DOC measurements on samples from the international DOC methods comparison program further confirmed our low values of both nenopure water and the instrument blank.     

Resistance to UV and persulphate oxidation of dissolved organic carbon produced by selected marine phytoplankton

We describe an investigation into the reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), produced from marine algae, to conventional persulphate and ultraviolet (UV) oxidation methods. Marine algae were grown in batch culture in the presence of ¹⁴C bicarbonate and filtered samples of the phytoplankton dissolved organic carbon (PDOC) were oxidized with persulphate and UV techniques. The amount of fixed label found in solution after the oxidation procedures was compared with the initial amount of labelled DOC. Marine algae examined in this way included: the diatoms, Chaetoceros gracilis, Skeletonema costatum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum; the flagellate, Isochrysis galbana; and the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus strain DC2. It was found that 5–18% of the DOC produced by these phytoplankton resisted persulphate oxidation. Samples were also measured for their resistance to UV oxidation by an autoanalyzer method. It was found that 15–27% of these samples resisted UV oxidation. However, 95% of PDOC was oxidized after exposure for 6 h to high intensity UV irradiation using a variable exposure time system. P. tricornutum and Synechococcus PDOC samples were ultrafiltered into low molecular weight (< 10 000 Da) and colloidal (> 10 000 Da) size fractions. Both species produced mainly (> 68%) low molecular weight material. Slightly greater resistance to persulphate oxidation was generally found for the colloidal Synechococcus PDOC (15–22%) than for the low molecular weight material (14–17%). However, the opposite was found for the P. tricornutum PDOC which generally showed less resistance for the colloidal fraction (5–12%) than for the low molecular weight fraction (10–15%).Experiments were also conducted to determine the effects of short-term (days) and long-term (months) ageing of PDOC solutions in the presence of microbial populations from coastal seawater. Long-term ageing decreased the amount of PDOC that resisted oxidation in all cases. However, the fraction of PDOC resisting persulphate oxidation increased by small amounts over a short-term experiment. Increased resistance was attributed to preferential degradation of biologically and chemically labile components of PDOC by bacteria.The percentages of phytoplankton-produced (and microbially aged) DOC found in this study to resist UV or persulphate oxidation were low (5–27%), compared with those values (50–65%) reported for DOC in surface seawater on the basis of recent high temperature catalytic oxidation analyses.