中等主应力变化引起的岩石破坏与地震

用真三轴试验机对福田花岗岩和山口大理岩进行了实验研究.表明,如果从一定的应力状态开始,保持最大主应力和最小主应力不变,单独改变中等主应力可以引起岩石的破坏.在这种情况下破坏前声发射率急剧增长的前兆比由最大主应力增加引起岩石破坏时的声发射前兆出现晚得多.联系这一现象对中等主应力变化引起地震的可能性进行了探讨.      

不同应力途径三轴压缩下岩石的声发射

在不同加载方式的三轴实验中,观测了济南辉长岩和北京昌平花岗岩的声发射(围压达1.3千巴).当最大主应力增加使岩样破坏时(A型),平均声发射率逐渐增加,离破裂强度约几百巴时声发射急剧增多.而当岩石处于一定的高应力状态,通过减小围压使岩样破坏时(B型),声发射的急剧增加仅出现在离破裂差应力20-30巴的情况下,而且这种破裂过程声发射总数只有 A 型的1/3左右.在 B 型加载情况下,从应力场的球张量部分(流体静压力)来看,是一个卸载过程,而从偏张量部分来看,是一个加载过程.这种卸载过程的存在很可能是造成声发射不同特征的主要原因.      

不同应力变化过程岩石的声发射q值

在单轴应力条件下对不同应力变化过程岩石的声发射b值或m值进行了研究。所用的岩石为济南辉长岩和房山大理岩。实验的方式有三种:(1)重复加载实验;(2)递增加载实验;(3)应力增减实验。实验表明,应力减小过程的声发射b值比应力增加过程的声发射b值低。重复加载时声发射率显著下降但声发射b值变比不大,声发射b值对岩石的应力历史的记忆效应也不及声发射率的记忆效应明显。     

不同围压条件下花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射时序特征

在室温、围压 50— 60 0MPa范围内 ,采用以Pb为围压介质的三轴实验装置 ,对花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射序列特征进行的研究表明 ,花岗岩强度随围压增加而增大 .低围压下 ,样品破坏时系统不失稳 ,破裂前后声发射稀少且时间分布较为随机 .随围压的增高 ,样品破坏时系统失稳 ,随后出现粘滑 ;声发射出现时间随围压增加而提前 .以破坏时应力降发生时间为界 ,一个显著的特征是破前声发射累积数随时间指数增长 ,增长速率随围压增加而加快 ;而破后各粘滑段的声发射累积数随时间却呈线性增长 .声发射b值随围压增加有减小的趋势 .声发射序列时间结构的 f(α) α谱研究表明 ,其多分形性质主要决定于时间密集特征 ,标度指数α的分布范围随围压增加有减小的趋势 .粘滑过程中 ,应力降幅度、应力降释放率及粘滑事件时间间隔均随围压增加而增大。     

不同结构岩石标本声发射b值和频谱的时间扫描及其物理意义

对几种不同结构的岩石标本在变形过程中声发射b值和频谱随时间的变化特征进行了对比研究 ,其中包括完整花岗岩标本、含有天然愈合节理的花岗岩标本、含有拉张型和挤压型雁列式断层以及平直断层的标本等。研究表明 ,声发射b值和频谱的特征不仅会受标本结构的影响 ,而且在同一标本的不同变形阶段也可能表现出不同的特征 ,其机制与变形方式以破裂为主或以摩擦为主有关。当变形以破裂为主时 ,声发射b值和频谱在失稳前会出现明显的下降 ;当变形以摩擦为主时 ,声发射b值和频谱在失稳前变化相对较小 ,且上升或下降均可能出现。实验结果意味着b值和频谱特征作为失稳前兆 ,在不同的构造环境下可能会有不同的特征 ,而强震孕震区内不同断裂构造的存在会造成前兆时空分布的非均匀性     

不同围压条件下花岗变形破坏过程中的声发射时序特征

在室温、围压５０－６００ＭＰａ范围内,采用以Ｐｂ为转压介质的三轴实验装置,对花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射序列特征进行的研究表明,花岗岩强度随围压增加而增大。低围压下,样品破坏时系统不失稳,破裂前后声发射稀少且时间分布较为随机。随围压的增高,样品破坏时系统失稳,随后出现粘滑;声发射出现时间随围压增加而提前。以破坏时应力降发生时间为界,一个显著的特征是破前声发射累积数随时间指数增长,增长速率随围压增加     

花岗岩变形破坏的阶段性模型--应力速度及预存微裂纹密度对断层形成过程的影响

依据对具有较高微裂纹密度的筑波花岗岩和极低微裂纹密度的花岗斑岩 2种极端的岩石标本、在等应力速率的快速加载 (约 6MPa/min)和蠕变加载 (轴向应力保持在约 95 %破坏强度 ) 2个极端的加载条件下的实验结果 ,讨论了预存微裂纹密度与加载速度对多晶质结晶岩变形破坏过程的影响。实验中利用高速多通道声发射波形数字记录系统 (每秒可记录多达 5 0 0 0个声发射事件的 32通道波形 ) ,获得了岩石标本破坏前微破裂活动的详细时空分布数据。声发射的发生率、震级 -频度关系中的b值及震源的空间分布揭示出岩石变形破坏过程中微破裂活动具有 3个典型阶段 :初期阶段、第 2阶段和成核阶段。尤其是在成核阶段 ,还观测到发生率和b值有大幅度前兆性起伏。一般而言 ,在相同加载条件下预存微破裂密度越高 ,或对同一岩石加载速度越慢 ,对应的断层成核过程就越长 ,因此最终破坏的可预报性也越高。为了进一步探讨微破裂活动的阶段性特征及其物理本质 ,还利用亚临界破裂扩展模型对声发射数据进行了理论分析     

混凝土试样破裂前的声发射m值变化

对混凝土样品在单轴应力条件下破裂前不同应力状态下的声发射m值进行了实验研究。混凝土样品为10×10×10cm~3的正方体。实验表明,干燥混凝土样品破裂前声发射m值随应力的增加而降低;含水混凝土样品的m值先随应力的增加而增加,当应力达强度的60％以后,m值随应力的增加而降低。混凝土样品破裂前声发射率先随应力的增加而缓慢增加,当应力达强度的70％以后,声发射率开始明显增加以至破裂前急剧增加。含水混凝土破裂前声发射率比同种干燥样品低两倍左右。     

真三轴压缩时几种岩样微破裂定位的初步结果

实验用盈江花岗岩、蝴蝶泉斜花岗岩及龙陵花岗岩在真三轴压机上压缩(1>2>3)直至岩样破裂.采用8通道高速微破裂数据采集分析系统对岩石破裂孕育过程中的微破裂时空分布做了初步分析.结果表明:在声发射变化的第Ⅰ阶段,微破裂较多;第Ⅱ阶段微破裂较少.但都分布紊乱且遍布整个岩样.当应力继续上升达声发射变化的第Ⅲ阶段,微破裂再次增多并逐步形成空区,只在主破裂前很短时间才形成条带分布.      

脆性材料强破裂前兆的初步研究

本文依据现有的实验结果初步研究脆性材料在破坏孕育过程中发生的强破裂的前兆特征.以应变(形变)突变、破裂弹性波限幅等物理变化特征确定强破裂;研究总结了不同试样、两种加载方式的破坏试验中的多个强破裂的前兆特征变化:一类为包括定点和场的应变变化特征,另一类为包括声发射率(破裂频度)、b值、波谱及微破裂时空分布等的声发射变化....     

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION,MICROSEISM AND CHARGE INDUCTION DURING FRACTURE PROCESS OF GRANITE WITH FAULT ZONE UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION

As the rock samples will produce abnormal signals of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals under external loading, the waveform comprehensive monitoring devices are used to synchronously monitor acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals during the deformation and failure process of granite with fault zone under uniaxial compression. The results show that, the granite with fault zone has obvious synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction in the elastic deformation stage, and has high amplitude synchronous precursory signals in the instability destruction stage. The influence of fault zone on granite samples strength is remarkable, and the uniaxial compressive strength of samples with the fault zone is greatly reduced. With the angle of the fault zone decreasing, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens is reduced, the samples are more liable to instability and the energy of instability destruction is greater. With the fault zone angle of granite samples decreasing, the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signals increase in the deformation and failure process of samples. The samples stress decreases when the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals appear synchronously. The duration of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals is increasing in the instability destruction stage. When the angle of the fault zone reaches 30°, the mutability of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signal increases, the time to enter the dangerous stage is much earlier, and the acoustic emission events of large magnitude increase significantly, and the large angle faults of coal mine are more dangerous. The intensive and high amplitude synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced before the instability destruction, and the signals duration is shorter. The intensive and strongest synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced in the instability destruction, and the signals duration is longer. Acoustic emission monitoring data can better reflect the micro rupture of rock. And combined with the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals, the precursory information of rock instability destruction can be obtained more accurately.     

The influence of thermal and cyclic stressing on the strength of rocks from Mount St. Helens, Washington

Stratovolcanoes and lava domes are particularly susceptible to sector collapse resulting from wholesale rock failure as a consequence of decreasing rock strength. Here, we provide insights into the influence of thermal and cyclic stressing on the strength and mechanical properties of volcanic rocks. Specifically, this laboratory study examines the properties of samples from Mount St. Helens; chosen because its strength and stability have played a key role in its history, influencing the character of the infamous 1980 eruption. We find that thermal stressing exerts different effects on the strengths of different volcanic units; increasing the heterogeneity of rocks in situ. Increasing the uniaxial compressive stress generates cracking, the timing and magnitude of which was monitored via acoustic emission (AE) output during our experiments. AEs accelerated in the approach to failure, sometimes following the pattern predicted by the failure forecast method (Kilburn 2003). Crack damage during the experiments was tracked using the evolving static Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, which represent the quasi-static deformation in volcanic edifices more accurately than dynamic elastic moduli which are usually implemented in volcanic models. Cyclic loading of these rocks resulted in a lower failure strength, confirming that volcanic rocks may be weakened by repeated inflation and deflation of the volcanic edifice. Additionally, volcanic rocks in this study undergo significant elastic hysteresis; in some instances, a material may fail at a stress lower than the peak stress which has previously been endured. Thus, a volcanic dome repeatedly inflated and deflated may progressively weaken, possibly inducing failure without necessarily exceeding earlier conditions.     

Experimental Research on the Load／Unload Response Ratio （LURR） Theory

Implementing acoustic emission experiments with large rock samples, LURR (Load/Unload Response Ratio) theory was studied. The loading conditions in the experiments were designed to simulate the complicated loading process of underground rocks. The damages emerging inside the rock samples were recorded by the acoustic emission technique during the loading process. The experimental results were consistent with prediction by LURR theory. Integrating the changing processes of LURR value Y and the location process of acoustic emission events showed agreement between the variation of LURR value Y and the damage evolution inside the rocks. Furthermore, the high value of Y emerged before the complete breakdown of materials. Therefore, the damage evolution of rock specimen can be quantitatively analyzed with LURR theory, thus the failure of the rock materials and the earthquake occurrence may be predicted. The experimental results gave a further verification of LURR theory.     

应力途径对岩石脆性-延性变化的影响

用两种加载方式对岩石的破裂进行了实验研究。一种方式是在一定的围压下增加轴压使岩石破裂（A型）;另一种方式是在一定围压下增加轴压直到破裂前某一应力状态,然后停止加轴压转而减小围压使岩石破裂（B型）。所用的岩石样品为济南辉长岩和山东掖县白大理岩。着重研究应力途径对岩石脆性-延性变化的影响。辉长岩在1.5千巴以下两种应力途径下的破裂都表现为脆性,但是对于同样的应力状态,B型实验比A型实验显得更脆。随着围压增加到200-250巴之间,大理岩由脆性转变为延性。围压250巴以上,大理岩的A型实验发生延性破裂。样品承受载荷的能力是逐渐丧失的。破裂过程中声发射率极低,听不到破裂声响。最后在样品中形成了剪切断面,但破裂很慢。然而,在大理岩的B型实验中,围压在250巴以上发生了脆性破裂,其表现为轴向应力突然下降,伴随着脆性破裂的声响并有声发射率剧增的前兆。看来,B型应力途径对岩石起了一个脆化的作用。     

单轴压力下岩石破裂的初步研究

用几种不同加载方式对岩石样品进行了单轴压力实验。以恒定应变率(约为10^-5)对样品加载时,岩石的破裂过程大致可分成四个阶段:孔隙压缩阶段、弹性变形阶段、体积膨胀阶段和临震阶级。后二个阶段显著的特点是岩石开始表现出非弹性的体积应变并在主破裂前急剧增大,它与微破裂累积总数二者存在着同步的变化。在重复加载时,发现岩石的微破裂过程具有不可逆的性质,这种现象似乎可以用来说明同一地区短期内发生的两次地震的地震序列的不同,指出运用历史地震资料时应注意该地区应力变化的历史情况。     

气饱和孔洞型介质动静参数关系的数值模拟研究

采用实验手段研究岩石的动、静弹性参数的变化规律及动、静态参数间的相互关系时存在着测试成本高,工作量大,普适性差且可靠性较低等问题.对岩样在单轴压缩加载条件下的破坏过程,采用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA系统进行数值模拟,获取岩样的应力—应变曲线可计算得到静态弹性参数.从弹性波动理论出发,采用交错网格有限差分方法,对超声波透射实验进行数值模拟,获取纵、横波速度可计算得到动态弹性参数.对50块不同的气饱和孔洞型岩样同步计算其动、静态弹性参数,并分析动、静态弹性参数随孔隙度的变化规律及动、静态弹性参数间的关系.结果表明:动弹性模量大于静弹性模量,且二者之间的线性关系良好,而动、静泊松比之间不存在明显的相关关系.该项研究为动、静弹性参数关系研究提供了新的方法,研究结果对于指导储层预测、油气检测以及地震资料综合解释都有重要的意义.     

基于声发射实验结果讨论大震前地震活动平静现象的机制

基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论了大震前地震活动平静现象的机制。在双轴压缩、等位移速率加载条件下 ,挤压型雁列断层、含宏观凹凸体断层、Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续断层在临近滑动失稳前 ,声发射活动均出现了明显的相对平静现象 ,表现为声发射事件的发生率和应变能释放水平显著降低。与此阶段相对应 ,断层带 (特别是非连续部位上新形成的一小段断层 )发生了蠕滑和匀阻化作用 ,并使得标本的差应力开始下降。根据实验结果提出 ,大地震前断层的“蠕滑 -匀阻化”过程是造成地震活动平静现象的可能机制     

Observation of Post-failure Kaiser Effect in a Plastic Rock

—?Cyclic uniaxial and triaxial tests of rock salt samples were carried out in pre- and post-failure regimes. In all tests, a distinct Kaiser effect was observed in the post-failure region. The slope of the curve “cumulative AE counts versus axial strain” increased dramatically (several times to an order) when the strain attained its peak value achieved previously. Neither preliminary hydrostatic compression nor preliminary uniaxial cyclic pre-failure loading influence the post-failure Kaiser effect. The results for the plastic rock are opposite to the familiar absence of the Kaiser effect in brittle rocks at stress values approaching the ultimate strength. The results obtained during laboratory tests of a plastic rock are of importance for the proof of a connection between the Kaiser effect and foreshocks preceding earthquakes.     

Magnetism of rocks and volumetric strain in uniaxial failure tests

Summary The relation between remanent magnetization and volumetric strain for gabbro samples stressed in uniaxial compression inside a near zero-field -metal shield has been examined. For samples with an induced IRM parallel to the axis of compression, remanent magnetization decreased linearly up to the onset of dilatancy. As increased stress produced additional dilatancy, the variation of remanent magnetization became nonlinear, and the stress dependence continually decreased until the rock failed. Stress cycling with the peak stress augmented for each cycle produced a continuous decrease in the zero stress value of the IRM although an appreciable amount of recovery was observed during unloading. When the sample was loaded in constant stress increments after the onset of dilatancy and held for several minutes at each level, time-dependent variations in remanent magnetization coincided with time-dependent increases in inelastic volumetric strain. In general as the inelastic creep rate increases, the rate of change in remanent magnetization increases. These results suggest that dilatancy related effects of the intensity of rock magnetization should be observed in magnetic rocks in epicentral regions prior to earthquakes and may serve as both long- and short-term precursors.     

Acoustic Emissions Monitoring during Inelastic Deformation of Porous Sandstone: Comparison of Three Modes of Deformation

In some reservoirs, large deformations can occur during oil or gas production because of the effective stress change. For very porous rocks, these production operations can be sufficient to cause inelastic deformation and irreversible damage. Rock formations can undergo deformation by different mechanisms, including dilatancy or pore collapse. In the laboratory, it has been shown that the inelastic deformation and failure mode of porous rocks are pressure sensitive. Indeed, when subjected to an overall compressive loading, a porous rock may fail by shear localization, compaction localization, or by cataclastic compaction. Acoustic emission (AE) records provide important information to understand the failure mode of rocks: the spatial evolution of damage as well as the source mechanisms can be followed using this technique. In this paper, we present three different laboratory axisymmetric compression experiments, performed on Bleurswiller sandstone, which enable us to compare the acoustic emission signature of these three modes of deformation. Our data show that compaction localization and cataclastic compaction are characterized by similar acoustic signatures (in terms of AE sources characteristics and evolution of AE number), in comparison to the acoustic signature from shear localization. This implies similar micromechanisms involved during compaction bands formation and cataclastic compaction.