铜山岭多金属矿田的若干地球化学特征

铜山岭多金属矿田位于江南古陆东南侧,湘桂粤褶皱带内.区内出露地层为石炭系-中上泥盆统浅海相碳酸盐建造.燕山早期花岗闪长岩呈岩株状分布于矿田中部,与上述地层呈整合接触.环绕岩体外接触带有石英斑岩、花岗斑岩、长英岩等岩脉.     

介绍大型矿集区的一种富集模式:多重圈闭等温场模式——以铜陵狮子山矿田为例

狮子山矿田是安徽铜陵地区乃至长江中下游地区重要的矿田之一。该矿田目前已探明铜、金等大中小型矿床十多处,按赋存标高自下而上依次为:冬瓜山深部斑岩Cu、冬瓜山Cu、胡村Cu、花树坡Cu、大团山Cu(Au)、老鸦岭Cu、东、西狮子Cu(Au)、鸡冠石Ag、Au、Cu、Pb、Zn,包村Au(Cu)、白芒山Au等矿床,达到大型-超大型规模,引起了国内外矿床地质学家的广泛关注。近年来又发现并勘查出几个独立岩金矿床,且在矿田深部1000多米处又发现了新的矿体,标志着该区找矿工作进入了一个新的阶段。多种矿床类型共存,铜矿与金矿配对,矿床(体)呈多层产出,是矿田的显著特色。矿田内业已发现矽卡岩型、层控矽卡岩型、斑岩型、中低温热液型和风化—淋滤型等矿床;既有以内生作用为主,又有以沉积作用为主的矿床,及二者的复合类型;铜、金可共生、伴生,也可形成各自独立的矿床;自深部斑岩铜矿至C2+3—T2中层状、脉状矿床,成矿垂深大。它们虽产于不同层位的地层中,主要表现为多层楼成矿特点,但其产出受统一构造、岩浆岩等多重圈闭因素制约而构成的统一的等温的岩浆-流体-成矿系统之中。在某种意义上说,狮子山矿田是铜陵地区乃至整个长江中下游成矿带的缩影和典...     

冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床含矿岩系岩石地球化学及Sr、Nd同位素研究

江西冷水坑矿床是国内外少见的斑岩型银铅锌矿床之一。文章研究了冷水坑矿田内的侵入岩及其围岩的岩石学、岩石化学、Sr和Nd同位素特征,结合岩体产出的大地构造环境,指出:①该矿田的含矿斑岩属于钙碱性系列,具有高SiO2、富K2O和富MnO、低Na2O的特点,富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素分馏较强,铕负异常明显;②与非含矿斑岩相比,该含矿斑岩具有较高的Sr初始值(0.71327)和较低的εNd(t)值(-7.5~-10.2),其两阶段钕模式年龄t2DM为1535~1760Ma。该含矿斑岩起源于武夷区基底变质岩,由地壳物质重融而成,同时有少量地幔物质的混染;③该含矿斑岩与其他侵入岩及围岩为同源岩浆在不同阶段演化的产物,均来源于地壳重熔,同属于S型花岗岩;④该含矿斑岩形成于陆内造山挤压环境。冷水坑矿田的含矿斑岩与中国斑岩型铜矿的含矿斑岩具有较大的差异。     

介绍大型矿集区的一种富集模式——多重圈闭等温场模式

狮子山矿田是安徽铜陵地区乃至长江中下游地区重要的矿田之一。该矿田目前已探明铜、金等大中小型矿床十多处,按赋存标高自下而上依次为：冬瓜山深部斑岩Cu、冬瓜山Cu、胡村Cu、花树坡Cu、大团山Cu(Au)、老鸦岭Cu、东、西狮子Cu(Au)、鸡冠石Ag、Au、Cu、Pb、Zn,包村Au (Cu)、白芒山Au等矿床,达到大型-超大型规模,引起了国内外矿床地质学家的广泛关注。近年来又发现并勘查出几个独立岩金矿床,且在矿田深部1000多米处又发现了新的矿体,标志着该区找矿工作进入了一个新的阶段。多种矿床类型共存,铜矿与金矿配对,矿床（体）呈多层产出,是矿田的显著特色。矿田内业已发现矽卡岩型、层控矽卡岩型、斑岩型、中低温热液型和风化—淋滤型等矿床;既有以内生作用为主,又有以沉积作用为主的矿床,及二者的复合类型;铜、金可共生、伴生,也可形成各自独立的矿床;自深部斑岩铜矿至C2+3~T2中层状、脉状矿床,成矿垂深大。它们虽产于不同层位的地层中,主要表现为“多层楼”成矿特点,但其产出受统一构造、岩浆岩等多重圈闭因素制约而构成的统一的等温的岩浆-流体-成矿系统之中。在某种意义上说,狮子山矿田是铜陵地区乃至整个长江中下游成矿带的缩影和典型代表。因此,开展狮子山铜、金矿田的岩浆-流体-成矿系统的研究,建立其颇具特色的成矿模式,能指导该区乃至长江中下游地区的矿产勘查和开发,因而有着广阔的应用前景和实际意义。     

福建紫金山东南矿段斑岩-浅成低温叠加成矿模式

<正>福建紫金山东南矿段位于上杭县城北约12 km处,地处紫金山Cu-Mo-Au-Ag多金属矿田东南侧。紫金山矿区内发育有紫金山高硫型铜金矿床,萝卜岭斑岩型铜钼矿床,悦洋低硫型银多金属矿床,以及矿化类型不清或介于斑岩型-浅成低温热液型之间的五子骑龙铜矿和龙江亭铜矿,是国内罕见的矿化类型齐全的斑岩型-浅成低温热液成矿系统(黄仁生,2008)。最近新发现的东南矿段地处紫金山高硫型矿床与萝卜岭斑     

江西冷水坑银-铅-锌矿田地质特征及构造控岩控矿作用

冷水坑矿田银-铅-锌矿床属于与斑岩有关的高-中温岩浆期后热液矿床。在华夏系构造的基础上,新华夏系早期发展阶段形成的湖石-岭西断裂(F,断裂)是重要的导岩导矿构造,矿田内主要成矿母岩银路岭花岗斑岩体产出于F_1与F两断裂之间的构造破碎带中。 本矿田内矿床、矿体主要受断裂控制。矿田内主要成矿元素在成矿期断裂附近的迁移趋势是:成矿元素向断裂中心运移,向断裂两侧成矿元素含量逐渐降低。同时,对比成矿元素含量变化曲线与节理裂隙密度变化曲线,两者基本上是同步起伏的,说明矿化与节理裂隙的发育程度也密切相关。 矿田内银路岭矿床不同中段各穿脉中的矿脉产状统计结果表明,走向北东、倾向北西的矿脉在整个矿床中占绝对优势;与其相配套的同一走向、倾向南东的一组矿脉,发育也很好;两组矿脉在剖面上构成“X”型。     

东坡矿田构造层次与内生成矿作用及其隐伏矿床预测

在矿床地质研究程度极高的郴县东坡矿田,近几年相继发现了野鸡尾石英斑岩型锡矿床和红旗岭锡矿床等,这表明该矿田仍有找矿潜力。根据我们对东坡矿田构造层次与成矿关系等的研究发现,东坡矿田的内生多金属矿床均产出在构造层次发生梯变地带(段),从而提出从构造层次的角度预测隐伏内生矿床的四条基本原则,并在东坡矿田提出了东坡山、横山岭、龙头岭三个隐伏矿床预测区。因此矿田构造层次的研究是矿田控岩控矿构造研究的一个新领域,对成矿预测具有重要意义。     

阳储岭斑岩钨钼矿中的白钨矿研究

阳储岭矿区位于九岭东西构造隆起带北缘,新华夏波阳断陷盆地边缘。伴矿侵入岩为壳幔型中酸性杂岩体,由石英闪长岩(Qδ)、花岗闪长岩(γδ)、花岗闪长斑岩(γδπ)和二长花岗斑岩(ηγπ)组成,成岩年龄为141～151百万年。主要矿体赋存于斑岩体内。矿石呈细脉浸染状或浸染状。控矿因素多种多样,而以岩浆岩因素为主。白钨矿是主要的工业矿物。主要矿体裸露地表。     

乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田成矿时代及其地质意义

新疆西天山斑岩铜矿找矿勘查备受关注。乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田处在西天山西段,铜矿规模属亚洲第二大,但其成矿时代还没有准确厘定。在区域地质构造中,Almalyk铜矿田位于中天山加里东—华力西褶皱带南部边缘,包括Kalmakyr、Dalneye、Sarcheku和Kyzata等4个铜矿床,铜成矿主要发生在斑岩体内,原生矿石呈网脉状、浸染状,金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿,辉钼矿、赤铁矿、磁铁矿、自然金、斑铜矿等。针对Sarcheku铜钼矿石中辉钼矿利用Re-Os法测得(320.4±2.3)Ma的模式年龄和(317.6±2.5)Ma的等时线年龄。结合岩浆建造序列,认为矿田内构造—岩浆—热液过程开始于早石炭世,发展于晚石炭世,结束于早二叠世,斑岩型铜成矿主要在晚石炭世。西天山包括Almalyk铜矿田在内大型—超大型斑岩型铜成矿作用主要在中泥盆—晚石炭世(D2—C2),与古亚洲洋壳向哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块之下俯冲形成的复杂岛弧岩浆地质过程有关。     

湘南铜山岭铜多金属矿田成岩成矿作用年代学研究

湘南铜山岭铜多金属矿田位于钦杭成矿带的中部,矿床主要产于铜山岭岩体接触带及其附近。本文对矿田内的岩体和矿床进行了精细的年代学研究,分别获得铜山岭Ⅰ号岩体的花岗闪长斑岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为157±2 Ma(MSWD=1.20);铜山岭矿床石英脉型矿体中的辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为161±1 Ma(MSWD=0.21);桥头铺矿床矽卡岩型矿体中的辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为155±3 Ma(MSWD=1.5)、石榴子石Sm-Nd等时线年龄为155±8 Ma(MSWD=0.41)。成岩与成矿年龄在误差范围内基本一致,说明铜山岭矿田成岩成矿具有同时性,它们之间具有密切的成因联系。辉钼矿中Re含量(32.95×10~(-6)~59.45×10~(-6))指示成矿作用可能与壳幔混合作用有关。这为进一步研究区域成矿规律提供了重要同位素年代学依据。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.