黄河三角洲潮坪环境现代生物遗迹与物化条件的响应关系

黄河三角洲潮坪在沉积过程中长期受各种物理化学环境因素的影响,而其中生物遗迹特征可以高精度高灵敏度地反映环境的变化。运用沉积学和遗迹学方法,全面系统地研究遗迹的分布、分异度、行为生态学、形态变化及扰动率等特征,分析其与三角洲潮坪沉积过程中受波浪和潮汐作用影响下物理化学因素之间的响应关系。结果表明：1）黄河三角洲潮坪沉积中生物遗迹的分异度、丰度与沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、水动力和总有机碳（TOC）含量分布基本一致,但盐度和浑浊度影响了生物遗迹分布的种类。造迹生物种类相同的情况下,盐度影响了生物的潜穴直径和扰动率,盐度相同的情况下,浑浊度影响生物潜穴的数量;2）潮上带生物遗迹分异度整体呈对称均衡分布,但在粉砂质底层区域和多条潮道的汇聚处,生物遗迹的丰度和分异度最高;3）潮间带整体生物遗迹分异度和丰度与粒度变化不大,但在TOC含量相对较高、水动力相对较弱、沉积速率低、盐度降低的几条潮道汇聚处,生物遗迹丰度和分异度达到最高;4）潮下带生物遗迹丰度和分异度整体呈对称均衡分布。该研究将补充、完善和修正已有的三角洲潮坪遗迹学和现代潮坪沉积学资料,并对高精度地解释、修正古潮坪环境起到一定的作用。     

豫西登封地区寒武系第二统朱砂洞组生物扰动构造及其地球化学特征

生物扰动在现代海洋沉积物地球化学循环中起着重要作用,它影响着底栖生物群落特性、有机物分解速率、海水化学性质、沉积物氧化还原性以及营养物循环.豫西登封地区寒武系第二统朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩发育了大量以Thalassinoides主导的扰动构造,对其进行碳和氮同位素测定,可以了解扰动生物对沉积物生物地球化学循环影响.测试结果表明,潜穴充填物和围岩中δ13C_carb值区别显著,不同扰动程度也差异明显,而δ13C_org和δ15N值差异不大,反映出生物对沉积物的扰动改造可以改变沉积物的氧化还原性及孔渗性,这一变化可能与生物扰动引起沉积物孔隙水含氧量增高导致的自生碳酸盐岩比例降低和成岩期白云岩化的增强有关.Thalassinoides造迹生物对沉积物的扰动改造不仅改变了沉积物的原始物理化学信息,促进了海水与沉积物的生物地球化学循环,而且诱导了沉积底质革命,扮演了显生宙早期生态系统工程建造者的角色.      

生物膜作用下沉积物-水界面溶液中pH和磷含量变化

采集城市排污水渠中的沉积物样品和底栖生物样品,应用微电极原位pH测量技术测量沉积物-水界面溶液的pH值,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定沉积物提取液中上覆水和空隙水中生物可利用磷的含量,研究了沉积物表面的生物膜对城市河流沉积物-水界面微环境中pH值和磷含量的影响。研究表明沉积物表面的生物膜由藻类(蓝藻门颤藻属Oscillatoria和硅藻门的菱形藻Nitzschia)和微生物组成,由于藻类的光合作用和微生物作用,沉积物空隙水中的溶解氧和CO2发生变化,因而改变了界面附近的pH值、氧化还原电位等物理化学条件,同时改变了界面附近溶液中磷的浓度和浓度梯度。在生物膜作用下,剖面中空隙水的pH和pH变化梯度、磷的浓度和浓度梯度高于非生物作用条件下。磷在生物藻垫的空隙水中高度富集。在生物膜存在情况下,在空隙水中形成了与非生物作用下相反的pH值和磷浓度的耦合关系。无生物作用的沉积物空隙水中pH越偏离中性,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加;在生物膜作用下,pH由弱酸性向中性变化时,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加。依据界面附近pH值和磷的变化规律,可以将沉积物-水界面附近的生物作用分为生物膜的固定作用区和攫取作用区。     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物pH、Eh分布及制约因素

使用精密酸度计和新型全自动氧化还原电位仪测定了长江口及其临近海域表层沉积物中的pH、Eh值,分析了它们的分布特征,并从水团性质、层化特征、底质类型、生物扰动等方面深入探讨了pH、Eh的影响因素和影响机理。研究表明:研究区内表层沉积物属于中性—弱碱性环境,pH值变化于7.1～7.8之间,空间分布上具有分带性和不均一性特征;为还原环境,Eh变化于-100～-300 mV之间,大部分在-250 mV左右,其空间分布也具有弱分带和不均一的特点。该区沉积物酸碱性主要受水团性质的制约,同时底质类型、生物扰动对沉积物酸碱性也有一定影响,而氧化还原电位则主要受水团性质、水层层化和生物扰动等的影响。     

海洋沉积物—海水界面附近氮、磷、硅的生物地球化学

海洋沉积物中的N和P随沉积物的粒度由粗到细,含量逐渐升高,而Si则降低;积物中N、P、Si的含量还随海区、输入源、季节、动力学过程及生物生产过程不同而变化.控制海洋沉积物-海水界面N、P、Si沉积、释放及循环的因素,包括有机质和溶解氧的浓度、有机质中C、N、P、Si的相对比例、沉积物-海水界面附近的氧化还原环境、生物扰动、温度、水深、pH值、不同形态S的浓度、金属离子以及水动力条件等.一般其综合作用的表现是,沉积物-海水界面之间NH+4、PO3-4和Si(OH)4从沉积物向上覆水扩散转移,而硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的通量方向相反,通量的大小随着海区的不同差别较大.     

扩散边界层对沉积物盐分释放的阻滞影响

扩散边界层是水环境沉积物与上覆水之间物质交换的必经区。通过无风和有风条件下两组沉积物盐分释放实验,研究海湾水库砂质沉积物-水界面扩散边界层的形成情况,并通过水动力扰动下穿过扩散边界层的实测盐分通量与Fick第一定律理论计算通量的比较,以及扰动与无扰动时通量的比较,探讨扩散边界层对沉积物盐分释放的影响。研究结果表明,在稳定风场条件下,沉积物-水界面处存在厚度约3.5 cm的扩散边界层,有风条件下的界面盐分交换通量略大于无风时的通量;分子扩散是边界层内盐分运移的主要机制,扩散边界层对沉积物盐分释放具有阻滞作用,并且边界层越厚,阻滞效应越显著。另外,由于扩散边界层的存在,限制了水动力对沉积物与上覆水之间物质交换的增强作用,所以海湾水库沉积物中蓄积盐分对上覆水的影响将是长期的过程。     

湖泊沉积物—水界面营养元素的生物地球化学作用和环境效应：I.界面…

发生在沉积物－水界面的剧烈生物地球化学作用对沉积物和上覆水体具重要的环境效应，然而此方面研究很少，本文通过云贵高原四个湖泊湖水和孔隙水ＮＨ４和ＮＯ３剖面，沉积物柱芯不同结合态氮含量剖面分布，界面扩散通量，影响氮循环的因素及它们季节性变化规律等的对比研究，初步揭示了湖泊沉积物－水界面的氮循环及其环境效应。     

豫西登封地区寒武系张夏组中部生物扰动构造及其地质意义

掘穴生物作为生态系统工程的建造者,其对沉积物进行的改造直接影响了沉积物的物理化学性质,进而影响了底栖生态系统。豫西登封地区寒武系苗岭统张夏组中部薄层微晶灰岩中发育大量的生物扰动构造,利用地球生物学、古生物学和生物扰动指数等方法,探讨了生物扰动构造的形成环境及其对沉积物的影响。研究表明,研究区张夏组中部生物扰动构造特征多为扰动边界模糊不清,生物扰动指数（BI）为2 ~ 5,说明该沉积期食物充足,氧气含量高。此外,在生物扰动中识别出3种遗迹化石：Thalassinoides bacae,Planolites isp.和Rhizocorallium isp.,说明生物扰动构造为多种生物造迹形成的。依据寒武系苗岭统张夏组中部的遗迹化石以及沉积特征,可知其整体处于偶尔受到风暴影响的滩间局限台地环境。     

浙江椒江口潮间带沉积物中痕量金属的活性态分布特征及其生物有效性

3个未扰动柱状样分别采自浙江椒江口潮间带高、中、低潮带,用冷盐酸法测定了沉积物中酸可挥发硫化物(AVS)及同步提取金属（SEM）,分析了不同潮位沉积物剖面类型及形成机理,并根据SEM-Me/AVS比值评价痕量金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Hg及Ni）的活性和生物有效性。结果表明：在高潮带和低潮带形成了薄活动层剖面（<6 cm）,痕量金属的活性态浓度较低,AVS浓度较高;而中潮带形成了厚活动层(约26 cm),痕量金属的活性态浓度较高。潮间带不同潮位痕量金属活性态浓度剖面类型的形成是沉积速率、有机质供源及所处潮位共同作用的结果。在河口区应该存在表层mm尺度上的高值有机碳（C_有机）分布。     

大民屯凹陷古近系沙河街组三段扇三角洲前缘沉积生物扰动特征

为探究陆相扇三角洲前缘沉积生物扰动特征,以辽河拗陷大民屯凹陷沈检5井古近系沙河街组三段扇三角洲前缘沉积岩芯为研究对象,对生物遗迹化石进行了鉴定,统计了垂向剖面上生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数的分布特征。依据主微量元素参数反映的沉积条件,探讨了生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数与沉积环境的响应关系。研究结果表明,沈检5井S34Ⅱ和S34Ⅰ油层组发育生物扰动构造,生物遗迹化石以古藻迹（Palaeophycus）和漫游迹（Planolites）占优势为特征。生物扰动构造主要发育于水下分流间湾微相沉积物中,扰动层厚度在5～51cm,扰动指数以3~5级为主。主微量元素参数分析表明S34Ⅱ和S34Ⅰ油层组沉积期的古气候、古生产力、古盐度和古水深条件相近,即为相对温湿的古气候、低古生产力、淡水—微咸水盐度条件和浅水沉积环境。沉积环境变化幅度小是造成S34Ⅱ油层组与S34Ⅰ油层组发育的生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数差异不明显的主要原因。但当前研究还难以明确单个油层组内生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数变化的主控因素。该项研究加深了对陆相浅水扇三角洲前缘沉积环境遗迹化石组成和生物扰动指数变化特征的认识。     

Cadmium transport in sediments by tubificid bioturbation: An assessment of model complexity

Biogeochemistry of metals in aquatic sediments is strongly influenced by bioturbation. To determine the effects of biological transport on cadmium distribution in freshwater sediments, a bioturbation model is explored that describes the conveyor-belt feeding of tubificid oligochaetes. A stepwise modelling strategy was adopted to constrain the many parameters of the model: (i) the tubificid transport model was first calibrated on four sets of microspheres (inert solid tracer) profiles to constrain tubificid transport; (ii) the resulting transport coefficients were subsequently applied to simulate the distribution of both particulate and dissolved cadmium. Firstly, these simulations provide quantitative insight into the mechanism of tubificid bioturbation. Values of transport coefficients compare very well with the literature, and based on this, a generic model of tubificid bioturbation is proposed. Secondly, the application of the model to cadmium dataset sheds a light on the behaviour of cadmium under tubificid bioturbation. Cadmium enters the sediment in two ways. In one pathway, cadmium enters the sediment in the dissolved phase, is rapidly absorbed onto solid particles, which are then rapidly transported to depth by the tubificids. In the other pathway, cadmium is adsorbed to particles in suspension in the overlying water, which then settle on the sediment surface, and are transported downwards by bioturbation. In a final step, we assessed the optimal model complexity for the present dataset. To this end, the two-phase conveyor-belt model was compared to two simplified versions. A solid phase-only conveyor-belt model also provides good results: the dissolved phase should not be explicitly incorporated because cadmium adsorption is fast and bioirrigation is weak. Yet, a solid phase-only biodiffusive model does not perform adequately, as it does not mechanistically capture the conveyor-belt transport at short time-scales.     

Remote Sensing of Biologically Reworked Sediments: A Laboratory Experiment

The present study aims to test the application of remote sensing to address the impact of bioturbation on physical sediment properties. Therefore, a laboratory experiment was developed, using microcosms mimicking a marine intertidal water–sediment interface to test the influence of Corophium volutator densities on sediment properties. Three main variables (water content, clay content, and mean grain size) were measured in three treatments (no Corophium, 5,000 Corophium per square meter, and 20,000 Corophium per square meter) after 16 days of bioturbation. Results obtained with conventional—destructive—techniques showed a significant increase of water content and a significant, but small decrease of clay content in the presence of Corophium. The remote sensing technique detected the impact of Corophium on water content as an increase in absorption at 1,450 nm, but was not able to detect the animal impact on clay content. This study demonstrates that remote sensing data could be significantly modified by bioturbation activities and that remote sensing can be applied in the laboratory to address the impact of bioturbation on sediment properties. This possibly opens new perspectives for long-term experiments concerning the role of bioturbation on sedimentary processes.     

The relative mobility of natural (Th,Pb and Po) and fallout (Pu,Am, Cs) radionuclides in the coastal marine environment: results from model ecosystems (MERL) and Narragansett Bay

The relative mobility of nuclides of Pb, Th, Pu, and Cs, which are widely used as geochemical tracers for sedimentation and bioturbation. was investigated in artificial microcosm tanks (MERL) and in Narragansett Bay. Their mobility was characterized by their removal rates from the water column, their affinity toward particles and their degree of penetration into the surface sediments. Pb, Th, and Pu transport was controlled predominantly by the affinity of these elements to particles, and the transport parameters of the particles themselves (i.e. sediment resuspension and mixing rates). Because of its low distribution coefficient, transport of Cs was controlled by molecular diffusion through pore water in the winter, while in summer, Cs transport was enhanced due to bioturbation. The increase with depth of the $\text{Cs}\text{Pu}$ ratio in core profiles of MERL and Narragansett Bay sediments is thus caused primarily by the higher mobility of Cs.     

西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究进展

西南喀斯特区土层浅薄、成土速率低等特点决定了其允许土壤流失量小,土壤一旦流失,极难恢复,土壤侵蚀及其造成的石漠化现象已成为制约该区可持续发展最严重的生态环境问题。文章首先明晰西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀特征,从坡面、小流域和区域三个尺度上系统概括西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀的相关研究进展。针对当前喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究野外径流小区、小流域及区域空间尺度数据缺少和相关研究模型限制性强等不足,建议从不同尺度深入研究喀斯特区土壤侵蚀发生发展规律及时空演化格局,并结合高新遥感、地球物理探测技术及模型,同步监测坡面—小流域—区域土壤流失,对土壤侵蚀进行定量评估,结合不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀特征构建系统性水土保持生态恢复治理模式和监测系统评价体系。      

底泥原地稳定化过程中药剂对上覆水体的影响

采用底泥原地稳定化处理技术中的药剂投加方法,对苏州河底泥中投加零价铁(Fe0)、硝酸钙的上覆水体进行为期80 d研究比较.结果表明:投加Fe0后上覆水体的溶解氧(DO)被迅速消耗,体系易形成厌氧环境,而硝酸钙则减缓了上覆水体DO的消耗;投加零价铁或硝酸钙后都会使上覆水体的pH升高,Eh下降;投加Fe0后对上覆水体COD_Cr或TOC的影响较硝酸钙小;此外,两者上覆水体DO、pH和Eh与COD_Cr和TOC之间均具有一定的相关性.     

Tidal and seasonal controls in the formation of Late Miocene inclined heterolithic stratification deposits, western Amazonian foreland basin

Upper Miocene strata in the Acre sub‐basin, Brazil, consist dominantly of various types of inclined heterolithic stratification and pedogenic horizons. These strata were sedimentologically and ichnologically described to: (i) study different temporal controls responsible for inclined heterolithic stratification generation and their variation in a distal–proximal trend; and (ii) delineate the depositional setting. For this purpose, nine representative outcrops were sedimentologically and ichnologically studied, and their facies associations described. Thickness variations of the heterolithic strata of various orders (lamina, lamina bundles and beds) were analysed by statistical methods (Fourier transform). The deposits were interpreted as tidally and seasonally influenced estuarine or delta‐related and continental strata. The inclined heterolithic stratification deposits represented vastly different settings ranging from tidally dominated, brackish‐water ichnofossils‐bearing channels to seasonally controlled, articulated Purussaurus (a freshwater alligator) fossil‐bearing channels. Several time cycles were distinguished in the strata, including semi‐diurnal, fortnightly and seasonal. Tidal imprint was best observed in low‐energy brackish‐water settings, whereas seasonal rhythmicity was distinguishable throughout the depositional system. However, the latter was most apparent in riverine channels proximal to the inferred fluvio‐tidal transition. The different temporal controls commonly had distinguishable impact on sedimentological and ichnological properties in the studied sediments. The differing properties included: (i) the degree and nature of lateral variability with respect to lithology and bedforms in inclined heterolithic stratification; (ii) the lateral continuity of inclined heterolithic stratification; (iii) the nature of sedimentary contacts between the inclined heterolithic stratification members; (iv) thickness variation of inclined heterolithic stratification members within a set; (v) the cyclicities observed in inclined heterolithic stratification series; (vi) the degree of bioturbation; (vii) the types of trace fossils observed; and (viii) the distribution of bioturbation in adjacent inclined heterolithic stratification members.     

河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

通过2010年夏季在李村河口潮滩区3个站位的采样分析,研究了孔隙水营养盐的分布特征,并利用Fick第一定律估算了沉积物-水界面间营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,孔隙水营养盐在不同站位间质量浓度不同,呈现出自河口上游向下游逐渐降低的分布趋势。NH₄⁺-N质量浓度为26.21~53.10 mg/L,是孔隙水中营养盐的主要组分。沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行,营养盐质量浓度在垂向上的变化受有机质含量及沉积物氧化还原环境改变的综合影响。除NO₃^--N外其他营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水体扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区延长组物源体系分析

物源问题一度成为制约富县地区延长组油气勘探的焦点。作者充分利用了研究区的野外露头、钻孔资料和地震资料,系统分析了能够用于指示古物源方向的6种关键参数——实测古水流方向、砂体展布走向、极端暴露标志（煤）和覆水标志（油页岩）空间分布规律、重矿物组合分异特征、三角洲沉积体系前积结构（地震剖面）、鄂尔多斯盆地区域古构造—古地理特征等。综合研究表明,富县地区晚三叠世延长组的沉积物来自于盆地东北部,研究区不存在南部物源体系。