土地利用/土地覆被变化CLUE-S模型与应用分析——以扬州市为例

本文以扬州市市辖区为例,利用2001年的ETM影像与2007年的ALOS影像两期遥感数据,采用面向对象的信息提取方法,获取了扬州市2001年与2007年两期土地利用空间分布图.在此基础上,研究了CLUE-S模型的原理及CLUE-S模型的应用;探讨了CLUE-S模型所需数据、驱动因子选取、模拟参数设置、模拟结果获取等,进...     

中国城镇体系空间分布特征及其变化

城镇体系空间结构是人类活动区位选择的必然结果。通过对我国城镇密度、最邻近距离和空间自相关等定量研究,对我国城镇体系的空间结构进行了分析,从中发现中国城镇网络的密度在增大,东、中、西部发展的差距有进一步扩大趋势,城镇体系的空间联系有所加强。     

城市气溶胶光学厚度空间格局特征多指标综合分析

本文以厦门市为例,基于MODIS影像反演的大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,利用空间自相关和景观格局指数从数量、形态和结构方面综合分析了2014年各月份（5月和9月除外）AOD时空格局变化。结果表明,研究区AOD具有明显的时空分布差异,林地上空的AOD处于较低等级,建设用地上空AOD大部分处于中高等级;AOD在春夏季较大,在秋冬季较小。AOD分布存在显著正空间自相关性,而且主要存在高高（HH）、低低（LL）、高低（HL）3种聚集模式。低低聚集模式主要分布在厦门市的北部山区;高高（HH）和高低（HL）模式主要分布在本岛东北部新城和本岛外各新城的城区。在景观格局指数方面,从秋冬季节到春夏季节期间,研究区气溶胶光学厚度高等级斑块增加,景观结构趋于复杂,景观异质性增加。对AOD时空格局变化进行多指标综合分析可以更加深入、细致、全面地刻画气溶胶的变化规律,有助于精确评估气溶胶对环境、气候等的影响,为城市可持续发展提供决策支持。     

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban land uses in modern urbanization of China

Taking social statistic data as basic data,this paper extended the meaning of urban land uses,highlighted the meaning of urban land uses in modern urbanization,which includes direct,indirect and induced land uses,quantitatively simulated the indirect and induced land uses by the substitution method of agricultural consumption and urban carbon emission and then,analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of urban land uses in China during 1952–2005 by spatial analysis tool of Geographic Information System. The results indicate that the area of urban land use in China had been increasing since 1952,showing an inversed pyramid structure,i.e.,the directthe indirectthe induced. Specifically,Chinese urban land use has changed from concentrated distribution in Northwest China to balanced spatial distribution,and the eastern coastal area is under great pressure. Moreover,the northeastern region has moved into the induced dominant stage,while the western region remains at the indirect dominant stage. Finally,it is proposed that in order to guarantee the future demand of urban land use in China,ensuring the induced land use in the eastern region should be taken as a priority goal of Chinese developing policy.     

Simulation analysis on spatial pattern of urban population in Shenyang City,China in Late 20th century

The spatial distribution of urban population can reflect significantly urban functions and development status. Shenyang, as a typical old industrial city in China, has experienced considerable changes in spatial distribution of population in the process of urban transformation, resulting in the change of urban spatial structure. Based on the sub-district data of Chinese national population censuses in 1982, 1990 and 2000, this study simulates the evolution pattern of spatial distribution of urban population in Shenyang City. Using statistical method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), we found that the population distribution, on the whole, has presented a balanced and decentralized trend since the 1980s, which characterizes with Chinese suburbanization. Furthermore, based on the investigation of the pattern of population distribution, it is concluded that the negative exponential model fitted the distribution best, and population concentration in the inner suburb kept increasing gradually, meanwhile, the spatial structure of population distribution has presented a polycentric feature since the 1980s. The parameters of the model show that population in the urban core concentrate significantly all the time. The increase of population in the inner suburb influences the population distribution pattern more and more importantly, but the concentration intensity of population cores in inner suburb is still low.     

南京市九乡河流域土地利用程度空间异质性分析

定量分析九乡河流域土地利用程度及其空间异质性,对确定该流域土地资源利用和保护方向、实现土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义.以2003和2009年2期遥感影像为基本信息,利用空间自相关以及半变异函数分析方法,探讨了2003- 2009年九乡河流域土地利用程度的空间异质性特征,结果表明:流域土地利用程度的空间自相关表现出较强的...     

City size distribution and its spatiotemporal evolution in China

Based on the National Land Use/Cover Database of China(NLUD-C) in the end of the 1980s(the 1980s,hereafter), 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010, 665 cities were selected to study the size distribution and its changes of urban lands in China. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolutions of urban land size distribution as well as the influence of administrative-level on these cities were explored by combining urban spatial positions and administrative-levels. Results indicate that: 1) City size distribution using urban lands was more practical and reasonable than using non-agricultural population. 2) In the 1980s, cities with ascending urban land rank were centralized in Eastern China, specially the Changjiang(Yangtze) River Delta, the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Cities in Central, Western, and Northeast China mainly indicated descending urban land rank. 3) The transfer of national development focus resulted in cities with ascending urban land rank becoming evenly distributed nationwide; however, this trend was slightly centralized around Chengdu, Chongqing, and Wuhan in different periods. 4) During the 1980s to 2010, the proportion of cities with ascending urban land rank in provincial capitals, municipalities, and special administrative regions(high-level cities, hereafter) was consistently higher than those in prefecture- and county-level cities except for 2005–2010. The ranks of the majority of the prefecture- and county-level cities were mainly descending, supported by ascending; the proportion of cities with unchanged rank is small. This study breaks through the bottleneck of traditional research in the area of city size distribution by examining urban land replacing the non-agricultural population. The current study also provides scientific explanation for the healthy and reasonable development of urban land as well as the coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization.     

面向绿色基础设施体系优化的矿业废弃地再生研究: 以大冶为例

完善的绿色基础设施体系在重构矿业城市生态系统,提升矿业城市人居环境品质上作用关键。一方面,经过生态修复后的矿业废弃地是矿业城市绿色基础设施的重要增量,另一方面,以绿色基础设施体系优化为导向的治理是破解当前矿业废弃地治理低效的有效途径。湖北省大冶市是一座典型的资源枯竭型城市,在运用形态学空间格局分析（MSPA）方法评价大冶市绿色基础设施的基础上,结合矿业废弃地空间分布,评价其生态潜力,进而提出生态型、生活型和生产型3种矿业废弃地再生的改造方式。研究结果表明:①大冶市生态基底良好,但是景观破碎化严重,连通性弱;②大部分矿业废弃地生态潜力较高,60%的矿业废弃地可以转化为绿色基础设施;③30%的矿业废弃地适合生态型改造、52%的适合生活型改造、18%的适合生产型改造。      

STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL SPACE OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION—Taking Wuxi City as an Example

From the angle of ecology, urban agglomeration presents relevant types of landscape structure, which in-clude Patch, Corridor and Matrix. There are different landscape features and different problems in different developmentphases. This paper has put forward five basic conditions for security pattern of landscape ecology of urban agglomeration,described quantitatively the features for landscape ecology in Wuxi, and analyzed ecological background of spatial expan-sion and spatial organization of urban development in Wuxi. From the angle of ecological land use and non-ecological landuse, the paper has analyzed the features of land use and ecological distribution of land in the urban area. The spatial mod-el of cities and towns in Wuxi is composed of one metropolis, two urban zones and three development axes. This thesishas planned preliminarily ecological protection network at four levels in the urban region according to four layers. At last,combining landscape ecology with urban space, a tentative security pattern of landscape ecology has been planned in Wux-i, namely Source-Buffer Zone and Metropolis, Radiating Routes and Expansion Direction of City, Strategic Point and Interac-tion between Cities and Towns, Inter-Source Linkage-Corridor of a Stable Landscape Structure.     

东莞市交通路网格局对城市空间扩张影响研究

城市化进程中,交通路网格局的发展与土地利用变化有着密切关系,交通系统的发展引起城市空间形态、土地利用开发、土地利用价格和用地布局特征的变化,反之,土地利用变化也引起了交通路网格局、路网密度的改变。本文以东莞市为例,对其交通路网密度与新增城市用地变化强度作了定量分析。根据TM遥感影像提取2001、2005和2009年3期的城市用地,采用核密度估算(KDE)新增城市用地变化强度,探讨区域内交通路网格局与新增城市用地变化强度的关系。结果表明,在2001-2005年间,路网格局变化较大,新增道路类型主要为高速路,新增城市用地总量较大、扩张速度快,特别是交通路网密度大的边缘区域。在2005-2009年间,随着路网发育不断成熟,路网密度内部差异减少,新增道路类型主要为县乡道路,新增城市用地速度明显放缓。经相关系数显著性检验后表明:2001-2009年间,在置信度为95%时,东莞市道路网密度、加权密度(x)与新增城市用地核密度(y)的相关系数Rxy均大于0.1946,证明东莞市道路网密度、加权密度与新增城市用地核密度高度相关。     

京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地空间扩张特征分析

本文采用1990、2000、2006 年3 期多源影像数据、基础地理数据、DEM数据、社会经济统计数据及其他相关资料, 采用遥感信息提取GIS 空间分析及土地科学相关模型等综合研究方法, 首次提取近20 多年来京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地的空间信息(误差在10%以内), 并分析了城乡建设用地变化的幅度、速度、空间增长格局及其相关性。结果表明, 京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地总面积持续增加, 1990-2006 年, 建设用地年平均变化率为2.81%;建设用地年变化速率较大的地区是唐山、保定、石家庄, 大于全区平均变化率。京津冀都市圈城镇用地空间增长格局中, 70%左右的新增城镇用地分布在城中心40km范围内, 80%以上的新增建设用地集中在高速公路沿线20km范围内, 并且新增城镇用地呈现沿城市中心、高速公路向外扩张的趋势。城乡建设用地增长具有较为明显的集聚特征。它们为京津冀地区土地利用规划及生态环境研究提供一定的科学数据和决策借鉴。     

南京市老城区城市建筑点格局研究

城市建筑是城市形态的重要组成部分,而建筑高度对城市三维空间形态有重要的影响。目前,对城市二维形态的研究较为丰富,而对城市三维起伏形态特征及其空间分布格局方面研究较少,对城市上空利用程度及发展规律认识仍相对缺乏。本文以南京市老城区为例,基于城市数字高程模型数据,将城市建筑抽象为三维点要素,运用点格局分析法研究城市建筑三维宏观特征及建筑类型的空间分布规律。结果显示：（1）南京老城区建筑呈集聚分布,聚集性顺序是低层建筑>高层建筑>多层建筑>超高层建筑。除超高层建筑外,低层、多层和高层建筑的聚集程度,随着空间尺度先增后减,均在1.5 km尺度聚集性最大;显示1.5 km的街区单元应是城市规划管理的最适宜单元。（2）南京老城区建筑高度空间分布表现为“三高一低”,即3个高值区（新模范马路、新街口和珠江路区域）和1个低值区（集庆门区域）,它们与不同时期城市中心具有较好的对应关系;不同类型建筑与城市基准地价的相关分析显示,建筑高度的分布与城市基准地价呈现一定相关性。结果表明,点格局分析方法能有效地分析城市建筑在平面及三维的空间格局特征,进一步深化对城市形态特征的认识。     

土地利用动态变化的空间测算模型研究

本文以GIS叠置分析为辅助手段,将研究区域(广州市海珠区)的土地细分出未变化部分、转移部分和新增部分等三种空间类型,并据此对现有测算土地利用变化速率的数量分析和动态度模型进行了评析,提出了修正后的空间信息测算分析模型,旨在更为精细和准确地测算各土地利用类型的动态变化程度。或者更具体地说这种模型最主要是从微观角度的空间区位上认识不同用地类型变化的面积和速度(增加或减少)的情况,并且要清楚知道变化的用地在空间的分布和时空规律。结合社会经济情况来探讨这种情况发生的原因及其可能产生的结果。该研究对沿海发达地区未来城市土地利用的合理规划有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市人口空间分布模拟与格局分析——以沈阳市为例

人口分布空间结构是城市空间结构的重要组成部分。为准确地模拟城市人口分布,清晰地反映城市人口分布格局,本文利用沈阳市第五次人口普查资料,采用网格计算方法空间化人口数据、地统计学的空间插值方法模拟人口分布。同时,用DEM模型方法识别城市人口分布格局,分析人口分布特征。结果是:沈阳城市内部人口分布具有较高的不均衡性和聚集性;城市人口密度分布不符合单核心圈层式范式,具有11个明显的人口分布核心;在城市中心区域,人口分布的区域化特征更为显著;人口分布主要受到相近的两个人口核心的影响。该研究同时表明中国市场经济体制背景下,城市人口分布特征具有较高的复杂性。对于城市人口分布规律及影响人口分布的动力机制,需进一步研究。     

基于拓扑与形态特征的城市道路交通状态空间自相关分析

城市道路交通状态具有空间自相关特征。某一道路交通状态的变化会对其周边道路产生影响,故把握道路交通状态的空间自相关性是提高交通规划、交通预测水平的基础。然而,城市道路交通状态又具有空间异质性,即道路交通状态的影响扩散并非各向同性,其使得道路交通状态空间自相关性的度量更为复杂,因此仅从地理空间下道路之间的邻近关系出发进行分析有失偏颇。同时,城市道路具有拓扑结构特征和几何形态特征,二者对于交通状态自相关性的影响和制约,却未引起足够重视。本文从城市道路的拓扑结构特征和几何形态特征出发,提出了一种新的交通状态空间自相关路段识别规则,即基于交通状态变化的路段空间识别规则,通过拓扑社区发现方法刻画路段在空间上的聚集特征,同时,基于Stroke跟踪的几何形态概化来描述道路交通状态变化影响的空间异质性。结果表明,利用本文提出的识别规则产生的交通状态自相关路段集合,较仅考虑地理空间邻近或拓扑结构的识别规则更为合理,更好地揭示了城市道路交通状态的空间自相关特征。     

STUDY ON SPATIAL LANDSCAPE PATTERN OF YANTAI CITY BASED ON RS AND GIS

Influenced by artificial factors, landscape pattern of Yantai City, Shandong Province changes continu-ously. Revealing its landscape pattern and its changing process has a practical significance for the urban development and layout. Zhifu District, Development Zone, Laishan District and Fushan District in Yantai City were selected to study the landscape pattern. Remote sensing technology was used to obtain landscape information of different peri-ods. Under the support of Geographic Information System (GIS), the spatial landscape pattern of Yantai City was an-alyzed and simulated by using various special quantitative analysis models. The analysis shows that built-up area lies in the center of Yantai City, the outside is vegetable land. irrigated land, dry land, garden land and woodland.     

Influences of Different Transport Routes and Road Nodes on Industrial Land Conversion: A Case Study of Changchun City of Jilin Province,China

Nowadays, urban transit system has become one of the major forces underlying urban pace transformation via changing accessibility of related land parcels, which leads to the changes of land value and land use structure. This paper studied the interaction between land use changes and related transport routes, particular about how different transport routes and road nodes influence the conversion of industrial lands to residential and commercial uses respectively. Taking Changchun, an old industrial city in the rust belt of China as a case of study, we explored and compared the influences of different transport routes and road nodes on industrial land conversion. We found that surrounding the studied transport routes, more industrial lands were replaced by residential lands than by commercial lands. Also, apparent differences exist in the corridor effects of different transport routes(i.e., light rail, expressway and trunk road) and road nodes(i.e., expressway nodes and trunk road nodes) while the industrial lands convert to residential and commercial uses. Our research findings help us to illuminate the interactive relationships between transportation and industrial land conversion in old industrial cities which are undergoing social, economic and the related urban transition in Northeast China.     

城市交通与土地利用一体化模型的核心算法进展及技术创新

交通与土地利用的协调发展是缓解城市交通拥堵、提升交通水平的关键。城市交通与土地利用一体化模型则是分析和模拟城市交通与土地利用相互作用过程的重要科学支撑。多年来不同国家学者已研发出一些操作模型,并用于城市空间政策的制定研究,但这些模型的核心算法仍需进一步升级完善。本文首先梳理了当前已有主流模型的理论特征,解析了这些模型的核心算法发展及其优缺点;然后针对关键算法的不足,提出新的综合均衡模型,就区位可达性、用地混合度与强度、出行成本3个关键变量的核心算法展开讨论;最后,进一步形成模型各子模块的算法创新,包括考虑增量离散选择过程的居住与就业区位决策模块、细分房地产类型并将土地开发结果动态反馈至城市用地演变的房地产开发模块、采用改进的阻抗函数、小汽车拥有情况和动态出行成本的交通综合模型。本文对于定量化分析模拟城市复杂系统、研发我国城市交通与土地利用一体化模型具有一定的参考价值。     

The Interaction of Population,Industry and Land in Process of Urbanization in China: A Case Study in Jilin Province

Urbanization is a complex process that covers a wide range of topics, of which population, industry and land urbanization are three important aspects. Jilin Province is an important agricultural province in China. The contradiction between population, industry and land urbanization is especially prominent here, and its coupling development is of great practical significance. In this paper, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010 is measured by coupling mode. The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is analyzed by trend surface analysis and global and local spatial autocorrelation. The influence factors and their spatial differentiation are discussed using multiple linear regression (MLR) model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model. The results show that: 1) the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province is at a low level. Judging from the change of time scale, the urbanization of most research units is becoming more and more coordinated. From the comparison of spatial scales, there is significant spatial difference in the research units of different administrative levels. 2) Judging from the global change trend, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in the central region is higher than that in western and eastern regions. The coordination of urbanization in the central region is relatively good, and the distribution of the cold and hot spots is basically the same as that overall. 3) The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is related to the cold and hot spot distribution of the influence coefficient of urban population density and per capita urban construction land. The variation of the coupling degree spatial pattern is synchronous with the spatial change of the urban population density influence coefficient. 4) The degree of agglomeration of the urban population is the main factor promoting the coupling pattern of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province, and the extent of its influence is gradually increasing. In addition, the level of city administrative, the efficiency of urban expansion and the capacity of market consumption also have an important influence on the coupling pattern.     

北京市人口密度空间分布及其尺度特性研究

利用北京市第六次人口普查数据,在对人口统计数据进行空间化处理的基础上,分析了城市人口密度分布的统计特征及其空间自相关性,充分证明了北京市人口密度分布具有非常强烈的空间自相关性,并已经凸显出城市人口密度多核心分布模型的特征;在对人口统计数据进行格网化处理的基础上,分析了6种不同尺度下北京市人口密度空间分布的统计学特性和空间自相关性,证明了北京市人口密度的空间分布具有尺度特性;本文进一步对尺度特性影响下的人口密度空间分布特性空间自相关性进行了对比研究,从而揭示出空间自相关性与尺度变化间的规律。