Nemerteans of Zhoushan Islands,East China Sea Coast,China I. Enopla: Distromatophynchocoela: Monostilifera: Emplectonemertidae

Two nemerteans of the Zhoushan Islands,Paranemertes sinensis sp. nov. andP. peregrina, are reported in this paper.P. sinensis sp. nov. has the body wall longitudinal musculature anteriorly divided, numerous eyes grouped into four clusters, two pairs of cephalic furrows, rhynchocoel 1/3 to 1/2 of full body length, cephalic glands well developed and posteriorly extending beyond the cerebral ganglia, precerebral septum absent, cerebral sense organs situated in front of brain, three pairs of nephridiopores, and 17–18 proboscis nerves. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Nemerteans of Zhoushan Islands,East China Sea coast,China II. Enopla: Distromatorhynchocoela: Monostilifera: Tetrastemmidae

A new monostiliferous hoplonemertean,Psammamphiporus microocelli sp. nov., is described. It differs from the single species of genusPsammamphiporus, P. elongatus, in being without a frontal organ and cephalic furrows, the stylet basis being conical rather than cylindrical. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

寒武纪大爆发与动物树的成型

由"真动物"构成的动物界(不包括海绵)通常被划分为双胚层动物、原口动物和后口动物3个亚界.寒武纪大爆发经历了爆发的前奏-序幕-主幕3个阶段,其中后两个阶段处于早寒武世初期(依次以小壳化石的首次辐射和澄江动物群爆发为代表),另一个则发生在"寒武前夜"(即前寒武纪末期),以伊迪卡拉生物群为代表.这次独特的三幕式大爆发分步完成了动物形态演化谱系树(简写为TOA)的成型.已有化石证据显示,动物树的3大主体或3个亚界的起源及其早期辐射分别发生于寒武纪大爆发这3个主要阶段.澄江化石库中发现的早期后口动物亚界涵盖了该亚界中所有6大分支(棘皮类、半索类、头索类、尾索类、脊椎类和绝灭了的古虫类)的原始类群,澄江动物群时代标志着寒武纪大爆发的顶峰,完成了动物树框架的成型,从而宣告了寒武纪大爆发的基本终结.其学术重要性超越了中寒武世的布尔吉斯页岩,因为前者位于动物树形成的"源头",而后者仅代表此后的"一段流程".在动物演化历史上4个最具转折意义的重大创新事件(即多细胞动物起源、两侧对称动物起源、后口动物起源和脊椎动物起源)中,第一个发生在伊迪卡拉纪甚至更早的时期,其余3个则可通过梅树村化石群和澄江化石群观察到其完成的主体过程.已灭绝的古虫动物门,是初具鳃裂构造的原始分节动物,作为由原口动物向后口动物过渡的一个珍稀"缺环",很可能代表着后口动物亚界的一个根.古囊类兼有两侧对称的古虫类和一些原始棘皮动物的镶嵌体征,最可能代表棘皮动物的一个根.在早寒武世动物演化谱系中,后口动物的"顶端类群"的代表是被誉为"第一鱼"的昆明鱼目,目前已知包括昆明鱼、海口鱼和钟健鱼,它们具对眼、脊索与串珠状脊椎软骨共存的原始脊椎,代表了真正的脊椎类或有头类始祖.相反,包括云南虫属和海口虫属的云南虫类,既没有成对的眼睛也没有可信的脊椎软骨,而且其背神经索也未扩大成脑,甚至不具备低等脊索动物的肌节,因此与真正的有头类或脊椎动物无关.其实,这类奇特动物与古虫类共享相似的躯体构形,应该代表着低等后口动物中的一个侧枝.自达尔文以来,进化生物学一直在动物世界的悠长演化历程中,努力追寻"人类远古由来"的一些重大形态学创新事件的证据,无疑,古虫动物门原始鳃裂构造的出现以及第一鱼之头颅和原始脊椎软骨的形成,应是这条历史长河中人们期待已久的两大里程碑.     

层序地层学研究现状及进展:模式多样化

1977年至1988年,层序地层学从诞生逐渐走向成熟,并且形成了一套完整的概念体系和工作方法,这段特殊时期被称
为层序地层学的Exxon时代。之后,将最大海泛面作为层序界面的R-T层序模式则代表了后Exxon时代模式多样化的开始。随
后,对Exxon层序地层学概念体系不协调的认识则代表了由模式多样化所表征的后Exxon时代,与此几乎同时出现的T-R层序
及淹没不整合型层序等模式意味着层序地层学“百家争鸣”的新景象。阐释各种层序地层学模式出现的原因,追索这些模式对解
决问题的针对性以及存在的问题,将有助于深入理解“在地层框架内划分和对比沉积岩”的层序地层学,并且为分析复杂的地层记
录提供更多的思考途径。      

云南金线鲃属一新种——阿庐金线鲃(鲤形目:鲤科)

描记采于云南省沪西县城郊龙潭及阿庐古洞的金线鲃属一新种,命名为阿庐金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus aluensisL ietX iao sp.nov。新种在外形上与狭孔金线鲃S.angustiporusZhengetX iao(1985)相近,但有下列特征与之区别:1)新种头长显著大于体高;后者头长约等于体高。2)新种背鳍起点至吻端的距离大于至尾鳍基的距离;后者正相反。3)新种鳃孔大,上角超过眼上缘水平线;后者鳃孔小,上角低于眼上缘水平线。4)经线粒体细胞色素b基因测定,两者分子遗传距离为3.0%,提示是两个独立种。     

Agononida Baba and de Saint Laurent, 1996 （Crustacea： Decapoda： Anomura： Galatheoidea： Munididae） from Chinese waters

The present paper reports five species of squat lobster, genus Agononida Baba and de Saint Laurent, 1996, of which A. squamosa （Henderson, 1885） and A. cf. variabilis （Baba, 1988） were not previously reported in Chinese waters. All the specimens are kept in the Marine Biological Museum collection in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao. To date, there have been l 1 species of this genus recorded from China＇s seas. A key to those species is provided in this paper.     

Three new records of deep-water goniasterids (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Goniasteridae) from China seas

In this paper,three deep-water species of the family Goniasteridae,Ceramaster misakiensis(Goto,1914),Nymphaster arthrocnemis Fisher,1913 and Pontioceramus grandis Fisher,1911,are recorded for the first time from Chinese waters based on collections deposited in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The specimens examined were collected during the period 1956 to 1978 from the East China and South China Seas at depths of 184 to 472 m.Diagnosis,detailed figures,and the geographic distributions are provided.A revised list of Goniasteridae recorded from Chinese waters is proposed.     

C:N:P stoichiometry of perennial herbs' organs in the alpine steppe of the northern Tibetan Plateau

The patterns of C:N:P stoichiometry across ecosystems are important in understanding biogeochemical processes. The stoichiometry of nutrients at the leaf and root level have been reported previously, but relationships of other plant organs, such as stems and the reproductive organs, remain unclear. We collected 228 samples of leaves, roots, stems and reproductive organs from 11 common plant species at 25 sites on the Tibetan Plateau to explore the relationships of C:N:P stoichiometry both within and across plant organs. The average C concentrations in the roots, leaves, stems and reproductive organs were 427.32, 410.51, 421.11 and 416.72 mg g~(-1), respectively. The shoot tissues(leaves, stems and reproductive organs) had significantly higher N and P concentrations than the roots. The N and P concentrations had a significant positive correlation within the same organ. The nutrient concentrations(N and P) and nutrient ratios(C:N, C:P and N:P) were significantly correlated across all pairwise organ combinations. Our data suggest that alpine perennial herbs share similar evolutionary histories and have constrained patterns of covariation for C concentrations, with differential patterns for N and P stoichiometry across organs. Our data also indicate that covarying sets of nutrient traits are consistent across environments and biogeographical regions and demonstrate convergent evolution in plant nutritional characteristics in extreme alpine environments.     

Social transformations of cultural heritage: from benefaction to sponsoring: Evidence from mountain regions in Greece

The concept of benefaction, as shaped in the pre-industrial society, has been altered and replaced by the modern term of sponsoring. The verbal transformation emerges from a deep cultural shift. Focusing on the dipole of benefactionsponsoring, we examine the cultural transition from the traditional communities of long duration to the modern societies of consumption, taking the Greek mountainous regions as an example. We investigate the cultural shift that generates the metastasis from the communities of benefaction to the modern brandplaces that consume their own cultural heritage,mainly, at the altar of the tourism industry. Modern society has adopted the concept of sponsoring, for the grace of which, culture has to prove evidence of economic value, in order to survive. In the extremely competitive frame of the free-market economy,mountain regions appear vulnerable. The selling and buying of their culture are tempting and attractive under a constantly shrinking welfare-state and narrowing development opportunities. It depends on local and national society to rediscover and regenerate those social mechanisms able to create culture or let the modern consumption-oriented forces prevail. However, authentic principles of benefaction may form an alternative perspective for social reorganization.     

Scaling of soil carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and C:N:P ratio patterns in peatlands of China

Inspired by the importance of Redfield-type C:N:P ratios in global soils,we looked for analogous patterns in peatlands and aimed at deciphering the potential affecting factors.By analyzing a suite of peatlands soil data(n = 1031),mean soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorous(TP) contents were 50.51%,1.45% and 0.13%,respectively,while average C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were 26.72,1186.00 and 46.58,respectively.C:N ratios showed smaller variations across different vegetation coverage and had less spatial heterogeneity than C:P and N:P ratios.No consistent C:N:P ratio,though with a general value of 1245:47:1,was found for entire peatland soils in China.The Northeast China,Tibet,Zoigê Plateau and parts of Xinjiang had high soil SOC,TN,TP,and C:P ratio.Qinghai,parts of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and the coast zones have low TP and N:P ratio.Significant differences for SOC,TN,TP,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were observed across groups categorized by predominant vegetation.Moisture,temperature and precipitation all closely related to SOC,TN,TP and their pairwise ratios.The hydrothermal coefficient(RH),defined as annual average precipitation divided by temperature,positively and significantly related to C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,implying that ongoing climate change may prejudice peatlands as carbon sinks during the past 50 years in China.     

合成锂皂石——一种性能优良的添加剂

合成锂皂石是人工合成的层状硅酸盐,是一种具有独特性能的添加剂,能提高许多工业产品和消费品的性能,使它们具有更强的适用性.     

Pathogenicity of vibrios in fish: An overview

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitously distributed in the marine environment. Due to the rapid expansion of intensive mariculture and the consequent deterioration of culture conditions, more and more Vibrio spp. have been recognized as pathogenic agents in outbreaks of vibriosis, a serious epizootic disease affecting most wild and farmed fish species worldwide, which has become the most important limiting factor for the development of intensive mariculture industry. Attempts have been made to understand the pathogenicity of vibrios in host fish with the ultimate aim of elucidating the best means for disease control. After an extensive literature survey of the recent advances in the field of fish vibriosis, the pathological changes, virulence factors and associated potential pathogenic mechanisms, transmission routes and related environmental factors involved in outbreak of vibriosis, as well as the controlling strategies are reviewed in the present paper.     

特大城市群协同:进展与路径

自20世纪以来,特大城市群如伦敦、东京、纽约、旧金山、粤港澳大湾区等迅速发展.特大城市群的孕育与增长得益于空间融合、人口迁移、经济合作和科技创新的共同作用,也奠定了政府、企业、组织和个人网络空间协同发展的基础.但城市群演进与发展中也出现了资源错配、同质竞争、发展不均、环境污染等问题,传统的分析工具和治理范式面临挑战,呼唤更有效的空间模型和决策方法.新的技术方法如何促进特大城市群的可持续发展?在2020年国际中国规划年会的特别论坛上,5位专家围绕城市群协同主题,解读特大城市群的发展历程,解析形成机理与协同治理需求,展望融合大数据、地理信息、物联网和人工智能等技术的智慧湾区建设路径.     

TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTING REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES: ACHIEVEMENTS

The development of any analytical method should have to experience at least four stages: its initial status, growth, mature and declining. However, although the regional input-output analysis has been widely applied for more than forty years, it is still one of the most important approach in regional economic analysis and forecast at present in the world. This is due to the never ended modifications and its great potentials. In this paper, we review the historical development of the regional input-output analysis.     

地名:地图空间认知的“定位符”

地名是地图的主要内容之一,具有其他地图要素不可比拟的直观性和概括性,是百姓最容易接受的定位方式。本文以用户的地图空间认知顺序为切入点,首先介绍了地名的产生及发展过程、地名特性、地名定义、地名要素以及地名注记符号在地图空间认知语义三角中的作用。其次,从地名注记的标注位置、颜色、字体与字号、方向及文字排列、文字间隔、整体布置六个方面论述了地名注记作为"定位符"的内在原因。最后,对遥感影像地图、航空像片、普通2维地图以及3维地图四种常用地图中的地名注记进行了分析。地名注记符号是地图空间认知中最直观,最有效的信息传输要素,在地图空间认知中发挥着重要的定位与导航作用。     

海域配置市场化:实践、问题与对策——基于江苏如东县海域招拍挂的实例分析

海域配置市场化是以市场为基础对海域资源进行相关出让、出租等的支配行为,是提升海域使用价值、预防腐败的有效手段,但是市场化有利也有弊。以江苏如东县的初次海域配置市场化实践为视角,阐述海域市场化配置的做法、面临的问题和相应的对策,以进一步规范海域市场化配置行为,保护海域资源的同时,实现其价值的最大化。