拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫的摄食率和摄食选择

研究了拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramam osain）大眼幼体在不同饵料密度和组合条件下对卤虫（Ar-tem iasp.）无节幼体及成体的摄食率、摄食节律等,发现：光照-视觉因素对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体捕食卤虫无节幼体的数量无显著影响,但对捕食卤虫成体的影响显著（p〈0.05）.饵料密度较低（如卤虫无节幼体密度〈10 ind/cm3）时,饵料密度与拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率呈正相关;饵料密度较高时饵料密度变化对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率的影响不显著（p〉0.05）.禁食后投饵,在高饵料密度（如卤虫无节幼体密度≥10 ind/cm3）下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食率在短时间（如4 h）较高,随供饵时间的延续摄食率开始下降,较长时间（24 h）摄食率显著较低.以干重计,拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫成体的摄食率全面高于对卤虫无节幼体;但混合投喂卤虫无节幼体和成体时拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食的卤虫成体数量较少,表明在卤虫无节幼体和成体同时存在的情况下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体倾向于放弃卤虫成体捕食无节幼体.拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食行为受到被捕食风险和饵料斑块分布的显著影响.育苗生产中对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体投喂卤虫无节幼体的密度无需高于10 ind/cm3.     

微咸水池塘河蟹仔蟹培育试验

1998年4-5月在江苏南通微咸水池塘中进行了河蟹仔蟹温棚培育试验。本次试验仔蟹的成活率最高为56．0％,三个试验组仔蟹的平均成活率为35．6％。试验表明,仔蟹培育成活率的提高有赖于池塘水质、水温、透明度、溶解氧、盐度、大眼幼体投放密度及水体天然饵料培育和人工饵料投喂等方面的科学管理和调控,其中大眼幼体投放密度以500-1000／1／米2为宜,盐度以4-7‰为宜,温度以22±2℃为宜。     

黄金水母对海月水母碟状幼体捕食作用的初步研究

一种钵水母—黄金水母(Chrysaora pacifica)被怀疑是海月水母(Aurelia aurita)碟状幼体的潜在捕食者,为了验证这一假设,在实验室可控条件下进行了以黄金水母幼水母为捕食者、海月水母碟状幼体为猎物的捕食实验。实验结果表明黄金水母幼水母(伞径:9-15mm)能够以海月水母碟状幼体(ca. 2mm)为食。在2 h的实验中,黄金水母幼水母最多摄食了15只海月水母碟状幼体(实验容器容积为450mL)。黄金水母幼水母对海月水母碟状幼体的摄食率在44ind./L和111ind./L的密度下分别为0.8±0.6/ind.·h和1.3±1.0/ind.·h。滤水率在两个密度下分别为0.029±0.024和0.051±0.041L/ind.·h。滤水率随着饵料密度的降低显著提高。实验结果证实黄金水母是海月水母碟状幼体的重要潜在捕食者,并且其对海月水母碟状幼体的捕食可能是影响天然海域中海月水母碟状幼体成活率的重要因素。     

不同发育期锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)幼体摄食的变化

每天从锯缘青蟹育苗池采集幼体,在实验室内依平衡法测定从孵化至大眼幼体各天青蟹幼体的摄食率,并同时测定青蟹幼体每天的干重和比能值,比较研究了饵料密度对青蟹不同发育阶段幼体摄食的影响,以及幼体蜕皮周期内摄食的变化。结果表明,轮虫是青蟹蚤状幼体(Z)Ⅰ期(Z1)和Ⅱ期(Z2)适宜的饵料,卤虫无节幼虫是青蟹幼体生长发育主要的能量来源,占整个幼体发育期摄入能量的96·48%。以干重和能量表示的青蟹幼体摄食率(CDW和CJ)随幼体蜕皮发育呈指数增长[CDW=13·463e0·8283(d 1)(r2=0·927),p<0·01;CJ=0·4018e0·7516(d 1)(r2=0·956),p<0·01];青蟹大眼幼体摄食强度显著上升,摄入能量高达整个幼体发育期摄入能量的77·25%。Z1、Z2期为被动摄食,青蟹幼体主动摄食的能力随幼体发育而逐渐提高,大眼幼体为主动摄食。锯缘青蟹各期幼体蜕皮周期内摄食率的变化是:Z1→Z4期蜕皮后上升,蜕皮前稍微下降;Z5期蜕皮后和蜕皮前较高,蜕皮间较低。Z5期日粮水平最低;青蟹大眼幼体期有2个摄食峰值,变化不规则。     

水温、盐度和饵料密度对橄榄蚶滤水率的影响

用实验生态学的方法研究了不同水温(15、20、25、30℃)、盐度(16、21、26、31、36)和饵料密度(0.5×104、1.5×104、2.5×104、3.5×104、5×104个/m L)对橄榄蚶(Estellarca olivacea)滤水率的影响。实验结果表明,以金藻作为饵料,水温、盐度、饵料密度对橄榄蚶的滤水率有显著影响(P0.05)。水温15~30℃、盐度16~36、饵料密度为0.5~5×104个/m L时,橄榄蚶的滤水率都呈峰值变化。水温25℃、盐度26、饵料密度3.5×104个/m L时,其滤水率分别达到最大值。在所研究的范围内,水温、盐度、饵料密度与滤水率之间分别满足函数关系:FRT=–0.3396T2+1.8937T+0.2728(R2=0.9857,P0.05);FRS=–0.3424S2+1.9626S+0.7112(R2=0.9683,P0.05);FRC=1.7395 C 0.4607,(R2=0.9062,P0.05)。     

真鲷饵料生物褶皱臂尾轮虫和眼点拟微绿藻的大量培养

于1992～1994年 ,在中国水科院黄海水产研究所小麦岛试验基地(青岛)进行的“中日合作真鲷增殖放流项目”执行期间 ,对真鲷饵料生物———眼点拟微绿藻 (Nannochloropsisoculata)和L型褶皱臂尾轮虫 (Branchionus plicatilis)进行了大量培养。眼点拟微绿藻的平均接种密度为1211.3×104个/ml,经5～6d的室内或室外露天培养即可达到平均为2341.0×104 个/ml的收获密度 ;采用眼点拟微绿藻和新鲜面包酵母作为混合饵料 ;褶皱臂尾轮虫 (L型 )培养3～4d即可由接种时平均密度148.0个/ml,增长至平均216.8个/ml的采收密度。眼点拟微绿藻和轮虫的日间增殖密度分别是12.8 %和26.6 %。每生产108个褶皱臂尾轮虫需要消耗0.73m3眼点拟微绿藻 (密度为2000×104/ml)和790.8g 鲜面包酵母。采用此法 ,作者连续3a成功地为每年百万尾以上真鲷苗种提供了足够的生物饵料。总结3a苗种培育和生物饵料培养之间的关系 ,作者认为 ,大规模稳定生产海水鱼类苗种时,育苗与饵料生物培养 (褶皱臂尾轮虫和眼点拟微绿藻 )水体的合理比例应为1∶1～1.5∶3。     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

本文分析测定了锯缘青蟹幼体从刚孵化至大眼幼体各发育阶段及其饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的氨基酸组成，并使用必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)来评价饵料蛋白质的质量.结果表明，青蟹各期幼体的氨基酸组成基本趋于一致，且与饵料转换不存在明显的相关性.对于各期幼体，饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的必需氨基酸指数均大于90，可以认为，轮虫和卤虫无节幼体能够满足锯缘青蟹幼体对饵料中必需氨基酸的营养需求.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫室内高密度培养及在远海梭子蟹育苗中的运用

利用面包酵母在室内高密度培养褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)，并用培养的轮虫进行远海梭子蟹育苗。结果发现，接种200个／mL,经8d培养，轮虫密度可达3075个／mL。用高密度培养而又未经营养强化的褶皱臂尾轮虫作为开口饵料及培养饵料，再配合单胞藻和卤虫，用于远海梭子蟹育苗，育苗期(至大眼幼体)为14-16d，培育至幼蟹一期，成活率达17％。     

鞍带石斑鱼工厂化育苗研究

作者设计了一种新的鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)工厂化人工育苗方法。测定了鞍带石斑鱼人工育苗过程中水环境因子和育苗水体浮游生物的种类、数量变化。育苗期间水温28.0～30.7℃;盐度为27.0～32.0;pH值为7.39～7.90;溶氧量6mg/L以上;中午池面平均光照3315.9lx;记录了1d的光照、水温、溶解氧和pH的变化;育苗池前18d只加水不换水,氨氮不断上升,最低值0.24mg/L,最高值2.53mg/L,育苗后期采取换水措施,氨氮迅速下降;育苗期间,水体除正常投喂的轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和桡足类外,池中出现浮游植物12种、浮游动物5种,浮游植物平均生物量6.92×106个/L,原生动物平均生物量0.74×106个/L。经过34d的培养,得到平均全长2.45cm鱼种,单位水体育苗密度300尾/m3,育苗成活率为2.73%。结果表明,用有效微生物群(effective microorganisms,简称EM)+高级虾片调节水质的模式,可以保持育苗水质稳定,成功培育出鞍带石斑鱼幼鱼。     

人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的饵料基础研究

通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类、饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验 ,研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合 ,测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明 :饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体 期 (Z1)至 期 (Z2 )的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响 ,Z1可以不投饵 ,但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫 ,能明显提高 Z2 活力和 Z2 至 Z3 的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体 ,在幼体培育前期 (Z1)投喂单胞藻、轮虫 ,后期 (Z3 以后 )添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加 ,同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加 ,但达到一定密度后 ,捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.