晚三叠世松潘甘孜和川西前陆盆地的物源对比：构造演化和古地理变迁的线索

为了研究龙门山褶皱冲断带两侧的松潘甘孜和川西前陆盆地在大地构造和沉积学方面存在的联系,笔者等分别在松潘甘孜东缘马尔康—理县地区和川西前陆盆地都江堰地区进行了采样和碎屑锆石的LAICPMS UPb定年工作。269颗锆石的定年结果显示,中—晚三叠世拉丁期—诺利期松潘甘孜复理石盆地东缘沉积地层中的碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在250~280 Ma、1800~1900 Ma和2400~2500 Ma、200~245 Ma、400~450 Ma,对应的物源主要为东昆仑岛弧、华北陆块基底、义敦岛弧以及北秦岭。与之相比,川西前陆盆地诺利期—瑞替期的须家河组地层中的碎屑锆石年龄大致主要集中在1800~1900 Ma和2400~2500 Ma、720~850 Ma、950~1200 Ma、400~450 Ma。该统计结果总体上继承了松潘甘孜数据体的特征,揭示出须家河组物源来自西部——松潘甘孜褶皱带的再旋回沉积和龙门山前陆冲断带。     

Soft-sediment Deformation in the Late Triassic and the Indosinian Tectonic Movement in Longmenshan

内容提要:龙门山地区上三叠统包括卡尼阶马鞍塘组、诺利阶小塘子组与瑞替阶须家河组.通过野外研究在小塘子组与须家河组的多个层位中首次识别出丰富的地震触发成因的软沉积物变形,包括液化变形(液化角砾岩、液化滴状体、液化底劈、液化均一层等);塑性变形(卷曲变形,软布丁)以及与重力作用相关的负载、球-枕、枕状层.上述软沉积物变形是龙门山地区晚三叠世构造运动的响应,它们是印支期松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块裂开、碰撞、逆冲走滑伴生的地震事件的记录.通过古地震事件与沉积事件结合分析,提出龙门山地区印支期的构造运动过程为:晚三叠世中期(印支构造期中期)松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块开始裂开,古断裂走向近NS,断裂活动产生的地震于小塘子组浅海沉积中触发—系列软沉积物变形;晚三叠世晚期(印支构造期晚期)松潘-甘孜地体与上扬子板块发生陆内俯冲,地震诱发须家河组湖相沉积物变形;晚三叠世末期(印支构造期末期)松潘-甘孜地体左旋走滑逆冲于上扬子板块之上,形成松潘-甘孜山与川西前陆盆地,二者边界即现今的汶川-茂县断裂,印支期的造陆与造山伴随古地震发生.依据已识别的软沉积物液化变形位置与汶茂断裂的距离,估算出诺利阶小塘子组古地震震级约为Ms7.2;目前小塘子组液化变形记录远非距汶茂断裂最远的液化点,因而实际的古地震震级远远大于Ms7.2,应存在更强的地震事件.龙门山发生的毁灭性大地震(如2008,5,12汶川大地震Ms8)实际上于晚三叠世期间早已频繁发生,现今龙门山的活动地震带是中生代古地震带的延续.     

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地须家河组物源及构造背景分析

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地早期的沉积物源及构造演化长期存在争议,争论的焦点主要在晚三叠世诺利期及同期沉积的须家河组下部地层。通常认为龙门山前陆盆地的西侧边界为龙门山主断裂,北川-映秀断裂,须家河组地层的地表出露范围均位于该断裂以东区域。近期的汶川科学钻探首次在北川-映秀断裂以西发现了须家河组下部地层,为龙门山前陆盆地早期的演化过程提供了新的证据。上三叠统诺利阶须家河组下部的砂岩骨架颗粒中石英、长石、岩屑的平均含量分别为43%、4%和35%,岩屑颗粒呈次棱角状,岩屑主要为弱变质的粉砂岩、泥岩,具有锆石、金红石、电气石、重晶石的重矿物组合特征,表明物源来自再旋回沉积岩。据Dickinson的三角判别图解分析,其物源区构造背景为再旋回造山带。通过微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学分析,再次确定其物源为上地壳长英质岩。龙门山前缘须家河组下部地层与松潘甘孜中—上三叠统的REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式以及碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布特征相似。通过与须家河组潜在物源区的综合对比分析,本文认为诺利期的须家河组具有前陆盆地的双物源特征,其物源主要来自松潘甘孜褶皱带,并有少量来自扬子板块西缘。微量和稀土元素比值特征及构造背景判别图解分析表明,诺利期龙门山前缘须家河组的沉积构造背景为大陆岛弧,沉积盆地类型应为弧后前陆盆地。结合龙门山造山带-前陆盆地系统的构造事件研究,以及本文对于须家河组下部的物源和构造背景分析,表明在卡尼末期古特提斯洋东缘出现强烈挤压,松潘甘孜东缘发生褶皱并逆冲在扬子板块西缘之上形成古岛弧,逆冲断裂为茂汶断裂,须家河组的西侧沉积范围,即前陆盆地的西侧边界为茂汶断裂。到诺利期末和瑞替期初,龙门山造山带形成,须家河组沉积范围缩至北川-映秀断裂以东,龙门山前陆盆地的西侧边界为北川-映秀断裂。     

龙门山晚三叠世软沉积物变形与印支期构造运动

龙门山地区上三叠统包括卡尼阶马鞍塘组、诺利阶小塘子组与瑞替阶须家河组。通过野外研究在小塘子组与须家河组的多个层位中首次识别出丰富的地震触发成因的软沉积物变形,包括液化变形(液化角砾岩液化滴状体、液化底劈、液化均一层等);塑性变形(卷曲变形,软布丁)以及与重力作用相关的负载、球-枕、枕状层上述软沉积物变形是龙门山地区晚三叠世构造运动的响应,它们是印支期松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块裂开、碰撞逆冲走滑伴生的地震事件的记录。通过古地震事件与沉积事件结合分析,提出龙门山地区印支期的构造运动过程为:晚三叠世中期(印支构造期中期)松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块开始裂开,古断裂走向近NS,断裂活动产生的地震于小塘子组浅海沉积中触发一系列软沉积物变形;晚三叠世晚期(印支构造期晚期)松潘-甘孜地体与上扬子板块发生陆内俯冲,地震诱发须家河组湖相沉积物变形;晚三叠世末期(印支构造期末期)松潘-甘孜地体左旋走滑逆冲于上扬子板块之上,形成松潘-甘孜山与川西前陆盆地,二者边界即现今的汶川-茂县断裂,印支期的造陆与造山伴随古地震发生。依据已识别的软沉积物液化变形位置与汶茂断裂的距离,估算出诺利阶小塘子组古地震震级约为Ms7.2;目前小塘子组液化变形记录远非距汶茂断裂最远的液化点,因而实际的古地震震级远远大于Ms7.2,应存在更强的地震事件。龙门山发生的毁灭性大地震(如2008,5,12汶川大地震Ms8)实际上于晚三叠世期间早已频繁发生,现今龙门山的活动地震带是中生代古地震带的延续。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)三维地应力测试与"5.12"汶川地震的形成机制

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)的ASR三维地应力测试结果表明,龙门山前陆逆冲带与其下伏的龙门山前陆盆地和上覆的松潘-甘孜地块的构造及地应力状态存在有重大差异。从整体上看,在汶川地震中,龙门山前陆逆冲带表现为在强烈的区域性挤压背景下,深部物质沿壳内拆离层自SW向NE方向的"层状"流动,在地壳上部转化为沿映秀-北川断裂(YBF)的快速垂向挤出,而其西侧的松潘-甘孜地块作自SE往NW方向的重力滑覆,东侧的龙门山前陆盆地则表现为自NE往SW方向的走滑或右行旋转。晚新生代以来,扬子地块相对于青藏高原东缘的龙门山造山带并无明显的或大尺度的陆内俯冲作用发生。龙门山前陆逆冲带深部高温低粘度物质垂直向上的、快速的流动和挤出,直接导致了"5.12"汶川地震的发生,而松潘-甘孜地块E向扩展导致龙门山前陆带的强烈挤压和陆壳增厚及深部应力和地震能量的积聚则是诱导深部位移场发生突变和物质快速垂向挤出的主因,E向扩展是深部地震能量积聚和快速垂向挤出作用的必要条件,而非地震发生的直接原因。ASR地应力测试得出的主压应力方向完全平行于GPS同震速度场的位移方向,似乎表明ASR测试获得的原地应力场或许真实地反映了或最接近于地震过程中的构造应力状态。     

川西盆地演化及盆地叠合特征研究

川西盆地位于青藏高原松潘甘孜构造带东缘龙门山前陆地带,是四川盆地的一部分。自震旦纪以来,川西盆地经历了海相盆地与陆相盆地两个时期的演化,其中陆相盆地演化与松潘-甘孜构造带及龙门山的形成发展密切相关。晚三叠世以来,川西盆地与松潘-甘孜构造带、龙门山构造带之间经历了盆岭耦合与盆山耦合两期构造动力学演化过程,形成了结构复杂、多期演化的叠合盆地,其盆地性质、类型在不同地质时期各不相同。总的说来,川西盆地经历稳定克拉通海盆发展时期(震旦纪-中三叠世)、海陆交互相断陷盆地发展时期(上三叠世须家河组一段-须家河组三段)、陆相坳陷盆地发展时期(须家河组四段-中侏罗纪世)、前陆盆地发展时期(晚侏罗世-现今),最终形成了4期单型盆地的有序叠置。     

龙门山中、新生界软沉积物变形及构造演化

龙门山是由三条主要断裂组成的山体。汶川—茂县断裂,也称后山断裂,构成龙门山的西部边界;映秀—北川断裂为龙门山的中央断裂;灌县—安县断裂为龙门山的东部边界,也称前山断裂。龙门山断裂带以东为始自晚三叠世末的不同时期的前陆盆地。前陆盆地中从晚三叠世至2008年5月12日汶川地震(MS8.0),在不同年代地层中均有丰富的软沉积物变形构造(SSDS)记录,包括液化变形、重力作用变形、水塑性变形及其他相关的变形。这些变形层的地点紧邻龙门山的三条断裂,这些断裂在不同时期的活动诱发不同时期的强地震,导致当时尚未固结的沉积物变形(震积岩)。上三叠统小塘子组的软沉积的变形构造有液化角砾岩、液化滴状体、液化底辟、触变底辟、卷曲变形、拉伸布丁、负载、球-枕构造、枕状层及粒序断层等。侏罗系、白垩系主要为粗粒沉积物,除少数层位发现有液化变形外,主要的软沉积变形类型为各种形态、大尺度的砾岩负载构造。古近系为湖相沉积,沉积物粒度较细,软沉积物变形又出现大量液化变形构造,如液化混插、液化角砾岩等。2008年5月12日汶川地震(MS8.0)诱发大规模地表以下沙层液化,形成一系列液化变形构造与微地貌:液化沙堆、液化席状沙、沙火山、液化丘、坑状地形与混杂堆积。应用龙门山反射地震成果、古地震记录,结合区域构造可以给出龙门山断裂带发生的时间顺序与地震造山时期:(1)松潘—甘孜造山带与扬子板块的碰撞发生于晚三叠世早期,二者的边界即现在的汶川—茂县断裂;汶川—茂县断裂于晚三叠世末逆冲推覆造山,三叠纪末龙门山地区的山地可称松潘-甘孜山,在其东侧形成前陆盆地;晚三叠世印支造山旋回的大陆动力作用是龙门山诞生与孕育的阶段。(2)映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂的逆冲活动时间为侏罗纪—早白垩世,形成高山与前陆盆地。(3)早白垩世的龙门山已是一个由三条逆冲断裂组成的断裂带山体,可称古龙门山,山高约3 500m。(4)三条断裂在古近纪的活动诱发古近系软沉积物变形,但断裂未发生逆冲推覆造山,沉积物为湖相细粒沉积,古近纪是一个地震活动期,但不是造山的阶段。(5)中生代龙门山经历了多次瞬时地震造山与平静期山脉剥蚀降低的过程,现在的龙门山是晚新生代期间多次地震瞬时造山的产物。与众多的龙门山地学研究者不同,本文系采用另一种思维——软沉积物变形构造,即通过古地震途径讨论龙门山地区的构造演化。     

楚雄盆地含油气系统分析及勘探目标选择

楚雄盆地是在扬子板块西南大陆边缘上发育起来的晚三叠世－早白垩世前陆盆地与晚白垩世－第三纪陆内湖盆叠置的构造－沉积残留盆地。     

松潘-甘孜造山带东缘大水沟地区变质变形作用

松潘—甘孜造山带东缘大水沟逆冲—滑脱岩片的边界断裂为韧性剪切带,具逆冲—推覆性质,在中生代碰撞造山过程中逆冲叠置于扬子陆块之上。岩片经历了晚二叠世裂谷变质、晚三叠世末至早中侏罗世滑脱—收缩动热变质和晚侏罗世热隆接触变质３期变质变形作用,尤其是后二者影响深刻,奠定了现今热隆构造,并伴有碲矿床的形式。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震的发震构造:沿龙门山断裂带新生的地壳深部断裂

在区域地质构造研究中,龙门山断裂带也称为龙门山褶皱-冲断带或推覆构造带。许多研究者认为,2008年汶川8级地震的发震构造是这条断裂带或其中央映秀—北川断裂。笔者在深入分析龙门山断裂带的构造演化和岩石圈结构构造特征的基础上,着重探讨8级地震的发震构造,提出不同的认识。龙门山断裂带经历了松潘—甘孜造山带的前陆褶皱-冲断带(T3-J)、造山带(K-E)和青藏高原边缘隆起带(N-Q)3个动力学条件不同的演化阶段,在前两个阶段断裂带递进发展,第三阶段断裂带则被改造。从三维空间看,龙门山断裂带位于松潘—甘孜地块东南缘的上地壳内,并被推覆到扬子陆块上;而松潘—甘孜地块的中—下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生韧性增厚,而且向扬子陆块壳下俯冲,从而使浅、深部构造在垂向上形成"吞噬"扬子地块的"鳄鱼嘴"式结构。虽然在平面上汶川8级地震的主余震分布与映秀—北川断裂一致,但从剖面上看其震源所构成的震源破裂体位于龙门山断裂带之下的扬子陆块内。这种不一致性表明,8级地震的发震构造不是龙门山断裂带,而是扬子陆块内新生的高角度断裂,其走向基本与龙门山断裂带一致。推测这一震源断裂的形成过程是:当松潘—甘孜地块向东南推挤时,其前缘"鳄鱼嘴"构造咬合并错断被吞噬的扬子陆块部分,形成具有右旋逆平移性质的新断裂,导致汶川8级地震的发生。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the