在地磁学与地球重力学中的球谐分析

球谐分析在地磁学与地球重力学中得到广泛的应用.由于地球磁场与地球引力场的不同,球谐表述有所不同.地磁场的高斯分析（球谐分析）的结果表明,地磁场没有单极子,而引力场有,地磁场有内外源场之分,而地球引力场只有内源场,地磁场的球谐级数收敛快,地磁场高斯级数所用的蒂合勒让德函数是Schmidt半标准化的,而地球引力场中用的是全标准化的,地磁场的高斯系数随时间变化快,每5年产生一个IGRF（国际地磁参考场）, 而引力场的变化是与地质变化有关,相对于地磁场来说,是缓慢的. 地磁场的高斯分析还存在一个唯一性问题.     

基于圈层异旋假说的地球暨地磁成因之探讨

地球最终由旋臂式漩涡状云团分层(体)逐步吸聚而成,先后形成各圈层及其过渡层。过渡层富含流体,起着"气垫层"作用,使得不同圈层(体)之间具有差异自转的趋势和可能。地核处于及其特殊的高温高压状态,其表面相对带电,在差异自转作用下形成运流电流,使核外产生地磁场。本研究基于毕奥—萨伐尔定律,建立了地磁场数学模型,系统阐释了地磁场的形成机理。地壳造陆-造山、剥蚀-夷平作用与地磁场阶段性长期变化密切相关。     

地球科学的未来--IASPEI青年科学家的展望

国际测地学与地球物理学联合会(IU-GG)是一个为促进和协调在地球的物理、化学、数学性质及地球的空间环境方面研究的组织。其研究内容包括：地球的形状，地球重力场河地磁场的性质，地球作为一个整体及其组成部分的动力学性质，地球的内部     

地磁场能量在地球内部的分布及其长期变化

用国际参考地磁场模型(IGRF)分析了地磁场能量在地球内部的分布及其长期变化.结果表明,从1900年到2005年,地核以外地磁场总能量由6.818×1018J减少到6.594×1018J,减小了3.3%,地表以外地磁场总能量由8.658×101J减小到.63×101J,减小了11.4%.分析地球内部不同圈层地磁场能量的变化表明,地壳(A层)、上地幔(B层)、转换带(C层)、下地幔D′层的地磁场总能量在减小,但是下地幔"层的地磁场总能量却在快速增加.磁能密度随时间的变化更清楚地显示出磁能增加和减小的分界面在r=3840km处.上述结果表明,地核和地表以外地磁场总能量在趋势性减小的同时,也在进行重新分配.进一步分析表明,下地幔D"层磁能快速增长,主要是由高阶磁多极子的增强引起的.在地磁场倒转前,偶极矩减小而多极性相对增强在能量分布上的表现就是磁能向下地幔底部(特别是D"层)集中.     

地磁倒转与生物灭绝因果关系研究五十年

地磁场源于地球内部的地核发电机,经由近3000 km厚的地幔和地壳到达地面,穿过生物圈、大气层和电离层后延展至太空形成磁层.地磁场对生物圈有双重保护作用:阻挡了高能粒子向内入侵,也避免了氧和水等挥发性物质向外逃逸.尽管地磁场在几十亿年的时间里帮助维持了地球的宜居性,人们仍认为地磁倒转所导致的保护作用削弱会给生物圈带来深刻的负面影响,甚至是生物灭绝.本文梳理地磁倒转与生物灭绝因果关系研究的五十年发展历程,结合历史背景评介早期"一对一"假说的得与失,并着重阐述空间环境变化在最新提出的"多对一"假说中的重要作用.这些研究成果已经清晰地说明,从地核到磁层的地球各圈层是一个耦合的复杂系统,地球演化中的重大事件应当从地球系统科学的角度来看待,并借助比较行星学来研究和理解.     

中国大陆地磁场长期变化的某些特征

地磁场是地球的基本物理属性,由基本磁场、地壳磁场、变化磁场和感应磁场四部分组成.其中基本磁场起源于地球内部,是地磁场的主要成分,它的变化极为缓慢,称为地磁场的长期变化,研究它的变化及起源,一直是地球动力学的重要内容之一.     

在角加速机制的假设下,地磁场与地球自转速度的变化有关

假设地球基本磁场可以由地球自转加速度激发。为了检验这种角加速机制是否符合实际,本文根椐角加速机制推测了所激发的磁场的各种预期性质,并且把它们和对地磁场的观测事实进行分析对比。检验结果显示,地磁场的变化和自转速度的变化之间具有共同的频谱,而且角加速机制所预期的磁场性质无论在结构上,还是在随时间变化上都与对地磁场的观测事实相符合,没有遇到一个反例,而且能够解释地球发电机假说所不能解释的某些现象,例如,地磁场倒转时间的不规则分布和磁极游移等。本文所建立起来的地磁场与地球自转速度变化之间的10种关系具有基本的意义,在研究地磁场的起源时应该思考和回答为什么会存在这些关系,这对于探索正确的地磁起源机制也许是有益的。     

用于区域地磁场模型计算的 三维Taylor多项式方法

地磁场具有复杂的时空分布特点.地磁场模型是研究地磁场空间分布与时间变化规律的主要手段,包括全球和局部地区两类模型.局部模型精度满足了反映小尺度磁异常的需要.Taylor多项式模型是用于区域地磁场模型计算的常用方法,但至目前为止所用的都是二维Taylor多项式方法.本文提出了既能表示出地磁场在地球表面的分布,又能表示出地...     

关于地球引力场与地磁场相关性及其物理意义的讨论

Hide和Malin早在1970年就研究了地球引力场地磁场之间的相关性,把这一对具有重大意义的固体地球物理学研究的课题展示到了大家面前,引起了人们对地球各物理场之间的相互关系的极大关注。但是,Hide等在计算相关系数时,没考虑二者的带谐项以及地磁场四极子部分的高斯系数g_2~1和h_2~1,从而得出的结论是(整个)引力场与非偶极子磁场之间的相关系数为0.8381。我们知道,非偶极子磁场是地磁基本场的扰动部分,是偶极场与地核磁流体流动相     

球谐分析与国际地磁参考场

一、前言高斯理论是近代地磁学的理论基础。人们在对地磁场进行球谱分析时,可以把地球当作园球,也可以把地球当作椭球,使用的地磁资料可以是测量资料(陆地、海洋、航空、卫星、地磁台),也可以是从地磁图上量取的磁场值,使用的地磁要素可以是北向分量x东向分量y垂直分量z,也可以是它们的各种形式的组合,球谐分析的阶数一般为6～12阶。地磁场的球谱分析已有近150年的历史,但是,国际地磁参考场的历史并不长,这主要是因为在本世纪六十年代以前,缺乏国际间的合作。国际地磁学和高空物现学协会(IAGA)     

地磁場倒轉的电磁模型

本文是根据地球基本磁場起源的“发电机”理论而提出的地磁場倒转的电磁模型,认为地磁場的倒转是地核内部“环型”場反向的结果,若地球转速的“突然”扰动够大,则地幔与地核之间的电磁作用可以引起地球内部“环型”場的反向,从而实现地磁場的倒转,计算表明,这一扰动的性质是地球蒋动周期的减小,其数量级为10~2毫秒。文章的末尾计论了反向地磁場的维持问题,得出倒转磁場维持的时间间隔约为10~3年-10~6年。     

Core-mantle interactions

Several aspects of core-mantle interactions were considered during a Royal Astronomical Society Discussion Meeting on 12th May 1989, including modelling the geomagnetic field at the core surface, the morphology of the field between 1600 and 1820 AD, dynamo theory, Taylor's constraint, fluid motions at the top of the core that reproduce the observed secular variation, pressure coupling between the core and mantle and its geophysical consequences, topographic core-mantle coupling, angular momentum transfer at the core-mantle interface, the detection and implications of core oscillations, particularly those with associated fluctuations in the Earth's rotation rate, and the seismological determination of the core-mantle boundary topography from lateral inhomogeneities in the mantle.     

Self-consistent dynamo models driven by hydromagnetic instabilities

The dynamics of the Earth's core are dominated by a balance between Lorentz and Coriolis forces. Previous studies of possible (magnetostrophic) hydromagnetic instabilities in this regime have been confined to geophysically unrealistic flows and fields. In recent papers we have treated rather general fields and flows in a spherical geometry and in a computationally simple plane-layer model. These studies have highlighted the importance of differential rotation in determining the spatial structure of the instability. Here we have proceeded to use these results to construct a self-consistent dynamo model of the geomagnetic field. An iterative procedure is employed in which an α-effect is calculated from the form of the instability and is then used in a mean field dynamo model. The mean zonal field calculated there is then input back into the hydromagnetic stability problem and a new α-effect calculated. The whole procedure is repeated until the input and output zonal fields are the same to some tolerance.     

中国大陆强地震与地球自转角速度长期变化关系的初步分析

地球自转角速度变化对地质构造、地球物理现象的影响,前人已做过不少工作。其中,李四光、克罗波特金等认为,地壳构造运动的动力与地球自转角速度的变化有关。斯托伊柯（Stoyko）发现全球中、深震能量与自转速率有密切的关系。斯托瓦斯指出,近三百年来,绝大多数毁灭性地震都发生在地球自转角速度变     

An inspection of the long-term behaviour of the range of the daily geomagnetic field variation from comprehensive modelling

This paper attempts to reveal whether long-term trends in the ionosphere are reflected in the amplitude range of the geomagnetic daily variation recorded at ground level. The smooth and regular variation observed in the magnetograms on magnetically quiet days is induced by the ionospheric currents flowing in the dynamo region. So it is likely that trends in the conductivity or in the dynamics of this region could produce changes in the current densities, and consequently in the range of the geomagnetic variation. The crucial aspect is how to separate the changes produced by the geomagnetic activity itself, or by secular changes of the Earth's magnetic field, from the part of the variation produced by factors affecting trends in the ionosphere, which could have an anthropogenic origin. To investigate this, we synthesized for several geomagnetic observatories the daily ranges of the geomagnetic field components with a comprehensive model of the quiet-time, near-Earth magnetic field, and finally we removed the synthetic values from the observed ranges at those observatories. This comprehensive model accounts for contributions from Earth's core, lithosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere and coupling currents, and, additionally, accounts for influences of main field and solar activity variations on the ionosphere. Therefore, any trend remaining in the residuals, assuming that all the contributions mentioned above are properly described and thus removed by the comprehensive model, should reflect the influence of other sources. Results, based on series of magnetic data from observatories worldwide distributed, are presented. Trends in the X and Z components are misleading, since the current system changes in form as well as in intensity, producing changes of the focus latitude in the course of a solar cycle and from one cycle to another. Some differences exist between the long-term trends in the Y component between the real and modelled ranges, suggesting that other non-direct solar causes to the amplitude changes of the solar quiet geomagnetic variation should not be ruled out. Nevertheless, the results also reflect some short-comings in the way that the comprehensive modelling accounts for the influence of the solar activity on the range of the daily geomagnetic variation.     

近12000年以来北京地区地球磁场变化机理探讨

距今12000年以来北京地区地球磁场长期变化由长周期(大于1000年)和短周期(约500年)两部分组成，长周期和短周期分量分别受控于漂移场和稳定场的变化.与日本地区相比，北京地区地球磁场最显著的特征是在距今(5110-4670)±110年之间曾发生短极性漂移事件，这样的短极性地磁事件可能与地球外核流体运动的异常变化有关.     

Analytic base of geodynamo-like scaling laws in the planets,geomagnetic periodicities and inversions

Scaling laws for hydromagnetic dynamo in planets initially express the characteristic strength of the magnetic field through the primary values, such as the size of the conductive core of the planet, the angular rotation rate, electrical conductivity and energy flows. Most of the earlier proposed scaling laws based only on observations and assumptions about force balances. Recent and my new approaches to fully take into account the energy and induction balance has additionally expressed here in terms of primary values such important characteristics as forces, magnitudes, energies, scales and orientations of hydromagnetic fields. The direct numerical simulation of the hydromagnetic dynamo and modeling ability in a fairly wide range of parameters for the first time allowed direct test such laws. The obtained numerical geodynamo-like results for the Earth, Jupiter and partially Saturn postulated previously not identified analytically simplest law that predicts the field strength is only depended on the specific energy density of convection and the size of the dynamo area. This simplest and already widely used law was original way analytically grounded here along with other previously known and new laws. This analytic identifies the physics determining geomagnetic periodicities for jerk, secular variations and inversions. Mean period between the inversions is found to be roughly proportional to the intensity of the geomagnetic field that is confirmed by some paleomagnetic researches. Possible dynamos in Mercury, Ganymede, Uranus and Neptune are also discussed.     

Geomagnetic Reversals and Dynamo Bursts in a Simple Geodynamo Model

The question of what exactly happens with the geodynamo process during the reversal of a geomagnetic field is studied in a simple geodynamo model. The geodynamo action is described by the so called dynamo number characterizing the joint action of the main drivers of the geomagnetic field, i.e., the differential rotation and mirror–asymmetric convection. In mirror-asymmetric convection, for instance, in the northern hemisphere, there are more right vortices than left vortices, whereas in the southern hemisphere, there are more left vortices than right vortices. The effect of the magnetic field on the flow is described by the suppression of the mirror asymmetry: due to this suppression, e.g., in the northern hemisphere, the excess of right vortices over left vortices decreases. It is also assumed that due to this suppression, the mirror asymmetry can change its sign; i.e., the number of left vortices in the northern hemisphere can become larger than the number of right vortices. Correspondingly, the dynamo number can also change its sign. It is shown that the short-term changes of the sign of the dynamo number are responsible for the very short time span accommodating the reversal, when compared to the interval between the reversals.     

Sq发电机电流的UT变异性及其地面磁场的重建

本文用不同经度的7对中低纬台站水平磁场分量H,求得1965年随世界时（UT）变化的S_q指数（一种描述S_q电离层发电机电流强度的地磁指数）.结果表明,S_q发电机电流不仅有显著的逐日变化,而且有很大的UT变化.UT变化主要表现在电流总强度的强弱和电流涡焦点纬度移动两方面,这意味着决定发电机过程的太阳潮汐风场和电离层电导率随UT而变.用求得的S_q指数重新构造出的S_q变化与观测值符合得较好,它不仅显示出S_q幅度逐日变化的特点,而且还能复现出S_q形态的某些逐日变异性.