基于GIS的兴趣点公交路线查询系统的研究与设计

为了更加有效地利用公共交通,缓解城市交通拥堵,本文在公共交通利用方面提出了一种新的出行路线查询方法。它可以提供基于无需换乘的公交站点位置周边兴趣点路线查询,即根据离自己位置最近的公交站点信息,按照一定条件查找出满足条件的兴趣点,并给出前往自己兴趣点的公交路线。建立相应的空间数据库,储存公交站点等信息。基于ArcEngine开发平台,采用C#.NET语言进行了城市公交站点周边兴趣点查询系统功能的开发,实现了输入兴趣点和公交站点即可得到所需的出行路线。在本文中,查询系统以深圳市为例进行了测试,结果能够满足需求,为城市居民的出行提供了一个新的查询方式。     

GIS与Voronoi多边形在医疗服务设施地理可达性分析中的应用

地理可达性是研究评价各种服务设施布局及其服务域的重要指标之一,空间距离、交通便捷性、出行成本等是可达性测度的重要因子。由于医疗设施等公共设施通常以服务的公平性和覆盖性为目标,因此可定义居民点到最邻近医院的距离为地理可达性的测度。在此基础上,作者提出了基于GIS与Voronoi多边形的地理可达性计算方法。这一方法不仅将地理可达性分析中的空间点对之间的距离计算简化为空间查询,方便了GIS应用,而且计算的Voronoi多边形在本质上就是最邻近意义上医院的服务域,即服务域内各居民点到该医院的距离就是最邻近距离。此外结合人口分布等属性数据,还可深入分析各医院的服务承载力,本方法为医疗设施等公共服务设施的规划决策提供了重要的工具。     

一种城市公共自行车接驳地铁出行的时空可视化分析方法

公共自行车是城市轨道交通的重要接驳方式。为了更加清晰、直观地展示公共自行车接驳地铁出行的时空特征,本文提出了一种公共自行车租赁点接驳地铁出行客流量的时空可视化分析方法。该方法首先将地铁客流与公共自行车的IC卡数据进行预处理与时序分析,初步分析了两者之间的时序相似性;通过对地铁客流的时间聚类进行分析,得到了3种类型的出行日;然后分别对各类型出行日的相关性计算结果进行了特征可视化与空间信息可视化,实现对公共自行车接驳地铁出行时空特征的综合分析;最后运用该方法以北京市西城区宣武门地铁站为例,对该站合理范围内的公共自行车接驳地铁出行情况进行了时空可视化分析。结果表明,对地铁客流与公共自行车IC卡数据的融合可视化分析可更加全面、动态地掌握城市公共自行车接驳地铁出行的时空分布情况,该方法可为城市轨道交通站点处公共自行车租赁点的规划及建设提供量化依据。     

基于“天地图”的旅游地理信息服务系统设计

“天地图”是国家地理信息公共服务平台,“天地图”旅游是基于“天地图”的旅游地理信息服务平台。“天地图”旅游频道以“天地图”2.0的地理信息数据为基础,聚合国家旅游局的权威旅游信息资源,拥有丰富、全面、权威、可靠、精准的综合旅游信息,并将旅游资源与在线地图服务紧密结合,实现了各类旅游信息的空间定位、分类表达和查询检索,向公众提供专业、特色的基于空间位置的旅游地理信息服务。本文介绍以天地图为基础平台的旅游地理信息服务系统设计,实现国家级、省级、市级旅游信息资源的服务聚合与协同,向用户提供旅游地理信息“一站式”服务。     

A spatiotemporal analysis of metro-stop based accessibility to bus services in Shanghai,China

Ground-level bus offers flexible services with relatively inexpensive fares and high-level accessibility, thus is the dominant feeder mode for metro in the majority of metropolitan areas in China. Intermodal transfer between the metro and bus networks is therefore a crucial element in the successful operation of an integrated transit system. In this circumstance, a key challenge is lack of appropriate methodologies to evaluate the spatial–temporal disparities of intermodal transfers between metro and bus. To address this issue, this research aims to promote an existing two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model by incorporating the temporal variability of service supply, demand, and travel time to provide a more realistic estimation of accessibility using smart card data and automatic vehicle location data. The proposed methodology was applied in a case study of the metropolitan area of Shanghai in the specific context of metro-stop based accessibility to bus services. The results of the case study show that the daily fluctuations in output metro-to-bus transfer accessibility values are highly sensitive to temporal dynamics of transfer time, service supply, and demand. It is hoped the results output here could give planners and policymakers greater insight into spatiotemporal dynamics on transfer accessibility, and help to establish an effective and efficient integrated transit system.     

Accessibility Futures

This study uses accessibility as a performance measure to evaluate a matrix of future land use and network scenarios for planning purposes. The concept of accessibility dates to the 1950s, but this type of application to transportation planning is new. Previous research has established the coevolution of transportation and land use, demonstrated the dependence of accessibility on both, and made the case for the use of accessibility measures as a planning tool. This study builds off of these findings by demonstrating the use of accessibility‐based performance measures in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. This choice of performance measure also allows for transit and highway networks to be compared side‐by‐side. For roadway modeling, zone‐to‐zone travel time matrix was computed using stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) assignment with travel time feedback to trip distribution. A database of schedules was used on the transit networks to assign transit routes. This travel time data was joined with the land use data from each scenario to obtain the employment, population, and labor accessibility from each traffic analysis zone (TAZ) within specified time ranges. Tables of person‐weighted accessibility were computed for 20 minutes with zone population as the weight for employment accessibility and zone employment as the weight for population and labor accessibility. Maps of accessibility by zone were produced to show the spatial distribution of accessibility across the region. The results show that a scenario where population and employment growth are concentrated in the center of the metropolitan area would produce the highest accessibility no matter which transportation network changes are made. However, another scenario which concentrates population growth in the center of the metropolitan area and shifts employment growth to the periphery consistently outperforms the scenario representing the projected 2030 land use without any growth management strategy.     

Evaluating the importance of accessibility to congestion response using a GIS-based travel simulator

 This paper examines the effect of accessibility on individual response to unexpected traffic delays and congestion. The dataset used was collected by means of a travel simulator developed within a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The simulator models a commute trip where congestion takes place, and subjects are asked to respond by making a choice among alternative courses of action. Available alternatives for dealing with the unexpected traffic delay include changing the location of the planned activities or changing the activities to be performed. Accessibility to the new locations and to the different activities is computed using a cumulative measure. Analysis using CHAID tree technique found that accessibility is a good predictor of subjects' choice when responding to unexpected traffic delays. Received: September 2002 / Accepted: January 2003 Support for this research by a grant from the Center of Intelligent Transportation Research of the Ohio State University is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to thank Joe Weber, Mei-Po Kwan and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.     

Spatial analysis of public health facilities in Riyadh Governorate,Saudi Arabia: a GIS-based study to assess geographic variations of service provision and accessibility

Much attention has been given to address public health policy in Saudi Arabia, particularly for the management, quality, and coverage issues. However, assessment of spatial patterns, distribution, and provision of public health services has been neglected. This paper analyzes the availability and accessibility of public health facilities across Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia at the subnational level. Spatial and attribute data of public health facilities potentially have been analyzed using GIS to produce accurate measure of accessibility. The spatial pattern of service distribution was examined using average nearest neighbor. Distances from demand points (populations) to providers (facilities) were calculated for each district using near analysis. In addition, the ratios of public health facility to population were calculated to identify underserved and overserved areas. The findings clearly indicate that the spatial pattern of the distribution of public health facilities was significantly clustered (p value < 0.001) with Z-score of ?10.9. Several districts within the central parts of the governorate were identified as having a higher density of facilities, while most of districts that are located in the marginal parts exhibit very low density of health facilities. Overall, there was a considerable variation in the average distance from district centroids to health facilities. Substantially, less than half of the population (45.4%) living in 61 districts has access to public health facility within less than 1-km distance. In contrast, the greatest increase in distances was observed for 6% of population living in 38 districts. People that live in such districts need to travel long distances for public health care. The output of this analysis can assist policy-makers and authorities of Riyadh Governorate in planning public health delivery.     

Spatial and temporal variations of spatial population accessibility to public hospitals: a case study of rural–urban comparison

Quantification and assessment of nationwide population access to health-care services is a critical undertaking for improving population health and optimizing the performance of national health systems. Rural–urban unbalance of population access to health-care services is widely involved in most of the nations. This unbalance is also potentially affected by varied weather and road conditions. This study investigates the rural and urban performances of public health system by quantifying the spatiotemporal variations of accessibility and assessing the impacts of potential factors. Australian health-care system is used as a case study for the rural–urban comparison of population accessibility. A nationwide travel time-based modified kernel density two-step floating catchment area (MKD2SFCA) model is utilized to compute accessibility of travel time within 30, 60, 120, and 240 min to all public hospitals, hospitals that provide emergency care, and hospitals that provide surgery service, respectively. Results show that accessibility is varied both temporally and spatially, and the rural–urban unbalance is distinct for different types of hospitals. In Australia, from the perspective of spatial distributions of health-care resources, spatial accessibility to all public hospitals in remote and very remote areas is not lower (and may even higher) than that in major cities, but the accessibility to hospitals that provide emergency and surgery services is much higher in major cities than other areas. From the angle of temporal variation of accessibility to public hospitals, reduction of traffic speed is 1.00–3.57% due to precipitation and heavy rain, but it leads to 18–23% and 31–50% of reduction of accessibility in hot-spot and cold-spot regions, respectively, and the impact is severe in New South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Territory during wet seasons. Spatiotemporal analysis for the variations of accessibility can provide quantitative and accurate evidence for geographically local and dynamic strategies of allocation decision-making of medical resources and optimizing health-care systems both locally and nationally.     

基于交通网络几何和语义(交通)规则集成的公交换乘研究

换乘信息特别是基于地理信息系统技术的图文换乘信息服务,已经成为城市公共交通信息服务、线网规划和线路优化调整的重要指标与内容。但是公共交通线网具有特殊的网络特征和拓扑关系,它不同于城市道路网络,因此公共交通换乘不能简单应用于目前的最优路径算法,例如Dijkstra算法。本文将通过对公共交通线网的空间特征和语义(交通)规则分析,建立城市交通网络的几何和语义连通性的集成关系。几何连通性是语义连通性的基础和先决条件,而语义连通性是公共交通网络拓扑的核心。基于语义连通性的公共交通线网拓扑关系提升公共交通换乘算法的效率和信息准确度,任何两个站点之间的最优路径可以被迅速获取而不需要检索整个网络的几何拓扑信息。并且该最优换乘路径考虑到最少换乘次数、出行距离最短、费用最少、途经站点最少和换乘中最短步行距离等多目标换乘。     

城市公交换乘模型的优化研究

传统的城市公交网络换乘模型中,一般根据公交站点间距离确定公交站点间是否应设定换乘关系,但该方法比较主观,可能导致某些公交站点间必要的换乘关系缺失。本文在以常用的以标准距离建立的公交换乘关系基础上,提出在介于标准距离和扩展距离的站点之间基于最优线路分析决定是否添加换乘关系的方法,同时给出了具体的实施步骤和实例分析。结果表明本文提出的方法能够为用户提供更好的出行选择,从而更好地满足乘客的实际需求。     

基于GIS的公共图书馆空间可达性分析

图书馆是公共文化服务的重要资源,其空间分布对城市科技文化服务能力具有重要影响.对公共图书馆的资源配置、空间分布现状进行研究,以期能为相关部门提供决策支持.以北京市主城区为例,采用高斯两步移动搜寻法,从供需角度定量分析了研究区内基于自驾和公共交通出行方式下的公共图书馆空间可达性.出行时间通过调用准确度更高的百度地图API...     

基于GIS的大连市沙河口区城市绿地公平性研究——以可持续人居环境为视角

我国快速城市化进程正在遭受着环境污染、交通拥挤、住房紧张等一系列的城市问题,城市生态环境质量持续下降。城市绿地对城市碳氧平衡的调节具有重要作用,大力发展城市绿化将有助于改善城市环境问题。但目前我国城市绿地建设缺乏具体的空间分布规划,只注重绿地覆盖率和人居绿地面积,绿地服务功能的公平性问题没有得到充分重视。本文利用ArcGIS对大连市沙河口区的绿地可达性进行了研究,通过对比绿地可达性与沙河口区人居环境类型发现,高收入社会群体拥有比低收入社会群体更高的绿地可达性。城市规划者应该注意到这些问题,并在今后的建设中关注社会各阶层对绿地的需要,使城市居民在享受公共服务资源上更为公平。     

Obstacle‐limited service coverage: A new geospatial approach

Service coverage is a crucial component of spatial decision‐making involving facility siting. Determining coverage requires knowledge about travel behavior and accessibility across a region, as well as supporting methods of measurement and derivation when actual travel cannot necessarily be observed. When service is provided using vehicles that move freely without the restriction posed by roads (e.g., airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, boats, ships, and submarines), straight‐line travel is regularly assumed. However, this common assumption is often violated by geographical obstructions, resulting in overestimated service coverage. To date, no methods have been developed capable of accounting for obstacle‐limited service coverage. Existing methods either completely ignore obstructions or crudely estimate impacts on travel. In this research, we develop a novel method, ESP‐Cover, capable of deriving accurate obstacle‐limited coverage without introducing representation errors. A location siting problem involving drone‐based package delivery is presented to highlight the necessity of explicitly accounting for obstacles in system design. The assessment results demonstrate the importance of accurate derivation of the obstacle‐limited coverage for spatial decision‐making and the accuracy of the ESP‐Cover method in coverage derivation.     

地理信息在线服务方式的发展

概述了地理信息在线服务的必要性,是实现从模拟地图或电子光盘的拷贝服务到系统服务的转变,是从数据提供到增值服务的转变。阐述了地理信息在线服务的主要方式,包括地理信息发布、地理信息分发、地理信息在线应用和地理信息一站式访问等。介绍了地理信息在线服务在公共地图网站、国外地理信息公共平台和国内数字城市建设领域的应用情况。     

基于栅格GIS的公交站点覆盖率算法研究

本文利用栅格分析技术对公交站点覆盖率的计算进行了改进,从高分辨率遥感影像与公交站点信息数据叠加得到的栅格数据中提取三个栅格矩阵:记录公交站点ID号及其位置信息的栅格矩阵、道路网络上各点的出行阻抗矩阵、不在道路网络上各点的出行阻抗矩阵,对这三个阻抗矩阵进行栅格运算,计算公交站点的覆盖率,并通过南京城区部分公交站点的分布说明本文算法的具体应用情况。     

Multi‐temporal transport network models for accessibility studies

Vehicle tracking is a spatio‐temporal source of high‐granularity travel time information that can be used for transportation planning. However, it is still a challenge to combine data from heterogeneous sources into a dynamic transport network, while allowing for network modifications over time. This article uses conceptual modeling to develop multi‐temporal transport networks in geographic information systems (GIS) for accessibility studies. The proposed multi‐temporal network enables accessibility studies with different temporal granularities and from any location inside the city, resulting in a flexible tool for transport and urban planning. The implemented network is tested in two case studies that focus on socially excluded people in a large global city, São Paulo, Brazil, including accessibility analyses from slum areas. It explores variations within a day and differences between transport modes across time. Case study results indicate how the accessibility is heterogeneous in low‐income regions.     

用路途全景图增强地理信息系统的可视性

介绍了用路途全景图（Route panorama）组成道路网并融入地理信息系统的研究成果.为提供比道路地图更为详尽的景观信息,本文用路途全景图建立了一个可漫步的虚拟城市.路途全景图具有数据量小,形式连续,街道覆盖完全,高效采集和易于扩充等特色,可作为一个沿街建筑物和设施的图像索引.研究了获取街道景观的扫描系统,对一市区街道进行完全扫描,并对路途全景图进行信息检索.与利用3维图形建立城市模型相比,路途全景图能在因特网上实时传送,并在大区域内作连续的可视导航.其结果可应用于虚拟旅行、城市导引、历史研究、古迹保护、风土和生活方式记录以及灾害应急控制等.     

基于GIS的马尾马江片区公共厕所布局分析与优化

公共服务配套设施的合理布局和质量提升是新型城镇化的内涵之一,将GIS技术应用于规划领域可使规划成果具更理性与可实施性。以福州市马尾区马江片区为例,基于出行人群密度、区域繁华程度、公共厕所服务半径三者间的对应关系,对马江片区公共厕所的空间布局进行分析,认为该片区现状公共厕所存在数量与质量上的双重不足。针对存在的不足,提出优化算法与优化布局方案,并基于GIS技术实现可视化模拟。优化后的公共厕所共有53座,较现状的27座增加26座,符合《城市公共厕所设计标准》规定;公共厕所服务区覆盖片区总面积的91.5%,较现状的38.8%增加52.7%,满足城市规划与未来发展的需求。