泸州市栖云路缓倾岩质边坡变形成因分析及勘察方法改进建议

边坡工程是公路工程的重要组成部分,公路边坡失稳大多发生在土质边坡中,岩质边坡失稳较少见且集中在陡倾或软弱破碎岩体中,缓倾岩质边坡失稳更少见。本文以一典型案例分析缓倾岩质边坡的失稳原因。栖云路是通往泸州高铁站的交通要道,路堑边坡岩层外倾角度为7°～9°,似乎不可能失稳,但开挖揭示该边坡存在软弱夹层,该软弱夹层遇水易崩解,抗剪强度低,在降雨作用下K0+460～K0+590和K0+310～K0+520先后失稳。通过数值模拟对比有无软弱夹层的边坡稳定性,发现有软弱夹层的稳定性系数K_f=0.977,比无软弱夹层的小0.691,证明软弱夹层是该边坡失稳的主要因素。由于一般钻探技术无法揭示软弱夹层间接导致边坡失稳,为解决该问题,本文建议采用几何法对软弱夹层位置进行推测,在该边坡中的应用,证明几何法在单斜产出地层中是准确的,同时建议在几何法不可行时采用钻孔摄像技术,将地质信息以视频或图片形式呈现。从而复核未开挖边坡的稳定性,为后续工作打下基础。     

路堑边坡稳定性影响因子的均匀设计和数值模拟

将均匀设计引入边坡的稳定性影响因素敏感性分析中,可大大减少试验次数,使试验点在试验范围内均匀分布,得到理想的分析结果。针对杭兰高速公路一典型的路堑边坡,采用均匀设计法,对影响边坡稳定性的7种因素进行了敏感性分析。同时采用有限元数值模拟分析法,针对边坡开挖支护作对比分析,证实了均匀设计的可靠性,得出影响边坡稳定性的因子敏感性由大到小依次为内摩擦角、锚索长度、重度、粘聚力、锚索间距、预应力、锚固段长度,从而为公路路堑边坡的综合治理提供了依据。      

高速公路顺层路暂边坡优化设计方法

高速公路顺层路堑边坡的稳定与否，直接影响着公路的运行安全，因此对该类边坡特点进行总结，确定其研究方法是一项十分重要的任务。首先对高速公路顺层路堑边坡特点进行了总结，提出了高速公路顺层路堑边坡从野外调查－稳定评价－开挖坡角确定－加固设计的优化设计路线。在此基础上，以京珠高速公路大悟县境南段为例，按照高速公路顺层边坡设计思路：即在分析工程地质条件的基础上，采用剩余推力法和Sarma法计算了其稳定性，对影响边坡的各因素进行了敏感性分析；并根据计算成果确定了最优设计坡角。在保证边坡总体稳定的前提下，提出了边坡开挖方案及经济合理的边坡锚喷加固设计方案。结果表明该设计方案对工程建设具有很强的系统性和实用性。     

模糊综合评判方法在四川某公路深挖路堑边坡稳定性分析中的应用

应用模糊综合评判方法分析研究四川某公路深挖路堑边坡的稳定性 ,研究表明边坡整体及部分块体在边坡开挖后均处于基本稳定状态 ,为边坡的治理提供了依据。     

耒宜高速公路路堑边坡变形破坏特征及其综合治理

耒宜高速公路修建于山岭重丘区 ,沿线地形、地质条件差异较大 ,路堑开挖边坡类型较多 ,特征不一。本文介绍了路堑边坡的主要特征、边坡失稳的主要原因及治理对策。     

干旱地区路堑边坡失稳的机理及稳定性分析方法

水对边坡的失稳有很大的影响,在内蒙古西部干旱地区,往往由于集中降雨导致大量的路堑边坡失稳破坏,本文分析了降雨对边坡的不利影响,提出了考虑降雨作用的边坡稳定分析方法,并通过工程实例对该地区的边坡稳定性进行数值分析计算,其方法对干旱地区的路堑边坡设计及稳定性评价具有重要的借鉴意义。     

顺层路堑边坡锚杆支护稳定性的有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用ANSYS软件和有限元数值模拟技术,建立了顺层岩体边坡的有限元分析模型。结合沪蓉国道主干线宜昌至恩施公路白氏坪-榔坪段顺层路堑高边坡工程实例,对顺层岩体路堑边坡布设锚杆支护前后的应力、变形和稳定性进行了模拟分析。分析比较表明,锚杆支护结构可以减小边坡临界状态下的最大位移、增大最危险接触面的摩擦力和提高边坡的稳定性系数,从而能有效地提高边坡的稳定性以防止顺层滑坡的发生。     

顺层岩体路堑边坡稳定性的弹塑性有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用岩体力学理论、有限元数值模拟技术和强度折减原理,对顺层岩体路堑边坡在开挖过程中不同阶段的应力、变形、结构面上的摩擦力和边坡的稳定性等问题进行了模拟分析。分析表明,顺层岩体路堑边坡的应力场、位移场、结构面的接触状况以及边坡的稳定性明显受开挖效应的影响;在每一阶段的开挖面上,坡脚附近的水平位移量最大,最危险接触面也都集中在开挖形成的坡脚处,此处岩石最先脱落破坏;边坡的稳定性安全系数也随着开挖阶段的深入而逐渐降低。     

高速公路顺层路堑边坡优化设计方法

高速公路顺层路堑边坡的稳定与否, 直接影响着公路的运行安全, 因此对该类边坡特点进行总结, 确定其研究方法是一项十分重要的任务.首先对高速公路顺层路堑边坡特点进行了总结, 提出了高速公路顺层路堑边坡从野外调查-稳定评价-开挖坡角确定-加固设计的优化设计路线.在此基础上, 以京珠高速公路大悟县境南段为例, 按照高速公路顺层边坡设计思路: 即在分析工程地质条件的基础上, 采用剩余推力法和Sarma法计算了其稳定性, 对影响边坡的各因素进行了敏感性分析; 并根据计算成果确定了最优设计坡角.在保证边坡总体稳定的前提下, 提出了边坡开挖方案及经济合理的边坡锚喷加固设计方案.结果表明该设计方案对工程建设具有很强的系统性和实用性.      

老滑坡路段路堑开挖与超前支护效果

为防止老滑坡路段路堑开挖过程中出现路堑边坡失稳的问题,以在建某高速公路老滑坡段路堑失稳边坡为例,借助数值分析,进行了老滑坡路段路堑开挖与超前支护效果研究。结果表明：1）一般宽平台开挖模式能提高边坡的整体稳定性;然而,对于存在具有膨胀性质滑带土的牵引式老滑坡,坡脚采用宽平台刷坡减重不利于路堑边坡的稳定,必须要采取超前支护,如锚索、抗滑桩等,必要时要紧急采取清方卸载措施。2）锚索超前支护能够有效抑制边坡变形,需采用有效措施提高设置在坡脚处锚索的抗拉强度,如施加预应力等。3）抗滑桩超前支护应注意桩位、桩长、桩距的优化设计。建议抗滑桩采用锚拉,对桩前坡体中的滑带进行超前注浆,有必要沿老滑坡主滑方向布置多排抗滑桩,或采用h型桩体设计。     

建房切坡条件下边坡稳定性分析

为研究切坡建房对边坡稳定性的影响,本文通过统计分析浙江省余杭区鸬鸟镇地质灾害发育分布特征与成灾模式,概化四类具有不同坡度的斜坡模型,利用有限元极限平衡法模拟计算斜坡开挖后应力、应变分布及安全系数变化规律,借助函数曲线拟合边坡开挖进尺与安全系数间的关系,推算出斜坡开挖失稳时的开挖进尺临界值。得出以下结论:（1）未开挖状态,斜坡潜在失稳区位于坡顶处,开挖后坡脚附近失稳概率高于坡顶。（2）斜坡开挖后,坡度与开挖进尺共同影响边坡稳定性,且坡度影响大于开挖进尺。（3）误差分析发现,坡度小于20°斜坡的临界值误差较大,坡度大于20°斜坡的临界值误差较小。     

Toppling and stabilization of the intake slope for the Fengtan Hydropower Station enlargement project, Mid-South China

The intake slope for the Fengtan Hydropower Station enlargement project is composed of thickly bedded sedimentary rock. During excavation of the intake slope and tunnels, toppling was observed in the rock masses of the intake slope. Research was conducted to study the engineering geological conditions and the deformation characteristics of the slope during excavation. The in situ monitoring data and possible causes for toppling were analyzed. A method for analyzing monitoring data was proposed, which can be used to calculate the depth and rotation angle of block toppling. The monitoring results showed that toppling occurred only at a shallow depth, and induced local instability of the slope. Deformation had been controlled and the slope tended to be stable after reinforcement. Through this case study, it can be seen that the stability of the slope and underground openings during and after excavation is variable, especially when the loading conditions and topography are changed. A proper construction sequence is essential, i.e., excavation from the inside toward the free slope surface; excavating the slope above the tunnel after the tunnel lining is in place. This is particularly important for the excavation of multiple tunnels at the slope toe.     

基于能量原理的露天矿边坡开挖稳定性突变研究

基于边坡系统能量的原理,借助FLAC3D有限差分法内嵌FISH语言进行了三维露天矿边坡模型在开挖过程中能量计算的二次开发。将能量与突变理论相结合,以边坡系统的总耗散能作为状态变量,构建了边坡系统的能量耗散突变判别准则。以大孤山露天矿西北帮边坡为例,通过能量耗散突变分析、塑性区演化分析、安全系数变化分析及关键点位移分析可知,以上分析得到的边坡稳定性演化规律具有一致性,验证了提出的突变判别准则的适用性,研究结果表明：能量突变特征值 是露天矿边坡在第ki步开挖后发生失稳的充要力学条件;当进行至第6～8步开挖时,边坡局部岩体系统发生了失稳,且第7、8、9三个台阶受开挖扰动的影响较为严重,与现场的实际开挖情况相符,为预防露天矿边坡在开挖扰动过程中的局部围岩系统失稳提供了一定的理论支持。     

龙滩水电站航道座滑边坡平面有限元模拟研究

基于弹塑性有限元（FEM）模型和Mohr-Cou lomb屈服准则,采用平面有限元法对龙滩水电站航道1+0161+080开挖边坡座滑前的稳定状况进行了数值模拟研究。对座滑前边坡的应力场、位移场及塑性屈服区的模拟结果表明,边坡在座滑前存在明显的塑性区,处于临界稳定状态;开挖过程中边坡存在连续变形,特别是开挖下部时变形会突然增大;座滑前边坡塑性区支护体系已达到承载极限,边坡具备了座滑的条件。     

A loess landslide induced by excavation and rainfall

The initiation of loess landslides is a common engineering problem during the construction of the expressway or other engineering works in the Loess Plateau of China. The engineers and researchers should devote themselves to the prevention of the initiation of loess landslides. This study focused on a loess landslide which was induced during the construction of an expressway in Shanxi Province of China. The stabilities of the loess hillside slope before and after excavation were analyzed using limit equilibrium analysis method and the strength reduction finite element method, respectively. The analysis results indicated that the loess hillside slope, before excavation, was stable under both natural state and rainfall conditions. The collapse of the loess hillside slope, or the initiation of loess landslides, after having been excavated, was induced by excavation and rainfall. The integrated stabilization method including four parts was used to stabilize the loess landslide. The four parts were a reinforced concrete piles row, a rubble concrete retaining wall, alteration of slope geometry, and interception and drainage of water. The initiation of the loess landslide might be evitable if it was given enough attention before excavation; thus, the problem of loess landslides should be paid big attention during the survey and design of the engineering works, not only during the construction.     

基于物理模型试验的含多层软弱夹层顺层开挖高边坡变形破坏特征分析

含有多层软弱夹层的开挖边坡具有坡体结构复杂、稳定性评价及治理难度大的特点。以黔西地区现场开挖高边坡为研究对象,建立室内物理试验模型,通过不同的工况开挖,呈现变形破坏演化过程,分析变形破坏模型及形成机理,确定失稳破坏范围。结果显示:开挖边坡裂隙产生由表及里,由上及下,由最初的陡倾短小裂隙扩展延伸,最终贯通,形成近似平行岩层的长大裂缝;缓坡度开挖变形破坏为浅表层,整体稳定性较好,失稳范围及规模较小;陡坡度开挖变形破坏规模大,稳定性较差,以滑移-拉裂深层失稳为主;浅层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切为主,基本呈直线状;深层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切以及陡倾裂隙组合形成阶梯状。该研究成果对于黔西地区的顺层开挖高边坡设计、稳定性评价、治理措施选择等具有重要的指导意义。     

高陡岩质料场边坡稳定性与支护设计研究

水电站料场高边坡具有高度大、坡度陡、卸荷速度快等特点,因多按临时边坡进行设计,故施工期变形破坏事例频发。基于这一现状,依托瀑布沟水电站两岩质料场边坡,通过两年多跟踪施工过程的支护设计工作,总结出一套操作性强的料场高边坡稳定性及支护设计方法。针对料场边坡存在的受软弱结构面控制的边坡整体稳定性、浅表层块体稳定性、碎裂岩体稳定性三种工程地质问题,在跟踪施工过程开展岩体结构调查的基础上,按照先整体后局部的稳定性评价思路,开展高边坡稳定性评价。施工期动态支护设计按照保证整体稳定,控制局部变形,顾全潜在失稳区域的理念,通过定性评价确定不稳定区域并优先设计提交施工;针对施工中最易出现的块体变形和碎裂岩体变形,建立了合理的支护设计原则和严格的施工规定;对稳定性差、施工风险高、支护造价大的潜在不稳定区域,应及时地调整开挖方案,减少工程造价。实践表明,这套方法保证了料场高边坡的快速施工安全,减少了工程投资。     

爆破荷载作用下露天矿边坡稳定性的突变研究

基于二维斜坡平面滑动失稳力学模型,引入爆破荷载因素,建立了露天爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡失稳的尖点突变理论模型。根据建立的突变模型,探讨了爆破荷载幅值和爆破荷载频率对边坡稳定性的影响规律,导出了边坡的动态自稳临界高度,并提出了失稳的判据条件,结果表明：爆破荷载幅值越大,爆破荷载频率越小,后缘裂缝深度越大,边坡失稳的可能性越高;在爆破荷载作用下,边坡的稳定程度是动态变化的,且随着应力波入射角的增大,边坡失稳破坏的可能性不断提高。以大孤山露天矿内的两处边坡为例,计算了边坡的动安全系数及动态自稳临界高度,利用边坡当前实际的稳定情况验证了提出的边坡失稳判据的合理性,为预防露天矿爆破在开挖过程中边坡岩体的动力失稳提供了一定的理论支持。     

降雨入渗对板岩边坡稳定的影响及加固措施研究

板岩边坡在国内边坡工程中较为常见,常伴有倾倒变形,在其特有的结构性质影响下边坡失稳频发。通过对苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡失稳现象分析,研究了板岩边坡在降入入渗情况下的变形特征,在该基础之上运用稳定理论探讨降雨入渗影响边坡失稳机制,结合实例分析提出了板岩边坡失稳加固关键措施,并通过现场实际检验效果。研究结果表明,板岩边坡的节理特性、开挖坡比、降雨入渗是造成板岩边坡失稳的关键因素,进行加固必须从防雨下渗和束腰加固着手。苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡加固后经受住了汛期和炮震的影响,说明边坡失稳认识及加固措施较为准确,对于类似工程具有一定的参考价值。     

The Dynamic Evaluation of Rock Slope Stability Considering the Effects of Microseismic Damage

A state-of-the-art microseismic monitoring system has been implemented at the left bank slope of the Jinping first stage hydropower station since June 2009. The main objectives are to ensure slope safety under continuous excavation at the left slope, and, very recently, the safety of the concrete arch dam. The safety of the excavated slope is investigated through the development of fast and accurate real-time event location techniques aimed at assessing the evolution and migration of the seismic activity, as well as through the development of prediction capabilities for rock slope instability. Myriads of seismic events at the slope have been recorded by the microseismic monitoring system. Regions of damaged rock mass have been identified and delineated on the basis of the tempo-spatial distribution analysis of microseismic activity during the periods of excavation and consolidation grouting. However, how to effectively utilize the abundant microseismic data in order to quantify the stability of the slope remains a challenge. In this paper, a rock mass damage evolutional model based on microseismic data is proposed, combined with a 3D finite element method (FEM) model for feedback analysis of the left bank slope stability. The model elements with microseismic damage are interrogated and the deteriorated mechanical parameters determined accordingly. The relationship between microseismic activities induced by rock mass damage during slope instability, strength degradation, and dynamic instability of the slope are explored, and the slope stability is quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that a constitutive relation considering microseismic damage is concordant with the simulation results and the influence of rock mass damage can be allowed for its feedback analysis of 3D slope stability. In addition, the safety coefficient of the rock slope considering microseismic damage is reduced by a value of 0.11, in comparison to the virgin rock slope model. Our results demonstrate that microseismic activity induced by construction disturbance only slightly affects the stability of the slope. The proposed feedback analysis technique provides a novel method for dynamically assessing rock slope stability and can be used to assess the slope stability of other similar rock slopes.