福建紫金山矿田浅成低温热液型矿床成矿物质来源探讨——H、O、S、Pb同位素地球化学证据

紫金山高硫型浅成低温热液型铜金矿床和悦洋低硫型浅成低温热液型银多金属矿床为紫金山矿田内2个典型矿床。为了确定矿床成矿流体和成矿金属来源,文章系统研究了2个矿床的H、O、S、Pb同位素组成特征。结果显示,在紫金山铜金矿床深部的铜矿脉中,6件石英的δDV-SMOW值为-62.0‰~-58.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为12.0‰~14.6‰,δ18OH2O值介于2.4‰~6.5‰;26件金属硫化物的δ34S值介于-13‰~2.9‰,峰值介于-5‰~1‰;16件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值介于17.966~18.785,207Pb/204Pb值介于15.571~15.722,208Pb/204Pb值介于38.127~38.849。在悦洋矿区的矿脉中,1件石英样品的δDV-SMOW值为66.6‰;5件石英样品δ18OV-SMOW值介于10.0‰~13.7‰,δ18OH2O值介于-1.1‰~3.4‰;13件金属硫化物的δ34S值介于-6.8‰~-1.0‰,平均值-4‰;5件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值介于18.405~18.521,207Pb/204Pb值介于15.620~15.685,208Pb/204Pb值介于38.587~38.863。H、O同位素特征显示,紫金山铜金矿床的成矿流体水主要来自岩浆水,混合少量大气降水;悦洋银矿床则以大气降水为主,有少量的岩浆水加入。硫化物的S和Pb同位素特征显示,紫金山铜金矿床的成矿物质主要来源于早白垩世岩浆岩,悦洋银矿床的成矿物质主要来源于围岩及早白垩世岩浆岩。     

伊朗Emarat铅锌矿床成矿特征及矿床成因研究

Emarat是位于伊朗Sanandaj-Sirjan带内的一个大型密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床,其研究程度较低,矿化特征不明,并且,矿床脉石矿物显著富集石英,这一特征在MVT矿床中并不多见,因此,石英富集的原因值得探讨。此外,涉及矿床成因的成矿流体和物质来源有待查明。Emarat矿床铅锌矿体发育于早白垩纪灰岩中,呈多条近平行脉顺层、陡倾产出,矿化分两个阶段,分别为:1成矿前阶段,为细粒石英+黄铁矿强烈交代赋矿灰岩;2成矿阶段,表现为粗粒石英+闪锌矿+方铅矿+方解石呈脉状、斑团状出现在硅化灰岩中。流体包裹体研究表明,成矿阶段粗粒石英中流体包裹体为盐水体系,均一温度介于132.2~225.3℃之间,盐度为18.47%~24.15%NaCl,液相组分以Na+和Cl-为主,含少量Ca2+、Mg2+和K+,Na+/K+比值较高(平均为29),SO2-4含量低,成矿流体具盆地卤水特征,岩浆流体特征不明显。石英的δ18 OV-SMOW介于18.6‰~20.7‰之间,分别用低的和高的均一温度峰值计算得到流体的δ18 OH2O范围为2.84‰~4.94‰(T=201.7℃)与7.02‰~9.12‰(T=147℃),流体δD值介于-76.2‰~-57.5‰之间。流体氧同位素组成与岩浆水氧同位素组成相似,但综合岩相学特征、流体包裹体测温和成分数据发现,这种氧同位素组成特征可能由来自盆地卤水的初始成矿流体在矿化部位与围岩发生强烈水岩作用,从而导致围岩中相对富18 O的氧进入流体所致。结合前人对富石英MVT矿床矿物共生组合的模拟分析,暗示成矿过程中石英的大量出现可能为热的盆地卤水与较冷围岩发生相互作用、温度快速下降所致。闪锌矿δ34S值介于4.6‰~10.3‰,方铅矿δ34S值介于2.6‰~7.9‰,推测硫来自硫酸盐的热化学还原。方铅矿206 Pb/204 Pb比值为18.4112~18.4157,207 Pb/204 Pb比值为15.6472~15.6497,208 Pb/204 Pb比值为38.5642~38.5808,与区域铅锌矿床(点)铅同位素组成基本一致,表明成矿金属为壳源。     

新疆萨热克铜矿床硫铅氢氧碳同位素地球化学特征

新疆萨热克大型铜矿床含矿地层为上侏罗统库孜贡苏组砂砾岩,与下伏下-中侏罗统煤矿形成"同盆共存"现象。萨热克铜矿石中碎裂岩化发育,并伴有沥青化,金属硫化物以辉铜矿为主,含少量的斑铜矿和黄铜矿等,多与次生石英-方解石等沿砾石裂隙分布。矿石中辉铜矿δ34S=-19.1‰~-13.2‰,辉铜矿206Pb/204Pb比值范围为16.699~18.417,207Pb/204Pb为15.294~15.684,208Pb/204Pb为36.909~38.996。次生石英流体包裹体的δ18OH2O值变化范围为17.9‰~20.6‰,δDV-SMOW变化范围为-82.6‰~-52.4‰。矿石中沥青δ13C变化范围为-20.79‰~-20.35‰,康苏组煤岩δ13CV-PDB值变化范围为-24.7‰~-24.3‰,两者较为接近。上述结果表明萨热克铜矿床中的硫源自地层中大量硫酸盐的还原作用,铅同位素指示成矿金属元素具有多元性,次生石英中成矿流体以变质流体为主,矿石中的沥青等有机质与下伏中-下侏罗统煤层等烃源岩有关。上述同位素资料结合矿床的地质特征显示萨热克铜矿床具有多期多阶段的成矿特征。     

中条山铜矿床同位素地球化学研究

笔者对中条山绛县群和中条群主要铜矿床进行铅、硫、碳、氢、氧同位素测定，获得：横岭关型矿床的206Pb/204Pb比值为17.746~19.270, 207Pb/204Pb比值为15.500~15.684，208 Pb/204Pb比值为37.236~39.931,硫化物的δ34S值为-8.1‰~+36.9‰, δ18OH2O值为+1.7‰~+5.7‰, δD值为-58. 4‰~-111.3‰；铜矿峪型矿床的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.040~46.243 207Pb/204Pb比值为15.565~18.765,208Pb/204Pb比值为37.682~69.623,硫化物的产δ34S值为-7.2‰～+10.2‰, δ18OH2O为+6.3‰～+10.5‰, δD值为-52.8‰~-123.3‰;落家河型矿床的206Pb/204Pb比值为17.591~19.270, 207Pb/204Pb比值为15.494~15.684,208Pb/204Pb比值为37.263~39.931,硫化物的δ34S值为-1‰~-21.9‰, δ18OH2O值为+3.6‰~+6.4‰, δD值为-35.8‰~-70‰;胡-蓖型矿床206 Pb/204 Pb比值为18.097~249.50, 207Pb/204Pb比值为15.578~44.230,208Pb/204Pb比值为35.379~51.480,硫化物的δ34S值为3.4‰~23.2‰, δ18OH2O值为+7.5‰~+12.5‰, δD值为-36.3‰~-72.2‰。     

西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿S、Pb同位素组成:对含矿斑岩与成矿物质来源的指示

驱龙铜矿是西藏陆陆碰撞造山带冈底斯斑岩铜矿带内代表性矿床之一。本文对其含矿斑岩和矿石矿物进行了S、Pb同位素组成分析。驱龙矿床含矿斑岩与矿石矿物的硫同位素组成比较一致,含矿斑岩δ34S为-2.1‰~-1.1‰,黄铜矿δ34S为-6.3‰~-1.0‰,均值-2.76‰;硬石膏δ34S为 12.5‰~ 14.4‰,平均 13.4‰。成矿热液中的硫同位素基本达到了平衡,显示出岩浆硫组成特点。含矿斑岩的206Pb/204Pb范围为18.5104~18.6083,207Pb/204Pb变化于15.5946~15.7329之间,208Pb/204Pb为38.6821~39.1531之间;矿石矿物黄铜矿的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb分别为18.4426~18.5909、15.5762~15.6145、38.5569~38.8568。含矿斑岩与矿石矿物的铅同位素组成比较一致,它们的变化幅度较小,应具有相同的起源与演化历史。无论是岩石铅还是矿石铅,在铅构造模式图上均位于造山带铅演化曲线上。驱龙矿床硫、铅同位素数据暗示,成矿物质主要来自深源岩浆,含矿斑岩起源于西藏造山带加厚的下地壳熔融,具有幔源成分的混染。     

大兴安岭南段白音查干Sn多金属矿床成因：矿床地质特征及Sr-Nd、S、Pb同位素证据

白音查干矿床是大兴安岭南段新发现的一处大型Sn多金属矿床。为查明该矿床Sn成矿作用与Ag-Pb-Zn成矿作用的关系,本文开展了矿床地质、萤石和石英斑岩Sr-Nd同位素、硫化物S-Pb同位素和原位S同位素地球化学特征研究。SrNd同位素分析结果显示,所有萤石样品均具有相近的(~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr)_i、(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i和ε_(Nd)(t)值范围,而且与石英斑岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成基本一致,说明矿床各成矿阶段的萤石具有相同的成因,与石英斑岩岩浆作用关系密切。单矿物和原位S同位素数据显示,Ⅰ区Ag-Pb-Zn矿石中的硫化物δ~(34)S值范围(-13.9‰～-4.8‰)与Ⅲ Sn矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值范围(-12.5‰～-5.3‰)基本一致;而且,Ⅰ区闪锌矿原位δ~(34)S值变化范围较小且较为均一(-12.4‰～-7.3‰,平均为-9.2‰),与石英斑岩"Zn-F-B集合体"中闪锌矿原位δ~(34)S值变化范围(-10.6‰～-9.0‰,平均为-9.7‰)基本一致,说明S可能主要来源于石英斑岩岩浆。Pb同位素特征显示,Ⅰ区Ag-Pb-Zn矿石中的硫化物Pb同位素组成(~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb=18.177～18.200、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.519～15.531、~(208) Pb/~(204)Pb=37.985～38.053)与石英斑岩Pb同位素组成(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.206～18.235、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.529～15.530、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.025～38.036)基本一致,说明Ag-Pb-Zn成矿作用的Pb可能主要来源于石英斑岩岩浆。结合矿床地质特征、Sr-Nd、S、Pb同位素数据可知,白音查干矿床Sn成矿作用与Ag-Pb-Zn成矿作用具有密切的成因联系,矿床成矿流体和成矿物质可能主要来源于石英斑岩岩浆。     

内蒙古1017高地银多金属矿床流体包裹体特征与同位素地球化学

1017高地银多金属矿床位于内蒙古自治区东乌珠穆沁旗,矿区大地构造位置处于西伯利亚板块东南缘查干敖包-奥尤特-朝不楞早古生代构造-岩浆岩带东段。银多金属矿体主要赋存于上泥盆统安格尔音乌拉组砂岩和华力西中期二长花岗岩中,矿石工业类型主要为石英脉型和蚀变黑云二长花岗岩型。石英脉型矿石中流体包裹体比较发育,相态组合简单,完全均一温度介于175~225℃区间,属于中低温度,盐度平均值为4.42%~11.46%,属于中低盐度。矿石硫同位素组成相对均一,δ34S值介于3.4‰~8.0‰之间,均值5.35‰,与幔源硫的δ34S值(-3‰~3.0‰)比较,有向沉积硫的明显漂移,表明矿石中硫来源于沉积硫与岩浆硫的混合、平衡作用。矿石硫化物铅同位素比值没有明显的差别,206Pb/204Pb值为18.274 0~18.399 6,207Pb/204Pb值为15.539 9~15.561 6,208Pb/204Pb值为38.036 3~38.177 2,具有Th、Pb微弱亏损特征,指示矿石中硫化物的铅源主要来自于亏损U的上地幔和下地壳相互作用的产物,且成矿流体在上升的过程中又混入了部分富集放射性铀铅的地壳物质。矿石氢氧同位素组成为:δDV-SMOW值介于-103‰~-125‰之间,δ18OV-SMOW值在6.9‰~13.9‰之间,显示成矿流体中的水来源于岩浆水与大气降水的混合水。结合1017高地银多金属矿床的区域成矿地质背景和矿床地球化学特征,认为1017银多金属矿床成矿物质来源于深源岩浆和上地壳的混合,成矿流体主要来自于岩浆期后热液和大气降水,其成因类型可归于中低温度、中低盐度的花岗质岩浆热液型银多金属矿床。     

河北华尖金矿稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

华尖金矿位于冀东大型金矿带内,赋存于太古宙变质岩及中生代岩浆岩中。在详细分析华尖金矿床地质特征的基础上,研究了石英脉的氢、氧同位素和黄铁矿的硫、铅同位素组成特征。研究发现,本区载金黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围变化于1.5‰~5.8‰,具有壳源岩浆岩特征,载金黄铁矿铅同位素206Pb/204Pb值变化为16.02~16.25,207Pb/204Pb为15.161~15.213,208Pb/204Pb为35.953~36.12,均有下地壳铅源的特征。含金石英脉的δ18O水在0.49‰~5.45‰,δ18OV-SMOW为10.3‰~14.2‰,δD为-72.1‰~-63.1‰,具有岩浆热液石英的特征,部分样品偏离火成石英的区域,可能是成矿热液混有大气降水的结果。综合研究表明,该矿床成矿物质主要来源于燕山期的牛心山花岗岩体,其次为遵化群变质岩围岩。     

纳米比亚欢乐谷地区白岗岩型铀矿中硫化物特征及S- Pb同位素示踪

纳米比亚白岗岩型铀矿是世界著名的侵入岩型铀矿,例如罗辛、湖山、欢乐谷、瓦伦西亚等矿床,铀矿物主要包括晶质铀矿、铀石、钍铀矿、沥青铀矿、钛铀矿和硅钙铀矿等,其中硫化物常与这些铀矿物共伴生。因此本文以硫化物为研究对象,分别开展了硫化物的微量元素地球化学、硫、铅同位素研究,进而揭示硫化物的成因及成矿物质来源。结果表明,硫化物以黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿为主,含有少量辉钼矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿和辉铋矿,呈脉状和自形粒状两种,有岩浆成因和热液成因两大类,但两者应该属于同源。欢乐谷地区矿化白岗岩中黄铁矿的δ34SCDT均值为0. 78‰,地层中黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿的δ34SCDT均值为-0. 95‰,两者硫化物的δ34S都主要介于-5‰~5‰之间。这个变化范围非常接近花岗岩的硫同位素值,表明硫源稳定,可能主要来源于花岗质岩石。矿化白岗岩的黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为22. 389~26. 819,15. 969~16. 176,41. 342~48. 503;地层中黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18. 520~22. 640,15. 627~15. 928,38. 603~40. 464,表明铅源来自于上地壳,进而推断成矿物质主要来源于富铀的前达玛拉基底。     

贵州二叠系茅口组顶部锰矿沉积特征及矿床成因研究

通过对遵义、纳雍营盘等地含锰岩系沉积特征及沉积地球化学特征研究,结果表明,锰矿体形态主要以层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状产出,具有角砾状构造、递变层理等,常夹硅质岩和凝灰岩,具有热水喷流沉积构造特征。锰矿层位于玄武岩之下,夹于茅口组灰岩顶部,说明锰矿成矿在玄武岩喷发之前。含锰岩系中的矿物组合有浸染状黄铜矿,黄铁矿,重晶石,天青石,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、黄铜矿、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿、绿泥石、石英及其他碳酸盐岩矿物等,这些矿物组合与热水沉积矿物组合类似。对含锰岩系进行微量元素、稀土元素、碳同位素分析测试表明,含锰岩系富集As、Co、Cu、Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb、U和V等元素,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解等均显示锰矿属于热水沉积成因。锰矿石碳同位素值δ~(13) C介于+4.17‰~-18.53‰,氧同位素δ~(18) O介于-6.98‰~-10.05‰显示,碳同位素组成具有热水沉积特征。含锰岩系稀土配分曲线与峨眉山玄武岩稀土配分曲线类似,表明锰矿成矿物质来源与峨眉地幔热柱密切相关。     

STUDY ON TECTONIC FEATURE AND METALLOGENIC MECHANISM OF THE PENGSHAN Sn-Pb-Zn POLYMETALLIC OREFIELD, JIANGXI PROVINCE

The Pengshan area is located in the Jiujiang-Ruichang region, which is a segment of the middle-lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, located on the side of the Yangtze plate on the north boundary in the joint area of the Yangtze Plate and South China Plate - “Jiangnan Collision-Shearing Belt”. Also many researches have been well done on the magma system and the mineralization system in the areas by Wu Liangshi, Lu Xinbiao and Cui Bin (Wu, 1998; Wu and Wu, 1999; Lu et al., 1997; Cu…     

江西彭山锡(铅锌)多金属矿田构造地质特征及成矿机理探讨

江西彭山锡 (铅锌 )多金属矿田位于长江中下游多金属成矿带中的九瑞地区。彭山隐伏钙碱性花岗岩体侵位为锡 (铅锌 )多金属矿的形成提供了热动力及成矿物质来源。自晋宁期形成的长期活动的基底深断裂和由彭山岩体底辟侵位形成的穹窿构造 ,以及由此派生的次级断裂带 ,诸如环形滑脱断裂、顶脱断裂和节理裂隙 ,都为含矿热液的运移和矿体就位提供了空间。形成彭山岩体 (DI >90 )的岩浆经历了较为充分的分异 ,在岩浆热液对流系统和地下水对流系统的双重作用下 ,含矿热液流体的成分随温度降低而改变 ,导致 6个阶段的成矿作用。各阶段的矿物组合随温度而变化 ,在空间上有一定的叠加 ,在萤石 -硅酸锡阶段 ,还发现了马来亚石。各类矿产在空间上的分布呈环状 ,即由岩体中心向外围依次出现内侧的高温As-Sn带、中间的Sn -Pb和Pb -Zn -Ag带和外围的低温萤石带。文中还以锡为例 ,详细讨论了锡在黑云母与热液流体之间的迁移及其矿化过程。     

Mineralogy, fluid inclusion, and oxygen isotope constraints on the genesis of the Lalla Zahra W-(Cu) deposit, Alouana district, northeastern Morocco

The Lalla Zahra W-(Cu) prospect of northeastern Morocco is hosted in a Devonian volcaniclastic and metasedimentary sequence composed of graywacke, siltstone, pelite, and shale interlayered with minor tuff and mudstone. Intrusion of the 284?±?7 Ma Alouana concentrically zoned, two micas, calc-alkaline, and post-collisional Alouana granitoid pluton has contact metamorphosed the host rocks, giving rise to a metamorphic assemblage of quartz, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, and alusite, and cordierite. The mineralization occurs in and along subvertical, 20 to 40 cm thick, and structurally controlled tensional veins composed of quartz accompanied by molybdenite, wolframite, scheelite, base metal sulphides, carbonates, barite, and fluorite. Three main stages of mineralization (I, II, and III), each characterized by a specific mineral assemblage and/or texture, are recognized. Quartz dominates in all the veins and commonly displays multiple stages of vein filling and brecciation, and a variety of textures. The early tungsten-bearing stage consists of quartz-1, tourmaline, muscovite, wolframite, scheelite, and molybdenite. With advancing paragenetic sequence, the mineralogy of the veins shifted from stage I tungsten-bearing mineralization through stage II, dominated by base metal sulphides, to stage III with late barren carbonates and barite?±?fluorite mineral assemblages. Pervasive hydrothermal alteration affected, to varying degrees, the Alouana intrusion, resulting in microclinization, albitization, episyenitization, and greisenization of all the granitic units. Fluid inclusion data yield homogenization temperatures ranging from 124°C to 447°C for calculated salinity estimates in the range of 0.4 to ~60 wt% NaCl equiv. Similarly, the δ¹⁸O values for the three generations of quartz range from 11.7‰ to 13.9‰ V-SMOW. Calculated δ¹⁸O values of the parent fluid in the range between ?3‰ and +9‰ V-SMOW are consistent either with a mixture of water of different origins, including magmatic water, or an origin from seawater or meteoric water that probably exchanged oxygen with rocks at elevated temperatures. The coexistence of CO₂-rich and H₂O-rich fluid inclusions reflect the presence of a boiling fluid associated with the deposition of the early tungsten-bearing stage mineralization at relatively high temperature. The general temperature and salinity decrease with advancing paragenetic sequence suggest that the early high temperature, magmatic, highly saline, and boiling fluid mixed with meteoric non-boiling fluid results in the precipitation of base metal sulphide and carbonate–barite stage mineral assemblages, respectively.     

滇东北毛坪铅锌矿床的蚀变-矿化分带模式——蚀变-岩相填图证据

昭通毛坪铅锌矿床是川滇黔铅锌成矿域之滇东北矿集区上又一个具有超大型成矿潜力的矿床,过去其矿床研究程度弱,特别是成因矿物学工作鲜有开展.本文以赋存于猫猫山倒转背斜西翼上泥盆统宰格组上段(D3zg3)中晶白云岩中层间断裂带内的Ⅰ号矿体(群)为对象,开展了系统的立体蚀变-岩相填图研究,建立了蚀变-矿化分带模式.结果表明:从矿体中心向外,自下而上,蚀变呈现硅化→泥化→碳酸盐化的显著分带现象,矿化具有致密块状高品位Pb-Zn矿石→致密块状Py壳→浸染状、脉状、斑块状低品位Pb-Zn矿石→星点状Py壳的分带特点,相应的矿物组合依次为Sp+ Gn(+ Cpy)+ Py+ Mrc+ Apy+ Q+ Cal组合、Py+ Gn+ Sp+ Dol+ Fe-Dol+ Cal+Q+IU组合、Py+ Dol+Fe-Dol+Cal+Q+Sd组合和Dol+ Cal组合;垂向分带不明显,横向分带显著,矿化分带性与含矿热液的浓度梯度、横向渗透扩散受岩性垂向物性变化影响密切有关;矿化作用可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等5个阶段,Py外壳是早期流体的产物,条带状矿石是热液叠加作用的产物,且784 m高程处已处在Ⅲ阶段成矿流体叠加的前锋,Ⅱ阶段成矿流体的温度较Ⅲ阶段高.该蚀变-矿化分带模式对川滇黔铅锌成矿域具有普遍的找矿指导价值,也有助于深入理解成矿流体运聚和富集成矿机制.     

甘肃民和盆地早白垩世孢粉植物群的古气候环境和地理分区位置

甘肃兰州西固附近下白垩统河口组上亚组含丰富的孢粉化石,孢粉组合以Piceaepollenites-Cicatricosisporites-Tricslpopollenites为代表,裸子植物花粉略占优势,蕨类植物孢子次之,被子植物花粉很少,地质时代为早白垩世晚期(Aptian-Albian)?该地层是迄今为止民和盆地所发现的下白垩统最高层位?当时民和盆地正处于植物非常繁盛的热带?亚热带区,前期气候较湿润,后期相对干旱?为我国传统植物地理分区的南方区混生过渡带,在数字分类的孢粉植物分区中处于北方区的西北-东北省?     

Sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides at the Mangazeya silver deposit,Eastern Sakha-Yakutia,Russia

The succession of the formation of ore zones and sulfur isotope ratio of sulfides at the Mangazeya Ag deposit have been studied. The deposit is located in the Nyuektame Fault Zone in the eastern limb of the Endybal Anticline. The ore zones are hosted in the Middle Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic terrigenous sequences of the Verkhoyansk Complex intruded by the Endybal subvolcanic stock and felsic and mafic dikes. Three ore stages are distinguished: (I) gold-rare metal, (II) cassiterite-sulfide, and (III) silver-base-metal. Products of these stages are spatially isolated. The δ³⁴S of sulfides ranges from −6.4 to +8.0‰. In the sulfides of the gold-rare metal assemblage, this value varies from −1.8 to +4.7‰; in the sulfides of the cassiterite-sulfide stage, −6.4 to +6.6‰; and in the sulfides of the silver-base-metal assemblage, -5.6 to +8.0‰. A sulfur isotope thermometer indicates the temperature of mineral deposition at 315–415°C for the first stage and 125–280°C for the third stage. Possible causes of variable sulfur isotopic composition in sulfides are discussed. The data on the sulfur isotope ratio is interpreted in terms of involvement of magmatic fluid (δ³⁴S ∼ 0) in the mineralizing process along with low-temperature fluid taking sulfur from host rocks (δ³⁴S ≫ 0). Boiling and mixing of magmatic fluid with heated meteoric water were important at the last stage of the deposit formation.     

Geology,Alteration, and Mineralization of the Kay Tanda Epithermal Gold Deposit,Lobo, Batangas,Philippines

The Kay Tanda epithermal Au deposit in Lobo, Batangas is one of the Au deposits situated in the Batangas Mineral District in southern Luzon, Philippines. This study aims to document the geological, alteration, and mineralization characteristics and to determine the age of the mineralization, the mechanism of ore deposition, and the hydrothermal fluid characteristics of the Kay Tanda deposit. The geology of Kay Tanda consists of (i) the Talahib Volcanic Sequence, a Middle Miocene dacitic to andesitic volcaniclastic sequence that served as the host rock of the mineralization; (ii) the Balibago Diorite Complex, a cogenetic intrusive complex intruding the Talahib Volcanic Sequence; (iii) the Calatagan Formation, a Late Miocene to Early Pliocene volcanosedimentary formation unconformably overlying the Talahib Volcanic Sequence; (iv) the Dacite Porphyry Intrusives, which intruded the older lithological units; and (v) the Balibago Andesite, a Pliocene postmineralization volcaniclastic unit. K‐Ar dating on illite collected from the alteration haloes around quartz veins demonstrated that the age of mineralization is around 5.9 ± 0.2 to 5.5 ± 0.2 Ma (Late Miocene). Two main styles of mineralization are identified in Kay Tanda. The first style is an early‐stage extensive epithermal mineralization characterized by stratabound Au‐Ag‐bearing quartz stockworks hosted at the shallower levels of the Talahib Volcanic Sequence. The second style is a late‐stage base metal (Zn, Pb, and Cu) epithermal mineralization with local bonanza‐grade Au mineralization hosted in veins and hydrothermal breccias that are intersected at deeper levels of the Talahib Volcanic Sequence and at the shallower levels of the Balibago Intrusive Complex. Paragenetic studies on the mineralization in Kay Tanda defined six stages of mineralization; the first two belong to the first mineralization style, while the last four belong to the second mineralization style. Stage 1 is composed of quartz ± pyrophyllite ± dickite/kaolinite ± diaspore alteration, which is cut by quartz veins. Stage 2 is composed of Au‐Ag‐bearing quartz stockworks associated with pervasive illite ± quartz ± smectite ± kaolinite alteration. Stage 3 is composed of carbonate veins with minor base metal sulfides. Stage 4 is composed of quartz ± adularia ± calcite veins and hydrothermal breccias, hosting the main base metal and bonanza‐grade Au mineralization, and is associated with chlorite‐illite‐quartz alteration. Stage 5 is composed of epidote‐carbonate veins associated with epidote‐calcite‐chlorite alteration. Stage 6 is composed of anhydrite‐gypsum veins with minor base metal mineralization. The alteration assemblage of the deposit evolved from an acidic mineral assemblage caused by the condensation of magmatic volatiles from the Balibago Intrusive Complex into the groundwater to a slightly acidic mineral assemblage caused by the interaction of the host rocks and the circulating hydrothermal waters being heated up by the Dacite Porphyry Intrusives to a near‐neutral pH toward the later parts of the mineralization. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that the temperature of the system started to increase during Stage 1 (T = 220–250°C) and remained at high temperatures (T = 250–290°C) toward Stage 6 due to the continuous intrusion of Dacite Porphyry Intrusives at depth. Salinity slightly decreased toward the later stages due to the contribution of more meteoric waters into the hydrothermal system. Boiling is considered the main mechanism of ore deposition based on the occurrence of rhombic adularia, the heterogeneous trapping of fluid inclusions of variable liquid–vapor ratios, the distribution of homogenization temperatures, and the gas ratios obtained from the quantitative fluid inclusion gas analysis of quartz. Ore mineral assemblage and sulfur fugacity determined from the FeS content of sphalerite at temperatures estimated by fluid inclusion microthermometry indicate that the base metal mineralization at Kay Tanda evolved from a high sulfidation to an intermediate sulfidation condition.     

流体晶、流体晶矿物组合、流体岩及其研究意义

流体是地球各圈层之间相互作用的纽带,在成岩、成矿过程中起着十分重要的作用。目前,流体的研究主要集中在流体对先存矿物岩石进行的交代作用方面,而对流体直接结晶形成的矿物领域研究较少。文中根据作者近几年的研究成果对从流体直接结晶而成的矿物——流体晶以及流体晶矿物组合、流体岩等的定义、特征进行了归纳总结。最新的研究结果显示：岩浆中可以含有大量的流体,这些流体来源既可以是岩浆演化富集、岩浆与围岩相互作用产生,亦可以是外部来源。因此,流体晶矿物、流体岩在自然界应该是普遍存在的。流体晶矿物的提出将深化人们对地质过程的理解,发展岩石学及矿床学的研究新领域,有利于矿床勘探和成矿预测。     

H2O in metamorphism and unexpected behaviour in the preservation of metamorphic mineral assemblages

The preservation of mineral assemblages that were fluid‐present during their prograde history is primarily related to the consumption of the fluid by growth of more hydrous minerals as the retrograde history begins. The range of behaviour relating to the preservation of mineral assemblages is examined using calculated phase diagrams for fluid‐saturated conditions, contoured for the H₂O content of the mineral assemblage. At equilibrium, as a mineral assemblage crosses contours of decreasing H₂O content along a pressure–temperature path, it dehydrates, the fluid being lost from the rock. If the assemblage crosses contours of increasing H₂O content, the mineral assemblage starts to rehydrate using any fluid on its grain boundaries. When the rock has consumed its fluid, the resulting mineral assemblage is that preserved in the rock. Conditions relating to the preservation of mineral assemblages are discussed, and examples of the consequences of different pressure–temperature paths on preservation in a metapelitic and a metabasic rock composition are considered on phase diagrams calculated with thermocalc .     

云南中甸红牛-红山矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征与成矿作用

红牛-红山矿床位于西南三江成矿带的中甸岛弧,是形成于晚燕山期的矽卡岩型铜矿床。矿区与成矿作用密切相关的石英二长斑岩中角闪石和黑云母斑晶的出现以及较高的含F量(分别为1.49%和2.62%),表明其岩浆为富H2O富挥发分熔体;石英斑晶具有港湾状、浑圆状的溶蚀表面和钾长石细晶外壳,并且显示了典型的骸晶状结构指示了其岩浆经历了快速上升侵位过程和岩浆热液的自交代作用;钻孔中岩浆热液角砾岩和大量石英细脉的出现暗示了岩浆在快速上侵过程中发生了隐爆作用,形成并出溶了含有大量F、Cl等组分的高盐度超临界流体。矽卡岩阶段石榴子石和透辉石具有明显的三个期次:早期细粒的钙铝榴石(And22-57)和角岩中的透辉石(Hd7-27)形成于少量高温气液岩浆流体与围岩的扩散交代作用;中期粗粒的钙铁榴石(And75-98)和次透辉石-钙铁辉石(Hd10-99)形成于大量高温、低氧逸度的岩浆流体与围岩的渗滤交代作用;晚期的钙铝榴石脉(And14-60)和钙铁辉石脉(Hd31-58)形成于低温、高氧逸度的早期交代残留溶液。矽卡岩矿物的生成,使碳酸盐围岩丢失CO2,矿物体积减少,孔隙度和渗透性增加,为成矿提供了条件。退化变质阶段的透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石等交代早期矽卡岩矿物,消耗了成矿流体中大量的CO2和H2O,生成含水矿物以及石英、方解石,使围岩裂隙愈合,孔隙流体压力增加,导致成矿流体沸腾,形成大量黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿化。石英-硫化物阶段,由于成矿流体超压→流体沸腾,裂隙生成→减压排泄,裂隙愈合→流体超压的循环,在此过程中围岩经历了多次破裂和裂隙的愈合,直至整个成矿体系完全开放,并与大气水发生混合,使成矿流体中剩余金属最终沉淀。