鹤庆深钻孢粉记录揭示的2.78 Ma以来的植被演替与气候变迁

对云南鹤庆盆地737.72 m长的湖泊沉积岩芯进行高分辨率的孢粉研究表明, 2.780 Ma以来鹤庆盆地周围山地的古植被与古气候经历了6次大的变化, 即2.780~2.729 Ma BP, 研究区周围山地主要被松林所占据, 垂直植被带结构简单, 反映气候相对温暖干旱; 2.729~2.608 Ma BP, 寒温针叶林和铁杉林面积增加较多, 已存在结构清楚的垂直带谱, 但根据孢粉组合中生长在低海拔的热带、亚热带成分含量也普遍增加可以推测此期寒温针叶林和铁杉林面积增加主要是由于山体强烈抬升为它们的母体植物提供了向上扩张的空间和生长条件的结果, 相对应的盆地周围较低海拔区气候相对温暖湿润; 2.608~1.553 Ma BP, 研究区周围山地大部分被松林所占据, 寒温针叶林林带上升, 反映气候整体偏暖干; 1.553~0.876 Ma BP, 研究区周围山地的垂直植被带增多, 并且植被带上下迁移的幅度变大, 反映气候变化幅度增加、气候组合特征更加复杂且大部分时期偏冷; 0.876~0.252 Ma BP, 研究区周围山地已存在现今所具有的所有植被带, 各植被带的组成成分较前期更丰富且复杂, 它们在不同时期此消彼长, 互相更替, 而且其上下迁移的幅度是整个剖面中最大的, 反映气候变化的幅度更大但频率降低、气候的组合特征更加复杂; 0.252 Ma BP至今, 研究区周围山地的大部分时期是松林和半湿润常绿阔叶林的扩张期, 其他植被带扩张的时期很短, 反映气候冷暖波动的幅度减小. 在此6次大的古植被与古气候变化背景下, 还存在多次次一级的植被演替与气候波动. 在此基础上, 进一步探讨了鹤庆盆地植被演替与气候变化的驱动机制, 初步认为其主要影响因素是轨道参数等外部因素, 但在2次山地垂直植被带明显增加和3次大的气候转型时, 青藏高原隆升对鹤庆地区的环境变化起了非常重要的作用.     

云南鹤庆盆地30ka以来的古气候与环境变迁

通过云南鹤庆钻孔（ＨＱ孔）顶部８．１１ｍ岩芯剖面样品的多项环境指标的综合分析,重建了云南鹤庆盆地３０ｋａＢＰ以来的古气候环境演化历史。研究表明,该区气候在千年时间尺度上表现为冷湿与暖干组合交替的特点,未次冰盛期,为明显的冷湿环境,表现为最高湖面。盆地于晚冰期,约１４．２ｋａＢＰ始被切开,造成环境指标的大变化;进入全新世后,则以温干环境为主导,出现数次冷事件,手者是与东南季风区刊物比较研究的桥梁。     

鹤庆深钻岩芯揭示的构造-沉积旋回及其西南季风区2．78Ma以来的气候环境演化

通过对云南鹤庆湖泊深钻岩芯（737．72m）多环境代用指标的综合分析,重建了该地区2．78Ma以来构造和气候环境演化序列．岩芯磁性地层研究表明,鹤庆湖盆形成于约2.78,2．65Ma以后湖盆积水成湖,并接受连续的湖相沉积。岩芯沉积特征、粒度、孢粉、碳酸盐含量和烧失量指标共同指示了2．78Ma以来盆地的构造．沉积旋回以及西南季风的演化．     

鄱阳湖湖口地区4500年来孢粉组合及古气候变迁

通过对鄱阳湖湖口梅家刘ZK_2孔沉积物的孢粉分析研究,初步恢复了4500年来湖口地区的古植被演替及古气候变迁历史．其古气候变化经历了以下几个阶段：4．5－3．8kaB．P,气候暖湿;3．8－3．4kaBP,气候凉偏干;3．4—3．0kaB．P,气候温暖偏湿;3．0kaB．P．前后,为一短暂的降温时期,气候凉湿;2．8－2．35kaB．P,气候温暖偏湿;2．35kaBP．以来,气候偏凉,但仍存在数次微弱的冷暖波动．     

塔里木河流域12kaBP以来沙漠演化与气候变化研究

通过对塔里木河流域 1 2kaBP以来地层沉积相特征研究和气候环境代用指标的测试分析 ,从时空的角度讨论了该流域沙漠演化过程、发育模式与气候变迁的关系 .认为从 1 2kaBP以来随着全球气温的回升 ,在 1 2～ 1 0kaBP期间 ,气候温凉偏干旱、泛洪堆积明显、风沙活动弱 ;1 0～ 8kaBP期间 ,气候干冷、风沙活动强烈 ,是沙漠大规模扩展时期 ;8～ 3kaBP期间的全新世高温期 ,气候干燥炎热 ,塔里木河流域周围和山区冰雪融水增多 ,河流水量增加 ,河流泛洪沉积十分活跃 ,但流沙规模的缩小、沙丘固定仅限制在河湖沿岸和沙丘低洼地区 ;从 3kaBP至今 ,在新冰期作用下 ,加上人类不合理的经济活动导致流域环境恶化、风沙活动盛行、沙尘暴频繁 .地层沉积相的古气候证据提示 :1 2kaBP以来该流域在全球气候波动的影响下叠加了内陆干旱盆地的环境效应 ,是总体干燥气候条件下 ,具有暖干与冷干交替变化规律 .     

青藏高原东部若尔盖盆地全新世泥炭地发育和植被变化

泥炭沉积物和泥炭地演化过程可以提供植被和气候变化历史的丰富信息.为了重建青藏高原东部全新世泥炭地发育、植被和气候变化,我们对若尔盖盆地一支泥炭岩芯进行了高分辨率的孢粉、烧失量和碳沉积速率分析.研究结果显示,当地泥炭发育起始于距今10.3ka,在早、中全新世繁盛,之后开始退化.若尔盖盆地全新世植被以高山草甸为主,周边山地针叶林在10.5~4.6ka曾数次扩张,之后迅速退缩.泥炭性质、孢粉组合主成分分析等揭示了研究区10~5.5ka气候温暖湿润,晚全新世气候相对冷干.其中,10.2~10、9.7~9.5、8.7~8.5、7.7~7.4、6.4~6、5.5~5.2、4.8~4.5、4~3.6、3.1~2.7、1.4~1.2和0.8~0.6ka时段,若尔盖地区发生了多次快速的泥炭地退化、针叶林扩张和气候变冷等事件.青藏高原东部地区全新世植被与气候的长期变化受控于太阳辐射及其主导的温度与亚洲夏季风强度的变化,而百年尺度的快速变化事件可能受到了季风减弱事件和北半球高纬度地区温度异常的调制作用.     

华北平原末次冰盛期以来典型时段古环境格局

重建典型时段区域气候和植被空间格局变化,是评估未来增温背景下生态环境变化和响应过程的重要基础.文章基于AMS 14C定年技术和孢粉分析,获得了华北平原白洋淀等6个剖面末次冰盛期以来的气候-植被变化历史.结合区内已有孢粉记录,重建了华北平原末次冰盛期和全新世暖期的古环境格局.结果显示,华北平原区域植被变化受气候条件、地貌景观和人类活动等因素共同影响:末次冰盛期,华北平原气候寒冷干旱,南部山地发育针阔混交林和落叶-常绿阔叶林,北部山地生长耐寒针叶林-针阔混交林,森林面积相对较小;平原南部生长中生或湿生草甸,北部发育温带草原-荒漠草原;滨海区陆架大面积出露,生长藜科为主的盐生植物.全新世暖期,华北平原气候温暖湿润,南部山地发育落叶阔叶林或落叶-常绿阔叶混交林,伴生有喜暖亚热带属种,北部山地生长落叶阔叶林,部分喜暖湿植物常有出现,森林面积相对增加;平原腹地草本植物仍占优势,森林面积较小且难以形成地带性森林景观;受海平面上升影响,滨海区原有盐生植被向内陆收缩;此外,这一时期华北平原人类活动范围扩大、农业生产频繁,对区内自然植被产生了一定影响.文章为中国北方古气候数值模拟、区域碳循环评估和未来增温背景下区域生态环境变化预测等提供了基础数据和科学依据.     

13kaBP以来滇池地区古环境演化

根据DC93一1孔孢粉组合、总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳氮比（C／N）、有机碳同位素δ13Corg、磁化率（χ）、频率磁化率（χfd）等资料,结合14C、210Pb和137Cs测年,滇池地区13ka以来的古环境演化历史经历了以下几个阶段：13—10．2kaBP．气候偏凉湿,湖水深度不大;10．2－7．5kaBP,气候向暖湿过渡．湖水渐深;7．5－4．0kaBP,气候暖湿,出热条件达到最佳配制,湖水也最深．6．5kaBP前后,气温最高,这一时段古气候状况存在次级波动;4．0－2．7kaBP,气候突转干旱．湖水最浅;2．7－1．7kaBP,气候温湿,湖面扩大,湖水变深;1．7kaBP,人类活动影响的加剧,使湖泊环境的变化更为复杂．     

全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录

根据云南洱海湖泊沉积岩芯多环境指标的高分辨分析, 在精确定年基础上, 建立了全新世以来洱海流域气候与环境变化的序列. 研究表明, 云南洱海地区约12950~8399 cal. a BP气候由冷湿转为暖湿, 转换时间发生在约10329 cal. a BP. 洱海湖面从约10329 cal. a BP开始扩张主要是由于全新世早期西南季风增强、降雨增多所致. 全新世中期流域气候暖湿, 最温暖期出现在约8399~6371 cal. a BP, 但由于全新世中期湖泊所在盆地内有效湿度降低, 湖面出现下降趋势. 洱海流域人类活动始于约6371 cal. a BP, 初始的人类活动方式主要以砍伐森林为主, 至大约2139 cal. a BP, 由于外来移民大量迁入该地区, 耕作农业得到广泛发展, 随后采矿业(主要为煤矿)也逐步开始.     

若尔盖RM孔揭示的青藏高原900kaBP以来的隆升与环境变化

通过对青藏高原迄今为止最深的全取芯井,即若尔盖盆地RM孔湖泊沉积物环境多代用指标的综合判识,重建了900kaBP以来盆地的古气候古环境演化序列.根据该孔的沉积特征、沉积旋回的结构,以及沉积速率的变化,结合环境冷暖、干湿的组合特点,分辨出900kaBP以来高原东部3次明显的隆升加速时期,也即800,360及160kaBP.同时对青藏高原3次构造加速抬升在全球变化背景下的环境效应作了初步探讨.     

Changes of vegetation in southern China

In order to reveal the changes of vegetation in southern China since the Last Glacial Maximum, we have established high-resolution time scales and palynological sequences of borehole profiles by drilling cores in some weak areas of the research to restore vegetation changes over the past 20,000 years on the basis of previous work. This paper gives the vegetation zoning maps of 18, 9 and 6 ka BP respectively in southern China, and describes the distribution characteristics of plants in different zones/subzones. The results show that the vegetation zonations around 18 ka BP were significantly different from that at present.It appeared in turn with Cold-temperate coniferous forest and alpine meadow steppe zone, and Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone/warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone from northwest to southeast in the west, and Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone, Warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, and Northern subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone from north to south in the central and east. The vegetation distribution around 9 ka BP changed distinctively. Except that the northwest part was located in Mountain temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone, the vegetation in other areas occurred in turn with North subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest subzone, Mid-subtropical typical evergreen broad-leaved forest subzone, and South subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest subzone/Tropical seasonal rainforest and rainforest zone from north to south.There was little change in the appearance of vegetation zonations between 6 and 9 ka BP, but the northern edge of each vegetation belt moved a little northward, reflecting that the overall climate became warmer around 6 ka BP. The vegetation changes in southern China over the past 20,000 years were largely driven by environmental changes. Climate change was the main factor affecting the vegetation distribution. The impact of human activities became more and more remarkable in the later period. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the delta region, sea level changes also influenced the vegetation distribution.     

内蒙古额济纳旗嘎顺淖尔XK1孔揭示的第四纪晚期沉积特点及古环境

通过对嘎顺淖尔XK1孔沉积岩芯的岩性特征及多种环境代用指标的综合分析,初步认为:中更新世早中期,29．6 -42．5m(推测时代为距今218．3 kaBP以前),气候温凉偏干,滨湖与洪积相交替;距今218．3-172．8 kaBP气候温凉偏湿, 湖泊面积扩大,以滨浅湖-浅湖沉积为主,并一度出现半深湖环境;距今172．8-93．4 kaBP,沉积环境为湖滨相与洪积相交替,气候特点是冷凉干旱;距今93．4-67．4 kaBP,沉积环境以淡水浅湖为主,夹湖滨相．气候温偏湿;距今67．4-54．0 kaBP ,湖滨相沉积为主,气候温凉偏干;距今54-48．9 kaBP,气候暖湿的浅湖环境,气温较高;距今48．9-42．6 kaBP,凉而且干旱的气候特点,沉积相为湖滨相;42．6-0 kaBP,气候暖湿、凉干交替,浅湖相为主．     

云南鹤庆盆地15万年以来的介形类及环境变迁

云南鹤庆盆地HQ钻孔剖面分析出介形类13属．32种．根据介形类丰度、分异度及百分含量的变化情况,结合孢粉、总有机碳含量(TOC)、碳氮比(C／N)、碳酸盐含量等的分布,将鹤庆盆地近15万年以来的古气候、古环境变化初步划分为5个阶段,同时又划分出若干亚阶段．总的气候特征为冷期偏湿、暖期偏干,在冷湿和暖干的宏观波动背景上存在次级波动,反映出其气候变化的区域特性．同时．各气候阶段基本可与深海氧同位素V28-38钻孔、黄土／古土壤序列邙山剖面反映的气候阶段相对比,又显示出其气候变化的协同性．在构造与气候的双重作用下．在11790aBP左右湖盆被彻底切开．     

A new pollen record of the last 2.8 Ma from the Co Ngoin,central Tibetan Plateau

A new pollen record from the lake of Co Ngoin in the central Tibetan Plateau provides information on the vegetation and climate changes during the last 2.8 Ma. Seven major significant changes in pollen associations indicate the processes of vegetation change and possible tectonic uplifts. The seven changes in vegetation succession include a temperate montane conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, cold temperate montane dark conifer forest, alpine shrub-meadow and alpine desert, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine shrub meadow, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine shrub meadow, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine meadow, and alpine desert and meadow. The pollen record provides the evidence of at least five times tectonic uplifts occurring at about 2.58 Ma, 1.87 Ma, 1.17 Ma, 0.83 Ma, and 0.3 Ma ago, respectively. Before 0.8 Ma, this region maintained the altitude below 4000 m a.s.l. Larger amplitude of uplift occurring at about 0.8 Ma ago enforced the plateau rising into cryosphere, shaping the basic topographic pattern of modern plateau. The major successions in vegetation of this area were largely controlled by stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.

     

围垦对鄱阳湖洪水位的影响及防治对策

１９９２年１０月,在江汉平原沔城钻探,取得总长５６．１８ｍ的柱状岩芯。根据Ｍ１孔湖泊沉积岩性及所含文化遗物,＾１４Ｃ年代测定,以及深受人类活动影响的气候与环境指标如孢粉,频率磁化率,化学元素Ｐ等分析,结合该区文化遗址的时空分布,揭示了沔城地区中晚全新世人类活动的时间序列及与古气候,古环境的关系：６．７－３．５ｋａＢＰ该区气候温暖湿润,为河间洼地和浅湖环境;２．５－１．７ｋａＢＰ湖泊稳定,均无人类居     

Spatial patterns of vegetation and climate in the North China Plain during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene climatic optimum

Reconstructing the spatial patterns of regional climate and vegetation during specific intervals in the past is important for assessing the possible responses of the ecological environment under future global warming scenarios. In this study, we reconstructed the history of regional vegetation and climate based on six radiocarbon-dated pollen records from the North China Plain. Combining the results with existing pollen records, we reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the North China Plain during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and the Holocene Climatic Optimum(HCO). The results show that changes in the regional vegetation since the LGM were primarily determined by climatic conditions, the geomorphic landscape and by human activity.During the LGM, the climate was cold and dry; mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and deciduous-evergreen broadleaf forest developed in the southern mountains, and cold-resistant coniferous forest and mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest were present in the northern mountains. The forest cover was relatively low, with mesophytic and hygrophilous meadow occupying the southern part of the plain, and temperate grassland and desert steppe were distributed in the north; Chenopodiaceae-dominated halophytes grew on the exposed continental shelf of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. During the HCO, the climate was warm and wet;deciduous broadleaf forest and deciduous-evergreen broadleaf forest, with subtropical species, developed in the southern mountains, and deciduous broadleaf forest with thermophilic species was present in northern mountains. Although the degree of forest cover was greater than during the LGM, the vegetation of the plain area was still dominated by herbs, while halophytes had migrated inland due to sea level rise. In addition, the expansion of human activities, especially the intensification of cultivation,had a significant influence on the natural vegetation. Our results provide data and a scientific basis for paleoclimate modelling and regional carbon cycle assessment in north China, with implications for predicting changes in the ecological environment under future global warming scenarios.     

Palynomorph assemblages and paleoclimate records from the Zhuanchengzi Bed of the Yixian Formation,western Liaoning Province,China

We collected, processed, identified, and analyzed the spores and pollen samples from the Zhuanchengzi Bed of the Yixian Formation in the Yingwoshan area of western Liaoning. As a result, we confirm a palynomorph assemblage of Cicatricosisporites-Protoconiferus. The pollen was primarily from gymnosperms, dominated especially by conifer pollen. Pteridophyte spores were less common and some questionable angiosperm pollen occurred occasionally. The age of the palynomorph assemblage is dated as the late Valanginian or Hauterivian-Barremian stage, the Early Cretaceous. The study applies the concept of Palynological Vegetation based on palynological spectra and the paleoecological characteristics of palynological taxa for the first time. Palynological vegetation type, climatic zone type, and humidity type are divided quantitatively for the Zhuanchengzi Bed in the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning. We then obtained the evolutionary trends. The results showed that the overall climate was warm and humid during the deposition period of the Zhuanchengzi Bed in the Yixian Formation. Palynological vegetation types are various and include coniferous forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, grass, and shrubs. The local temperature changed from warm to much warmer and from a semi-humid to humid climate. Palynological vegetation types are always dominated by coniferous forest. The coexistence of deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, shrubs, grass, and some xerophytic plants indicates vertical zonation and seasonal climate change The vertical vegetation types and the warm humid climate may imply a large geomorphological contrast in the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning.     

Palynological evidence for vegetational and climatic changes from the HQ deep drilling core in Yunnan Province, China

The high-resolution pollen study of a 737.72-m-long lake sediment core in the Heqing Basin of Yunnan Province shows that the vegetation and climate of mountains around the Heqing Basin went through six obvious changes since 2.780 Ma B.P. Namely, Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and the structure of vertical vegetational belt was simple between 2.780 and 2.729 Ma B.P., reflecting a relatively warm and dry climate. During 2.729―2.608 Ma B.P., the areas of cold-temperate conifer forest (CTCF) and Tsuga forest increased and the structure of vertical vegetational belt became clear. According to percentages of tropical and subtropical elements growing in low-altitude regions rifely increased, we speculate that the increase of CTCF and Tsuga forest areas mainly resulted from strong uplift of mountains which provided upward expanding space and growing condition for these plants. Thus, the climate of the low-altitude regions around the basin was relatively warm and humid. Between 2.608 and 1.553 Ma B.P., Pinus forest occupied most mountains around the studied area and forest line of CTCF rose, which reflects a moderately warm-dry climate on the whole. During 1.553―0.876 Ma B.P., the structure of vertical vegetational belt in mountains around the studied area became complicated and the amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down enlarged, which implies that the amplitude of climatic change increased, the climatic associational feature was more complex and the climate was moderately cold at a majority of the stage. During 0.876―0.252 Ma B.P., there were all vertical vegetational belts existing at present in mountains around the studied area. The elements of each belt were more abundant and complex than earlier. At different periods in the stage vertical vegetational belts occurred as expanding or shrinking, and alternated each other. The amplitude of vegetational belts shifting up and down was the maximum in the whole section. This change suggests that the amplitude of climatic change was evidently larger than earlier, but the frequency reduced and the climatic associational feature was more complex. From 0.252 Ma B.P. to the present, the most time was characteristic of the expanding of Pinus forest and semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEBF) in mountains around the studied area, while expanding time of other vegetational belts was very short, which reflects a smaller amplitude of cold and warm fluctuation. On the basis of the six obvious cycles of vegetational and climatic changes, there were still many times of secondary vegetational successions and climatic oscillations. Based on the above analysis, the forcing mechanism of vegeta-tional succession and climatic change in the Heqing Basin is further discussed. It is primarily consid-ered that main influential factors were exterior factors such as orbital parameters, etc., but the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau played a very important function for environmental changes in the Heqing Basin at two times obvious increase of vertical vegetational belts and three climatic transitions.     

Evolution of vegetation and climate since the last glacial maximum recorded at Dahu peat site, South China

Sporopollen analysis on a 346 cm peat record at Dahu, Jiangxi, chronologically constrained by 16 AMS 14C datings, provides an opportunity to reconstruct the vegetation evolution stages responding to cli-mate change in South China since the last glacial maximum. The result shows that during 18330-15630 cal a B.P., broad-leaved forest dominated the area, corresponding to mild, cool and fairly humid climate. At the interval of 15630-11600 cal a B.P., several evergreen broad-leaved species appeared within the broad-leaved forest, indicating moderate and humid condition. During early Holocene, broad-leaved evergreen forest community was constructed as Castanopsis/Lithorcarpus principally developed, suggesting a warm and humid scenario until 6000 cal a B. P. Since 6000 cal a B. P., abrupt forest deterioration happened with an contemporary increase of fern and herb communities, repre-senting a turnover to relatively cool and dry condition and as well, possible impact from human activi-ties. Meanwhile, several relatively cool and dry events can be identified in the sporopollen record, they can be correlated to the North Atlantic Heinrich event, YD and Holocene millennial-scale oscillations, implying that the low latitude climate was coupled with high latitude influences. Moreover, the varia-tions of temperature and humidity since LGM at Dahu were much smaller when compared with the re-cords in north monsoonal China.