工程地质综合性与岩体结构动态控制观的提出

当前我国一系列大型地质工程建设中地质灾害预报和动态设计、信息化施工的需求,使工程地质学面临综合理论创新发展的历史性机遇和挑战.有关学者提出大成综合理论,从源头上综合了专家的多源知识,从理论上凝炼了工程地质学高度综合的特点.以大成综合理论为基础,作者提出将众多因素相互作用进行观察、判断和测试,建立关系矩阵并加以权重分析和活跃强度等运算,提出了表征工程地质多因素作用关系简便可行途径.其研究难点在于综合认识地质条件的原生、次生和工程作用下的变化.总结复杂地质条件下国内外地质工程实践经验,提出了自然演化和工程扰动下岩体结构动态控制观(DDC).结合工程场地规划和比选,以工程地质分区(EZI)、综合适宜性(CSI)、加固需求度(DRD)等可操作的量化指标,发展工程施工乃至运行扰动作用下的岩体结构控制论,更好地服务于地质工程与环境和谐的高层次决策目标.复杂地质条件下工程实践说明了DDC提出的科学合理性,以及解决复杂性问题的实用性.     

工程地质学展望

任何一门学科都有孕育，形成，综合和分化的演变过程。本文即在简单介绍了工程地质学的孕育，形成之后，着重讨论了工程地质学与其它有关学科相交叉所形成的环境工地质学，大城市工程地质学，改造工程地质学，海洋工程地质学和计算工程地质学等新的边缘学科。     

岩质边坡稳定性多人多层次模糊综合评价系统研究

以工程地质分析法为基础,针对边坡稳定性工程地质评价时评价指标多层次及多人参与的特点,应用系统工程与模糊数学知识,建立了岩质边坡稳定性多人多层次模糊综合评价模型。从影响边坡稳定性因素的构成关系入手,构造了描述边坡稳定性综合评价的评价指标多层次有序评价树（MOET）结构,建立了MOET中评价指标的知识量化方法:包括4种隶属函数与集成式指标权重获取方法,给出了基于知识的模糊推理算法及其计算机程序框图,研制出岩质边坡稳定性多人多层次模糊综合评价系统（SM2FCERS2）.实例证明该系统是有效的。     

两个值得关注的工程地质力学问题

岩体工程地质力学的问世 ,不仅推动了工程地质学科的发展 ,而且提高了解决实际工程问题的能力。在其发展过程中 ,新的研究课题不断地被提了出来。随着这些问题的解决 ,一些重要的理论、方法和技术将形成和逐步走向完善。作者认为以下两个工程地质力学问题值得我们关注 ,即边坡滚石机理和防治和工程地质力学综合集成理论和方法。     

工程地质学一个新的研究方向

本文认为，通过工程地质力学与系统科学的有机结合而形成的工程地质力学综合集成理论和方法，将成为当今工程地质学的重要研究方向之一。本文简述其基本原理、一般方法及实际工程应用等问题。     

1:5万综合工程地质图编制方法

开展新型城镇化规划建设工作,需要以1:5万综合工程地质图为基础。目前,1:5万综合工程地质图尚未形成统一的编图技术标准,无法满足工程地质编图的需要。通过总结国内外工程地质编图的理论和方法,结合“中原城市群北部城镇规划区1:5万工程地质调查与编图”工作,以焦作市幅为例,编制了1:5万综合工程地质图,探讨了1:5万综合工程地质图编制方法,并对编图目的、主题表达、工程地质分区、工程地质层划分和图面配置提出新见解。1:5万综合工程地质图表达的主题为工程地质综合特征,工程地质分区是该主题的具体反映; 依据宏观工程地质条件,分别以地形地貌、地层岩性(工程地质层)、岩土体结构或变形强度、地壳稳定性或活动断裂(地震)、不良地质现象或地质灾害等特征差异性进行工程地质分区; 以工程地质层作为基本的制图单元,依据《GB/T 50218—2014工程岩体分级标准》进行工程地质层划分,图面尽可能反映工程地质特征要素,包括(但不限于)每个工程地质钻孔柱状图、水文地质要素、内外动力地质现象和重大工程地质问题; 综合工程地质图由主体平面图、镶图、剖面图、钻孔综合柱状图、工程地质特征说明表及图例组成,图、表或图例配置要科学合理。     

MapGis与AHP法在新疆某油气管线工程地质选线中的应用研究

在分析研究区所涉及的工程地质条件、水文地质条件和环境岩土条件的基础上,确定崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的主要影响因素,运用AHP法建立工程地质评价指标体系,采用的工程地质综合指数法建立工程地质选线分析系统模型,结合MapGis软件的空间分析功能,对各主要影响因素进行综合叠加分析,通过属性管理系统将数据导出进行处理,得出计算数据。经过计算得出路线工程地质综合指数,通过指数的比较确定优选路线。     

2011年度工程地质学自然科学基金项目受理与资助分析

对2011年工程地质学的基金申请情况、资助情况、研究队伍等进行了详细分析.工程地质学的基金项目申请数量增加较快,申请项目竞争力有所增强.工程地质学基础研究队伍在各单位之间还不均衡,集中度还在增加.基金申请者的年龄结构正趋于合理,各年龄段的申请人获得资助的比率出现了合理的差异.     

综合致矿地质异常信息提取与集成

矿床及其周围局部和区域的地质、地球物理和地球化学以及遥感地质等勘查信息构成认识成矿规律和资源潜力评价的基础.矿产资源综合定量评价首先涉及到以建立地质成矿概念模型为基础的地质、地球化学、地球物理以及遥感地质等单学科异常信息的提取与集成, 然后是对多学科异常信息的综合提取与集成, 最后应用综合致矿信息定量圈定找矿靶区, 评价资源潜力.阐述了综合地质异常数字找矿过程中综合致矿地质异常信息提取、信息关联、信息转换和信息集成的基本概念.强调实现“由地质异常体特征到空间地质异常信息模型, 再根据空间异常信息模型推断地质异常体特征”这一信息双向转换的重要意义.结果表明: (1) 综合致矿地质异常概念模型是选择资源评价变量和建立综合地质异常数字找矿模型的基础; (2) 非线性方法技术是提取隐蔽矿化信息的有效手段; (3) 综合致矿地质异常概念模型与数字找矿数学模型的有机结合是实现数字找矿突破的关键; (4) 应用综合致矿异常信息模拟矿产资源潜力的过程实质上是一个信息逐渐提取与集成的过程, 亦是一个空间数据→空间信息→知识决策的过程.      

京珠线湖北省南段岩溶地质问题与勘察对策

岩溶问题是京珠国道湖北南段主要的工程地质问题.通过对京珠国道南段岩溶的地质背景、发育因素、发育程度的分析与研究, 采用工程地质测绘、物探和钻探相结合的综合勘察方法, 有效地查明了岩溶的空间分布特征、发育规律和溶洞间的相互关系, 为工程设计提供了准确可靠的依据.      

Two cation exchange models for direct and inverse modelling of solution major cation composition in equilibrium with illite surfaces

Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg exchange isotherms were performed on the fine fraction (<2 μm) of Imt-2 illite samples at a total normality of about 0.005 mol/L in anionic chloride medium. The derived selectivity coefficients for Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg were found to vary as a function of the exchanger composition and compared well with the data collected in the literature for similar experimental conditions. Two models were built to reproduce the data: the first was a multi(2)-site model with constant Gaines and Thomas selectivity coefficients; the second was a one-site model taking into account surface species activity coefficients. The results of the models were in rather good agreement with both our data and literature data. The multi-site model proved to be efficient in predicting the exchanger composition as a function of the Na/Ca/Mg/K concentrations in solution, whereas the one-site model proved to be a better approach to derive the Na/Ca/Mg/K concentrations in solution based on the knowledge of the exchanger composition and the total normality of the solution. The interest of this approach is illustrated by the need for major cation solute concentration predictions in compacted clay for the characterization of nuclear deep disposal host rock repositories.     

三维地质建模及可视化技术在固体矿产储量估算中的应用

将三维GIS技术、三维地质建模及可视化技术与固体矿产储量估算相结合,对于提高储量估算和管理的智能化和自动化水平,具有重要意义.文章提出了一种利用三维地质建模与可视化技术进行固体矿产储量估算的可行性方案.并提出了应用轮廓线进行三维矿体表面建模时尖灭与分支情况处理、带约束的三维矿体表面建模的解决方案.     

Effective intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge of plants and their uses: an example from Australia

Intellectual property rights (IPR) to traditional knowledge (TK) about Australian native plants could justifiably be described as a birthright of Australian Aboriginal people. However, as is generally the case throughout the world, this right is currently not protected under Australian law. A case study is presented describing the approach that was taken to protecting the plant knowledge rights of traditional knowledge (TK) holders who participated in research at Titjikala, central Australia. From a review of international efforts aimed at developing a legal regime for protection of traditional knowledge (TK) intellectual property rights (IPR), we found that protecting traditional knowledge (TK) of plants and their uses is most likely to be achieved through the development of effective protocols for preserving and recording traditional knowledge (TK) and the use of contract law in commercial applications of that knowledge. The process of negotiating a research agreement between the research organisations and the community is described. Relationship building and a partnership approach based on trust and mutual respect were found to be of fundamental importance. The negotiated agreement ensures that the community has an equal share to research partners in any benefits that might arise from commercialisation of research findings. The approach to benefit sharing developed in this project has application in other research projects in which the sharing of traditional knowledge (TK) is a fundamental and essential component of the research process.     

Incorporating solid solutions in reactive transport equations using a kinetic discrete-composition approach

A new approach is proposed for incorporating solid solution reactions into mass conservation equations describing reaction paths in both closed and open systems. The method is applicable to problems involving advective, dispersive, and diffusive transport in a porous medium. By representing the continuously variable solid solution composition with a discrete set of stoichiometric solids that span composition space, combined with a kinetic formulation of their rates of reaction, a self-determining spatial and temporal evolution of the solid solution concentration and composition is obtained. It is demonstrated that equilibrium of an aqueous solution with a stoichiometric solid derived from a solid solution corresponds to equilibrium of the solid solution itself if and only if equilibrium of the stoichiometric solid is stable. One advantage of this approach is that it is unnecessary to introduce any additional compositional variables to represent the solid solution. Discretization may be over the entire range of composition space, or over some subset depending on the system. A major consequence of the kinetic discrete-composition solid solution representation is that modeling solid solutions is similar to modeling pure mineral phases with the exception of a weighting factor applied to reaction rates of stoichiometric solids corresponding to a common solid solution. With this approach, precipitation leads to a discrete zonation of the solid solution that approximates the continuous variation in composition expected for the actual solid solution. The approach is demonstrated for a hypothetical ideal and non-ideal binary solid solution A_xB_1−xC for a reaction path formulation and reactive transport involving advection and diffusion.     

Updating the models and uncertainty of mechanical parameters for rock tunnels using Bayesian inference

Rock mechanical parameters and their uncertainties are critical to rock stability analysis, engineering design, and safe construction in rock mechanics and engineering. The back analysis is widely adopted in rock engineering to determine the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock mass, but this does not consider the uncertainty. This problem is addressed here by the proposed approach by developing a system of Bayesian inferences for updating mechanical parameters and their statistical properties using monitored field data, then integrating the monitored data, prior knowledge of geotechnical parameters,and a mechanical model of a rock tunnel using Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) simulation. The proposed approach is illustrated by a circular tunnel with an analytical solution, which was then applied to an experimental tunnel in Goupitan Hydropower Station, China. The mechanical properties and strength parameters of the surrounding rock mass were modeled as random variables. The displacement was predicted with the aid of the parameters updated by Bayesian inferences and agreed closely with monitored displacements. It indicates that Bayesian inferences combined the monitored data into the tunnel model to update its parameters dynamically. Further study indicated that the performance of Bayesian inferences is improved greatly by regularly supplementing field monitoring data. Bayesian inference is a significant and new approach for determining the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock mass in a tunnel model and contributes to safe construction in rock engineering.     

Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data

Two optimization techniques ta predict a spatial variable from any number of related spatial variables are presented. The applicability of the two different methods for petroleum-resource assessment is tested in a mature oil province of the Midcontinent (USA). The information on petroleum productivity, usually not directly accessible, is related indirectly to geological, geophysical, petrographical, and other observable data. This paper presents two approaches based on construction of a multivariate spatial model from the available data to determine a relationship for prediction. In the first approach, the variables are combined into a spatial model by an algebraic map-comparison/integration technique. Optimal weights for the map comparison function are determined by the Nelder-Mead downhill simplex algorithm in multidimensions. Geologic knowledge is necessary to provide a first guess of weights to start the automatization, because the solution is not unique. In the second approach, active set optimization for linear prediction of the target under positivity constraints is applied. Here, the procedure seems to select one variable from each data type (structure, isopachous, and petrophysical) eliminating data redundancy. Automating the determination of optimum combinations of different variables by applying optimization techniques is a valuable extension of the algebraic map-comparison/integration approach to analyzing spatial data. Because of the capability of handling multivariate data sets and partial retention of geographical information, the approaches can be useful in mineral-resource exploration.     

Load-displacement and upper-bound solutions of a loaded laterally pile in clay based on a total-displacement-loading EMSD method

A total-displacement-loading approach based on the extended mobilisable strength design (EMSD) method is developed for predicting nonlinear foundation responses and upper-bound capacities with continuous velocity fields. Different from EMSD, the new approach turns optimizing a minimum energy solution into solving an elastic problem with strain-dependent equivalent elastic modulus. The strain-dependent modulus is determined by a nonlinear iterative method. This transform guarantees that the reaction force is consistent with the elastic solution in early stages of loading and gradually approaches an upper-bound solution at a large value of displacement. The approach is demonstrated on a problem of the laterally loaded pile.     

矿物在超临界溶液中的溶解度理论计算

本文概述了矿物在超临界溶液中的溶解度理论计算。讨论了平衡常数法和自由能法的热力学原理和计算机方法。两种方法都需要热力学数据,所不同的是平衡常数法需要的是反应平衡常数,而自由能法需要物种自由能数据。方法确定以后这些数据具备与否及其精度是这项研究的关键。此外当溶液中离子强度较大时,寻求一种适当的活度系数算法对溶解度理论计算也至关重要。     

A TIME-STEPPING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN FRACTURED POROUS MEDIA

This paper describes the development of a finite element method for analysing contaminant transport in double-porosity geomaterials using a time-stepping approach. In many cases, double-porosity models may be used to represent fractured rock formations and fissured soils. A distinctive feature of utilizing this kind of model is that it is not necessary to have an intimate knowledge of the nature, distribution and properties of individual fractures and fracture arrangement since the fracture geometry and details are considered only in an averaged or equivalent continuum sense. The flux exchange that occurs between the fluid in the fractures and in the solid matrix is represented by a linear heriditary process. This has the consequence that in order to carry the solution forward from time t to t+Δt, it is necessary to know and to store the complete contaminant history up to time t. This paper shows that all the hereditary information necessary to carry the solution forward is contained in the values of certain hereditary variables at time t so that it is not necessary to store the complete time history and consequently a more efficient numerical process can be developed.     

A fast flux tube-based method for solute-transport simulation

A new method to calculate the transport of dissolved species in aquifers is presented. This approach is an extension of the stream tubes which are used for flow computation. The flux tubes defined here are conservative for solutes, but not for water mass. The flux tubes are first defined in a general domain and then calculated in a two-dimensional uniform flow field. The tubes?? computation is based on a parametric solution. The method is extended further in order to deal with heterogeneous media. A particle-tracking algorithm is used where the deviation of the flux-tube boundaries due to dispersion is accounted for. The approximate solution obtained by this approach is compared to classical numerical solutions given by a finite difference code (RT3D) and a finite element code (FEFLOW). This comparison was performed for several test cases with increasing complexity. The differences between the flux-tube approach and the other methods always remain small, even regarding mass conservation. The major advantage of the flux-tube approach is the ability to reach a solution quickly, as the method is hundreds to thousands of times faster than classical finite difference or finite element models.