Timeslot scheduling of inter-satellite links based on a system of a narrow beam with time division

An inter-satellite link (ISL) can enhance the performance of a global navigation satellite system. The system of narrow beams with time division is being increasingly used for ISLs. ISLs improve the performance of global navigation satellite systems via ranging and communication between satellites. When there are fewer antenna beams than targets, how to schedule timeslots for inter-satellite links to better perform the function of ISLs can become a problem. We describe the timeslot scheduling problem and propose a new method based on grouping to solve this problem of obtaining more range observations in a short time and communicating with a short delay between satellites and facilities. A series of 10,080 benchmarks of a typical constellation of a global navigation satellite system was run to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. The regression cycle of constellations under test lasted approximately 7 days. The proposed schedule has a communication delay of less than 10 s and obtains more than nine different range observations in 60 s. Results show that the method effectively solves the scheduling problem and increases the scheduling success ratio remarkably.     

基于卫星服务中断的GPS在中国服务区可用性分析

由于导航卫星硬件失效和轨道维持等原因,会引起卫星服务的暂时中断。卫星服务中断又会导致导航星座可用性下降。以GPS卫星4类中断的平均间隔时间、平均恢复时间为参数,建立了导航卫星的平均可用性及导航星座平均可用性数学模型。仿真分析了卫星服务中断的情况下GPS在我国服务区的可用性。仿真结果对于我国目前进行的区域卫星导航系统建设(北斗卫星导航系统建设的第2步)以及参与GPS市场竞争均具有重要作用。     

基于组合卫星导航系统的编队卫星分析

针对编队飞行中星间相对定位的任务需求,分析了卫星导航系统对编队卫星的动态观测几何问题,引入了相对定位精度衰减因子(RDOP)描述,并讨论了其性质。在对编队中单颗低轨卫星进行导航卫星GDOP分析的基础上,研究了不同编队宽度下编队集合的共视卫星和共视时段,仿真了一定场景下的编队卫星RDOP,并比较了与PDOP的大小关系。接收机的截止高度角对于导航卫星GDOP影响较大;编队宽度会影响到共视卫星的选择;而与采用单个GPS系统相比,采用GPS-Galileo组合卫星导航系统对编队卫星进行相对定位,RDOP数值明显减小,从而有利于高精度的星间位置确定。     

低轨卫星增强北斗三号导航星座性能分析

针对低轨卫星星座有待合理化设计的问题,深入研究了低轨卫星星座增强北斗三号系统定位性能。分析轨道高度、轨道倾角、星座构型对星座覆盖性能的影响,仿真北斗三号、GPS和3种不同类型的低轨星座,研究各低轨星座与北斗三号、GPS的组合系统在所选7个测站以及全球范围内的可见卫星数和PDOP值分布。结果表明低轨卫星对北斗三号的增强效果主要与低轨卫星数目有关,且不同轨道倾角的组合低轨星座有利于均衡系统在全球范围内的可见卫星数与PDOP值分布。低轨卫星有望通过改善卫星观测几何构型提高北斗三号系统的定位性能,且增强效果与低轨星座构型密切相关。     

多星座实时导航中一种快速次优的选星方法

随着各国卫星导航系统的建设与完善,同一历元的可见卫星数目逐渐增加,如何对众多卫星进行选择以优化利用现有资源便显得迫切而重要。本文以获得满足设计要求的GDOP为前提,根据各时刻可见卫星数量的大小,选择适合的遮蔽仰角,以卫星空间构型的体积与GDOP关系为依据,引入计算几何学中解决三维点集的凸壳问题的增量算法,并结合导航卫星星座的自身特点,提出了对卫星位置坐标直接进行选择的一种快速次优的选星算法。实验结果表明,在GDOP满足要求且选星数较少的情况下,相对传统GDOP选星法大大减小了计算量,该方法简洁快速,能有效满足选星求解的实时性和精度要求。     

城市环境下GPS/BDS融合伪距定位性能分析

观测环境的优劣对卫星定位结果有着显著影响,城市环境信号遮挡强、多路径效应明显,导致定位连续性差、可靠性低。文中讨论GPS/BDS时空系统统一以及融合解算中伪距定位数学模型,利用香港地区城市环境实测数据对GPS/BDS双系统融合伪距定位结果与GPS、BDS单系统在可见卫星数、PDOP值、定位连续性、可靠性等方面进行比较分析。结果表明:多系统融合伪距定位相比单系统增加可见卫星数,减小PDOP值,明显改善城市环境定位连续性,小幅度提高定位精度。     

BDS-3不同类型卫星对BDS-2伪距定位性能提升定量分析

针对北斗三号（BDS-3）不同类型卫星对北斗二号（BDS-2）伪距单点定位性能的影响,基于iGMAS机构发布的跟踪站实测数据,分析了BDS-3地球静止轨道（GEO）、倾斜地球同步轨道（IGSO）、中圆轨道（MEO）、全部BDS-3卫星对BDS-2卫星可见数、位置精度因子（PDOP）值以及伪距单点定位精度的影响．经研究发现,BDS-3不同卫星对BDS-2卫星可见数、卫星空间几何结构以及伪距单点定位精度提升程度不同,MEO卫星的提升程度优于IGSO卫星和GEO卫星,三种类型卫星对BDS-2定位性能提升量之和与全部BDS-3卫星对BDS-2定位性能提升量相当．      

GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗SPP精度的影响

北斗卫星导航系统混合星座增强了北斗的抗遮挡能力,每种星座卫星对定位精度的影响是目前研究的重点。本文基于北京地区的连续跟踪站BFGY站和ZGDZ站2018年第96天实测数据,采用反向分析法首次分析了GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗卫星可见数、PDOP值和北斗SPP精度的影响程度,发现每种星座卫星都对北斗卫星可见数有很大的影响,对PDOP值的影响最大达到21;GEO卫星对SPP精度的影响大于IGSO卫星大于MEO卫星。     

Satellite selection with an end-to-end deep learning network

Benefiting from multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), more and more visible satellites can be used to improve user positioning performance. However, due to limited tracking receiver channels and power consumption, and other issues, it may be not possible, or desirable, to use all satellites in view for positioning. The optimal subset is generally selected from all possible satellite combinations to minimize either Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) or weighted GDOP (WGDOP). However, this brute force approach is difficult to implement in real-time applications due to the time- and power-consuming calculation of the DOP values. As an alternative to a brute force satellite selection procedure, the authors propose an end-to-end deep learning network for satellite selection based on the PointNet and VoxelNet networks. The satellite selection is converted to a satellite segmentation problem, with specified input channel for each satellite and two class labels, one for selected satellites and the other for those not selected. The aim of the satellite segmentation is that a fixed number of satellites with the minimum GDOP/WGDOP value can be segmented from any feeding order of input satellites. To validate the proposed satellite segmentation network, training and test data from 220 IGS stations tracking GPS and GLONASS satellites were used. The segmentation performance using different architectures and representations of input channels, including receiver-to-satellite unit vector and elevation and azimuth, were compared. It was found that the input channel with elevation and azimuth can achieve better performance than using the receiver-to-satellite unit vector, and an architecture with stacked feature encoding (FE) layers has better satellite segmentation performance than one without stacked FE layers. In addition, the models with GDOP and WGDOP criteria for selecting 9 and 12 satellites were trained. It was demonstrated that the satellite segmentation network was about 90 times faster than using the brute force approach. Furthermore, all the trained models can effectively select the satellites making the most contribution to the desired GDOP/WGDOP value. Approximately 99% of the tests had GDOP and WGDOP value differences smaller than 0.03 and 0.2, respectively, between the predicted subset and the optimal subset.     

利用两颗退役同步轨道卫星优化中国区域定位系统导航性能的分析

中国区域定位系统（CAPS）在试验验证阶段利用两颗同步轨道（GEO）通信卫星和两颗退役的GEO通信卫星组成导航星座,结合CAPS气压测高技术实现三维定位。根据CAPS的星座特点,分析了不采用气压测高实现转发式卫星导航定位的可行性和改变退役卫星轨道参数对星座PDOP值的影响。结果表明：调整两颗退役GEO通信卫星的轨道参数后,不采用气压测高技术也可以使CAPS在一天的较长时段内实现较高精度的导航定位。     

低纬度高海拔地区BDS/GPS/GLONASS非差非组合PPP性能分析

本文在简述非差非组合理论模型以及参数估计的基础上,结合IGS/MGEX精密轨道和精密钟差等产品,对地处低纬度高海拔的云南地区进行了BDS/GPS/GLONASS系统非差非组合PPP性能分析。通过试验研究分析得出,在该地区单系统定位模式下可视卫星数为BDS>GPS>GLONASS;组合模式下,BDS系统与其他系统的可视卫星数基本都大于GPS跟GLONASS系统组合,可视卫星数依次为GRC>GC>RC>GR,PDOP值依次为GR>RC>GC>GRC。其中,组合模式下可视卫星数基本是单系统可视卫星数的2~3倍,表明在低纬度高海拔地区BDS系统的贡献大于其他两系统。多系统组合能够获得更好的卫星几何构型,较单系统有显著的优越性。在定位精度上,7种组合模式下定位精度基本能达到厘米至毫米级。     

Conjugated asymmetry of the onset and magnitude of GPS scintillation driven by the vertical plasma drift

Traditional intersatellite communications for shared timing information rely on microwave transceivers such as those in Milstar, AEHF, and Iridium constellations. With extensive space heritage and well-established engineering and performance specifications, these methods have typified the field of high-performance satellite synchronization for decades, recently introduced into active GNSS satellite constellations such as BeiDou. Optical crosslinks, currently investigated as an augmentation or alternative to traditional microwave-based methods, can provide enhanced precision to intersatellite ranging and time transfer, performing beyond one-way or uplink/downlink microwave-based communications. The challenges of time transfer through optical links and crosslinks can significantly impact the systems architecture, optical terminal complexity, and agreements on international standards. Orders-of-magnitude precision enhancement can enable novel timing and ranging technologies allowing for advanced navigation capabilities. Additionally, basic scientific studies with a fleet of synchronized satellites could inform fundamental physics studies on a truly global scale. We evaluate the benefits, drawbacks, and potential applications of satellite synchronization through microwave and optical crosslinks for shared timing and ephemeris data in support of enhanced constellation state estimation and reduced range error. The risks and value associated with these technologies are also discussed with an emphasis on challenges for aerospace.

     

基于北斗星间链路的卫星自主导航可行性分析

北斗三号卫星导航系统(BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system,BDS-3)在BDS-2基础上,设计实现了高速宽带星间链路网络,以期实现导航和通信的一体化建设,并为卫星自主定轨(autonomous orbit determina-tion,AOD)技术的实现积累宝贵的实测数据.首先,利...     

顾及星座稳定性及综合成本的低轨导航星座优化设计方法

利用低轨道地球卫星(LEO)进行导航增强首先需要设计低轨星座,在进行星座构型设计时,星座的稳定性及综合成本是需要考虑的两个重要因素,本文提出了顾及星座稳定性及综合成本进行低轨导航星座优化设计的方法. 首先,利用遗传算法对铱星星座进行了优化,优化后的铱星星座与未优化前星座相比较,全球可见卫星数均值由2.3颗增至2.9颗,可见卫星数标准差由2.3降至0.7,综合成本因子由5.3降至4.5,证明了本方法的有效性. 然后以Walker星座作为基本构型,在保证低轨混合星座稳定性的基础上,顾及导航性能和综合成本,利用遗传算法进行了混合星座的优化. 将优化后的低轨混合星座与北斗星座进行了组合,组合后的星座与北斗星座相比较,全球可见卫星数均值由6.9颗增至9.3颗,可见卫星数标准差由1.1降至0.4.      

In-orbit performance assessment of BeiDou intersatellite link ranging

The introduction of an intersatellite link, also called a crosslink, is considered a promising technique for improving the reliability and integrity of a global navigation satellite system. As one of the most rapidly developing satellite navigation systems, the BeiDou system launched from March 2015 to February 2016 an in-orbit validation constellation that includes two inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites and three medium earth orbit satellites equipped with an intersatellite link in the Ka band. We modeled the intersatellite measurements of BeiDou and evaluated the ranging performance of the intersatellite link based on the analysis of in-orbit measurement data. We used both residual analysis and external data comparison to assess the data. The results show that the ranging precision of the BeiDou intersatellite link is within 10 cm and is determined mainly by the thermal noise of the receiver. Moreover, the drift rate of the group delay of the transceiver channel is within 1 cm per day.     

BDS-3卫星对BDS全球定位性能提升分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)建设与组网工作的不断推进,北斗3号（BDS-3）已开始提供全球定位服务,其定位性能是广大用户关注的主要问题之一. 为了评价BDS在全球各地区定位可用性与精度,本文选取了全球范围内可接收北斗2号（BDS-2）与BDS-3卫星播发信号的44个静态观测站,分别使用BDS-2卫星与北斗2/3号（BDS-2/3）卫星的B1I与B3I信号及其无电离层组合观测值进行标准单点定位解算,同时使用广播星历解算BDS在全球范围的可见卫星数与位置精度因子(PDOP)分布情况. 结果表明,相对于BDS-2卫星,BDS-3卫星可以在全球范围内增加2～4颗可见卫星,同时减小了PDOP值和定位结果噪声,将BDS服务范围从亚太地区进一步扩展至全球. 另外,全球参考站双频无电离层组合可实现水平方向1.5 m、高程方向3 m的定位精度,单频定位也可实现水平2.5 m,高程4 m的定位精度. 本文还进行了手持动态实验,结果表明,BDS-2/3动态条件下可实现水平方向约2 m、高程方向约4 m的定位精度. 总的来说,目前BDS可以实现全球水平方向优于2 m,垂直方向优于4 m的伪距单点定位,满足绝大部分全球用户的定位需求.      

Integration of Satellite Telemetry Data and Land Cover Imagery: A Study of Migratory Cranes in Northeast Asia

The present study describes a procedure for quantitatively analyzing satellite telemetry data to identify interspecific land use differences among four threatened crane species. The inherent inaccuracy of satellite telemetry data points, the temporal autocorrelation of those points, and the resolution of two land‐cover imagery products from the IGBP‐DISCover Global Land‐Cover Characterization Project (derived from AVHRR data) were assessed and integrated in a GIS. Satellite telemetry is a system where animals are tracked using battery‐operated transmitters and locations are calculated using triangulation from satellites. Using the variable spatial inaccuracy of the telemetry locations, each point was buffered using a radius based on the accuracy of the point, and then intersected with the land cover imagery. The research concluded that the methodology is valuable for studies of birds at a regional scale, with interspecific differences clearly evident, but that diurnal and nocturnal differences were not discernable due to the coarse resolution of both satellite telemetry and land‐cover data.     

组合GNSS系统定位数据质量与精度比较分析

本文对组合GNSS系统进行静态相对定位测量与RTK测量试验,研究结果表明:在静态相对定位测量中,BDS的数据利用率、多路径效应误差优于GPS与GLONASS,BDS的定位精度优于GLONASS略低于GPS;组合系统中GPS/BDS与GPS/BDS/GLONASS的定位精度较优,引入GLONASS对定位精度改善的作用不明显。在RTK测量中,当观测条件理想时,GPS/BDS较GPS可见卫星数目多,PDOP值低,中误差小。当观测条件较差时,GPS/BDS较GPS可见卫星数目多,PDOP平均值低,中误差小,限差内固定解获得时间减少76.1%;GPS/BDS/GLONASS较GPS/BDS在中误差、水平精度和垂直精度上更优,限差内固定解获得时间更稳定可靠。     

GPS/GALILEO组合系统可见卫星与GDOP的区域和时序分析

卫星星座方案的选择对导航定位精度具有很大影响。本文根据GALILEO系统的设计轨道参数模拟得到的GALILEO系统的卫星位置,分别计算了GPS系统、GALILEO系统和GPS/GALILEO组合系统在不同卫星截止高度角的情况下,全国范围内可见卫星和GDOP值的分布情况,并选择了北京、武汉和乌鲁木齐三个城市,连续观测24小时,分析了各城市的可见卫星和GDOP值随时间的变化规律。     

基于星间链路的完好性参数SISMA计算方法

地基完好性监测是利用四个或四个以上的精确坐标的监测站对卫星进行监测,计算其星历及星钟误差。该方法需满足四重以上监测站覆盖条件,对于自主导航和区域布站的导航系统不能实现导航卫星的全弧段完好性监测。对于不满足上述覆盖条件的卫星,采用基于星间链路的监测方法,利用四个或四个以上的具有一定坐标误差的卫星对该卫星进行监测。通过星历数据和星间测距数据计算SISMA,从而进行导航卫星全弧段的完好性监测。