广西一次大范围西南涡暴雨过程多尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、FY2E卫星云图和雷达资料对2014年8月广西一次大范围西南涡暴雨过程大尺度环境特征、中小尺度系统特征等多尺度多角度进行分析,结果表明:西南涡和低涡切变是这次暴雨过程的直接影响系统,雨带与850hPa低涡切变活动密切相关,主要降雨区在西南涡、切变线附近和移动方向的前侧;850hPa水汽通量散度辐合中心、等值线密集区对强降水落区分布有较好的指示意义。降雨过程在一定程度上可以体现为中尺度系统的生消、移动,较强的对流回波和列车效应是造成柳江出现强降雨的重要因素。     

怀化市汛期短时强降水特征分析

利用怀化市11个国家站和403个区域站2012—2017年4—9月逐小时降水量资料以及NCEP资料,采用统计分析方法分析了怀化市短时强降水的时空分布特征,同时采用天气诊断分析方法对产生短时强降水的天气系统进行归纳,得到如下结论:怀化短时强降水的频数年际变化大,发生频次最多的是2017年,达103次,最少的是2013年,仅35次,且主要集中在5—7月,6月最多,4月最少;其日变化呈单峰型,4—10时最易发生短时强降水,峰值出现在08时,11—23时为低发时段。短时强降水的频数高、日数多,空间分布表现为北部多,中南部少;2/3的短时强降水极值对应等级为50～79.9 mm·h~(-1),最大值为129.9 mm·h~(-1),雪峰山西侧(会同、洪江、溆浦)以及辰溪境内最易发生≥80 mm·h~(-1)的短时强降水。产生短时强降水的天气系统主要有低涡型和切变线型。当850 hPa低涡在关键区域活动时,低涡型短时强降水主要集中在低涡偏东偏南位置,而切变线型短时强降水主要集中在850 hPa切变线偏南1～3个纬距内,尤其是与低空急流出口区左侧叠加的区域。     

低涡切变影响下河湟谷地两类强降水环境条件及成因对比

利用2018—2020近三年青海河湟谷地低涡切变影响下强降水天气个例地面观测、NCEP 1°×1°再分析、FY-2G云图相当黑体亮温温度、模式及雷达拼图等资料,对比分析相同环流背景影响下不同类型强降水环境条件和成因差异,以及初步评估模式预报能力。结果表明:伴有雷暴、冰雹、雷暴大风等混合性强降水天气称为强降水Ⅰ型,以纯短时强降水为主的强降水天气称为强降水Ⅱ型。低涡切变是两种类型强降水的影响系统,强降水Ⅰ型400～300 hPa高空冷平流入侵促使低涡切变系统加强东移,地面冷锋发展在河湟谷地形成锢囚锋。强降水Ⅱ型受副热带高压西进阻挡,低涡切变系统和地面冷锋减弱消失;强降水Ⅰ型主要具有较强的高空干冷急流、高的下沉对流有效位能,较高的700 hPa和400 hPa温差以及强的垂直风切变均为强对流发生提供动力条件,产生的强天气以风雹类为主,而强降水Ⅱ型具有较高的0℃层和-20℃层高度、较高的抬升凝结高度,产生的强天气以短时强降水为主;强降水Ⅰ型云图特征主要表现为午后发展起来组织化程度高的冷涡云系,相当黑体亮温(TBB)初始中心数值在-45～- 35℃,发展阶段TBB下降至-75～-40℃,强降水Ⅱ...     

云南省一次切变冷锋型暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和多种加密观测资料,对2013年初夏云南省一次典型冷锋切变型暴雨天气过程进行诊断和中尺度分析,结果表明：青藏高原和川西高原西北气流引导冷空气和切变线南下影响云南省,地面冷锋与切变线位置基本一致,冷暖空气交汇于切变线和冷锋附近,产生强降水。天气尺度系统的有效合理配置及相互作用,为中尺度对流系统的发展提供了有利的环流背景。CAPE高能区和等Δθse(500-800)线密集区的分布与对流系统的发生、发展有一定对应关系。暴雨发生的局地性和突发性等中小尺度特征与地面中尺度辐合系统密切相关。地面锋面及叠加在其上的加密地面风场辐合区的位置和移动可以作为短时强降水短临预报的重要参考依据。地面强降水强度和落区与对流云团的TBB等值线梯度大小以及梯度大值区的位置相关。地闪频数的发生发展,可以作为对流云团发生发展的判据之一。受多方面因素影响,低纬高原不同暴雨点的地闪频数峰值出现时间与强降水峰值时间的关系复杂。大风区、第二类γ中尺度辐合区的存在和“列车效应”是造成局地短时强降水的直接原因。边界层急流为此次强降水过程提供了重要的动力强迫和水汽输送。     

冷涡背景下东北地区短时强降水统计特征

利用2011-2020年6-8月全国2400个地面自动站观测的逐小时降水资料和常规观测,结合美国NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的6 h间隔再分析资料,基于站点统计了冷涡背景下东北地区短时强降水的时空分布特征。然后着眼降水落区,基于冷涡位置、形状、发展阶段以及与热带系统的相互作用等将冷涡短时强降水分为西北气流型、纬向型、南涡型、副高型和经向型,并讨论了5类短时强降水的对流参数特征。结果表明:6月,冷涡短时强降水多由中涡造成,7月和8月主要由北涡引起。短时强降水主要发生在午后,17:00(北京时)达到峰值。冷涡短时强降水高频区位于辽宁,次高频区位于吉林中部、黑龙江中西部和东北部。不同类型的短时强降水,其降水落区在冷涡不同发展阶段有所差异。冷涡短时强降水发生在条件不稳定的大气中,西北气流型、纬向型和经向型短时强降水的850 hPa与500 hPa温差一般大于25℃;副高型和南涡型短时强降水的850 hPa与500 hPa温差一般小于24℃,但地面露点和可降水量明显比其他3类大。5类短时强降水的对流有效位能一般不超过1500 J·kg~(-1)。大多数情况下,副高型短时强降水发生在中等强度的垂直风切变环境中,其他4类发生在弱的垂直风切变环境中。     

济南市区短时强降水特征分析与天气分型

利用2007—2015年济南市区及历城区自动气象观测站的逐小时降水量资料,以及常规高空、地面观测资料,统计了198次短时强降水过程的范围和强度特征,年际、月际变化特征,按照短时强降水发生时的天气形势和影响系统,分为切变线型、低槽冷锋型、西风槽型、冷涡型、台风外围型及无系统型6类,并分析了不同类型和不同范围短时强降水的关键环境参量。研究表明：短时强降水的强度与范围有较好的相关性,7月中旬—8月中旬出现强降水的次数最多;切变线型短时强降水发生范围与强度分布最广,7、8月的低槽冷锋型过程极易造成大范围高强度降水;地面露点（Td）、850 hPa假相当位温（θse）、对流有效位能（CAPE）以及暖云层厚度能较好地区分不同范围的短时强降水过程。在天气分型的基础上,结合不同降水范围和不同降水类型环境参量箱线图与阈值表,可为济南市区短时强降水的预报提供有价值的参考。      

2011年7月29日山西大暴雨过程的多尺度特征

利用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、红外辐射亮温（TBB）、多普勒雷达和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2011年7月28-29日发生在山西境内的区域性暴雨进行多尺度特征分析。结果表明：（1）乌拉尔山阻高崩溃,西风槽东移、副高进退是此次暴雨发生的环流特征;（2）850 hPa低涡切变和700 hPa暖式切变线及地面冷锋是暴雨发生的中α尺度触发系统;（3）〉30 dBZ的雷达回波呈南北向位于地面冷锋与700 hPa切变线之间,雷达回波随地面冷锋和700 hPa切变线的东移而东移;（4）低空低涡切变受500 hPa强盛西南气流的引导向东北移动,暴雨落区始终与低涡切变相伴随;（5）暴雨过程山西境内共有9个中β尺度对流云团活动,山西西南部的暴雨主要由5个中β尺度对流云团的相继移入并在自动站极大风速风场切变线附近触发对流发展所致;山西东南部的大暴雨则是3个中β尺度对流云团合并发展的结果,中γ尺度气旋是导致局地大暴雨发生的直接影响系统;（6）暴雨发生在气柱水汽总量空间分布图中水汽锋的南部和东部及靠近气柱水汽总量的大值区一侧,水汽锋的形成比降水开始提前17 h,比暴雨发生提前24 h以上,对暴雨的短期、短时预报有指示意义。     

不同天气类型短时强降水与地闪特征分析

选取2006—2013年山东8次典型短时强降水（降水强度>20 mm·h-1）个例,并根据降水的天气尺度影响系统分为4种类型,利用山东区域ADTD型闪电定位仪资料,统计各类短时强降水与地闪相关性;结合地闪频数、密度分析地闪与短时强降水的雨强、出现时间、空间分布等特征的相关性。结果表明：1）各类强降水与不同范围地闪的相关性不同,与固定范围内地闪的时间、空间分布特征不同;其中负地闪占绝大多数,正闪比例小,负闪占比越大降水越强;站点周边30 km范围内地闪频数与降水相关性较好,低槽冷锋型强降水与地闪频数相关性最好,其次是低涡切变线型,黄淮气旋型短时强降水与地闪频数相关性差,热带气旋型强降水则与正闪相关性更好。2）地闪频数只对单次过程降水量变化有所指示,不能直接用来判别短时强降水,而地闪频数峰值对于短时强降水预报有一定指示意义;其中后倾型低槽冷锋、西北涡、西南涡型短时强降水地闪频数峰值对于预报短时强降水指示意义较强,冷切变和暖切变型指示意义较小,前倾型低槽冷锋、黄淮气旋、热带气旋型无明显指示意义。3）高地闪密度与短时强降水落区对应较好,但短时强降水并不一定会出现在高地闪密度中心区域;大部分短时强降水极值站高地闪密度中心对应;对于后倾型低槽冷锋、暖切变、西南涡型短时强降水,5次·（10 km）-2·h-1可作为预报参考阈值。     

新疆阿勒泰地区短时强降水中尺度特征[1]

利用NCEP FNL再分析、FY2D/G逐时云顶亮温（TBB）、新疆北部区域自动站和闪电定位及EC-thin再分析资料，对2013—2020年暖季新疆北部36例短时强降水事件进行分析。结果表明：新疆北部短时强降水的直接影响系统是涡旋云系和带状云系中生成的MCS，MCS主要位于涡旋云系中部和带状云系南部，MCS强度在-32℃～-52℃；地面温度锋和露点锋及中尺度锋区、切变线和气旋式辐合风场、中低压是触发MCS的主要原因。地闪最强时刻发生在MCS发展到成熟阶段，短时强降水发生在地闪密集区附近；短时强降水发生时地闪频次迅速增多，之后迅速减小，并以负地闪为主。因地形作用形成的中尺度系统，其发生发展对短时强降水预报具有一定的指示意义。地面温度锋和露点锋及中尺度锋区主要出现在阿尔泰山脉、萨吾尔山系的沿山及其丘陵地区，因山脉和河谷平原的热力差异形成；因此，新疆北部短时强降水落区与地形有密切的关系。     

2007年6月12～13日柳州市特大暴雨过程分析

运用常规天气图、气象卫星资料、新一代天气雷达资料等资料对2007年6月12～13日柳州市的特大暴雨过程进行分析,发现这次大暴雨过程的最主要的影响系统是低层的低涡切变和低空急流.柳州市、柳江县的短时大暴雨、特大暴雨产生时低层切变在附近维持,而切变南侧低空急流加强并向北推进致使低层辐合大大加强.随着急流轴的东移,切变线东移南压,地面弱冷空气补充南下,强降水过程趋于结束.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.