基于Landsat8数据的舟山群岛海域悬浮泥沙浓度遥感研究

文章利用舟山近岸海域实测水体光谱及泥沙浓度数据，分析光谱反射率与悬浮泥沙浓度的相关性，并结合Landsat8遥感数据进行该海域的悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演。研究表明：随着水体悬浮泥沙浓度的增加，各波段的反射率相应增加，且不同波段的增幅有明显不同，水体光谱曲线存在“双峰”现象；Landsat8遥感数据的波段4与波段3的比值与悬浮泥沙浓度的相关性较好；舟山群岛海域总体处于高泥沙浓度的状态，岛屿近岸悬浮泥沙浓度明显高于开阔水域，岛屿周围的悬浮泥沙浓度呈现“西高东低”的格局；一元二次方程模型（二次模型）对舟山海域水体的悬浮泥沙浓度反演精度较其他模型（线性模型，对数模型，指数模型，幂指数模型）高；Landsat8遥感数据可用于舟山海域悬浮泥沙浓度的监测。本研究成果能为近岸海域港口建设、航道安全、环境监测等研究提供数据支持。     

江苏近岸海域HJ CCD影像悬浮泥沙遥感反演

基于2012~2014年期间江苏近岸海域实测遥感反射率、悬浮泥沙浓度及HJ CCD数据,建立该海域HJ CCD影像悬浮泥沙遥感反演模型。通过研究水体实测反射光谱特征,确定对悬浮泥沙浓度变化的敏感波段,并与悬浮泥沙浓度进行函数拟合分析。结果表明:将HJ CCD Band3的等效遥感反射率、HJ CCD Band3与Band2等效遥感反射率的比值分别作为敏感因子,并采用对数函数模拟低值区、指数函数模拟高值区获得的叠加模型表现最为突出。通过卫星应用发现,第2、3波段比值模型的遥感反演结果与实际情况相符,可有效削弱大气校正、表观反射率到遥感反射率的转换方法以及HJ CCD辐射分辨率较低等一系列问题的干扰,为江苏近岸海域HJ CCD悬浮泥沙遥感反演的最优模型。     

基于GF-4卫星的杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度遥感监测研究

悬浮泥沙作为重要水质参数，其分布和动态变化对河口及近岸的生态、环境、物质循环等都具有深远的影响。我国静止轨道高分四号(GF-4)卫星数据具有高时间和高空间分辨率的观测优势，在水色遥感上具有重大应用潜力。为探究GF-4卫星对悬浮泥沙浓度的监测能力，本文以杭州湾为研究区，构建反演模型，利用静止海洋水色成像仪进行交叉验证。结果表明，以GF-4卫星第5和第4波段遥感反射率的比值作为遥感因子建立的反演模型精度较高，决定系数为0.92，均方根误差为223.2 mg/L，平均相对误差为17.2%。交叉验证结果显示，GF-4卫星作为一种新的遥感数据源，在低浓度区与静止海洋水色成像仪反演悬浮泥沙浓度分布相似，但在高浓度区的差异随浓度增高而增大，总体可满足中国大部分海区的监测需求。     

含沙水体水深遥感方法的研究

遥感测深技术是海岸、河口及其他水体水深测量的一种新方法,应用前景广阔。在海洋的近岸、河口处水体相对浑浊,利用可见光技术测深的精度依赖于建立合适的水深反演模型和考虑水体悬浮物质的影响。选择合适的水深反演因子和比较多种线性、非线性水深反演模型,通过对水体悬浮泥沙光谱特性的研究,建立了适于河口、近岸浅水浑浊水体并考虑悬沙浓度影响的水深反演模型。通过检验,由该模型反演的平均相对误差小于15%,在7~14 m的水深段反演效果更好,其平均相对误差小于8.5%。     

黄、东海区总悬浮泥沙对HY-1 CCD数据叶绿素浓度反演的影响

悬浮泥沙含量对叶绿素浓度遥感反演具有一定的抑制作用,我国近岸水体受其影响更为严重.利用国家卫星海洋应用中心组织的2003年春季大规模黄、东海区海上试验获得的较高精度实测数据,详细分析了该海区各站点总悬浮泥沙含量、叶绿素浓度与遥感反射率之间的关系,确立了悬浮泥沙含量对叶绿素浓度反演的影响方式,从而获得了不同悬浮泥沙含量条件下,HY-1卫星CCD等效波段的叶绿素浓度反演模式.分析结果表明,将总悬浮泥沙含量小于6 mg/L定义为中低混浊度水体,把大于6 mg/L定义为中高混浊度水体,然后通过选择不同的悬浮泥沙修正指数分别建模,相关性能够达到实用反演的要求.建模的精度分别为中低混浊度水体,相关性R2= 0.919,平均相对误差= 0.277;中高混浊度水体,相关性R2= 0.877,平均相对误差=0.564.中高混浊度水体叶绿素浓度的反演误差较大,主要体现在低叶绿素浓度区(Cchl<1 mg/m3),表明利用CCD数据反演中高混浊度水体低值叶绿素浓度模式还有待于进一步完善.     

悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模型研究

对实验室固定粒径的悬浮泥沙水体的反射率光谱特征进行了分析,选取反射率的敏感波段,建立了遥感反射率和悬浮泥沙浓度的遥感反演模型;同时,又利用野外现场实测的光谱反射率和悬浮泥沙中值粒径,建立受粒径影响的悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型。结果表明,主成分模型的反演效果最好,其次是幂指数模型,而线性模型的反演效果较差。     

长江河口悬浮泥沙向浙闽沿岸输运近期变化的遥感分析

利用2000~2015年Terra-MODIS(terra-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,中等分辨率成像光谱仪)数据和2014年洪枯季现场数据建立泥沙反演模型,分析入长江河口泥沙大幅减少后河口表层悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运的时空变化和扩散形态。结果表明:(1)利用MODIS数据的二次型模型能够揭示长江口及邻近海域悬沙分布及输运特征,入海输运的长江口悬浮泥沙是浙闽沿岸连续悬浮泥沙带存在的物源;(2)受季风和沿岸流动力驱动,长江口悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运具有明显的季节性:春季,悬浮泥沙从长江口向浙闽沿岸呈条带状输运,春夏之交,南下的悬沙至温岭近岸海域出现中断现象;夏季,长江口大量悬沙滞留在长江口杭州湾近岸,仅有少量悬沙向南输运,泥沙带中断;秋季,10月下旬—11月中旬逐渐形成连续的近岸泥沙带;历冬至春,循环复始;(3)受近年来长江流域进入河口的泥沙减少影响,浙闽沿岸秋冬季连续的输沙带在春季提前断开,在秋季有推迟恢复的现象。本研究对于探究浙闽沿岸泥沙减少新格局,分析近海生态环境新变化具有重要意义。     

珠江口水深遥感反演研究

建立了珠江口2个试验区遥感测深的多种统计相关模型,并选取相关性最好的模型进行水深反演和结果分析,探讨了不同悬沙浓度情况下遥感测深的可能性和实用性。结果表明,对于悬浮泥沙浓度大的试验区1,实测水深值和遥感各波段DN值的相关性<0.5,实际反演水深的能力较差,加入了泥沙因子的统计相关模型相关性有较大提高,但水深反演精度仍不高,达不到实际应用的精度;而悬浮泥沙浓度较小的试验区2,实测水深值和遥感各波段DN值的相关性基本大于0.7,但加入泥沙因子后水深值和遥感波段的相关系数并没有提高,以B2为反演因子的指数模型反演精度最高,5～10m水深段的反演效果最好,平均相对误差为22.5%、平均绝对误差为1.56m,模型总体平均相对误差为31.9%、总体平均绝对误差为1.92m,反演结果较好地反映了试验区2的水深情况。从所建模型来看,非线性模型的反演效果均好于相应的线性模型,多因子模型好于单因子模型。     

基于现场光谱数据的珠江口MERIS悬浮泥沙分段算法

利用珠江口海域4个航次共59个站位的实测遥感反射比和悬浮泥沙数据(悬浮泥沙浓度范围为4-140g·m-3),建立了利用MERIS遥感数据反演珠江口悬浮泥沙浓度的分段算法.算法以Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)=0.9为阈值,当Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)<0.9时,红绿波段比值可以较好地反演悬浮泥沙浓度.随着悬浮泥沙浓度的增加,Rrs(620)/Rrs(560)>0.9,红绿比值趋于饱和,对悬浮泥沙的变化响应不敏感,此时采用包含红波段和近红外波段的波段比值提取水体的悬浮泥沙浓度.利用该分段算法从MERIS遥感图像中提取珠江口水体的悬浮泥沙浓度分布,得到较好的结果.     

黄、东海二类水体春季表观光谱特性与表层悬浮体浓度反演模式

利用Savitzky-Golay滤波信号处理方法,分析了南黄海、北东海2003年春季水色遥感试验所取得的遥感反射率和表层悬浮体取样数据,以期探讨该海区近岸二类水体表观光谱及其导数光谱特性,及遥感反射率及其导数与水体表层总悬浮颗粒物浓度(TSS)和悬浮泥沙浓度(SS)的关系。结果表明,遥感反射率及其一阶导数均适于水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度反演,但其更高阶导数通常会抑制悬浮泥沙的作用则不建议采用;遥感反射率及其一阶导数与ln(TSS)、ln(SS)的相关性较其与TSS和SS更为显著。基于相关分析所筛选出的较优波段,建立了南黄海、北东海水域春季总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度统计反演模式。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,