松花江区气象水文干旱演变特征

采用标准化降水蒸散指数和径流干旱指数分析了1961~2010年研究区水文干旱和气象干旱时空演变特征,并探讨了水文干旱与气象干旱的关系。结果表明：① 1961~2010年松花江区呈总体干旱化且又有明显时段性的特征,其中1967~1983年和1996~2010年气象干旱频发、覆盖范围广、持续时间长且强度大;其它时段气象干旱少有发生。其次,气象干旱空间分布差异明显,东部的平均干旱频次和强度都大于西部地区,中部（嫩江流域中下游）平均干旱持续时间最长;但在嫩江流域和黑龙江上游地区干旱略有减弱趋势。② 松花江流域和挠力河流域水文干旱呈加剧的趋势,尤其是近15 a干旱化趋势明显;挠力河流域干旱频发、强度大且持续时间很长。松花江流域水文干旱程度弱于挠力河流域,但极端水文干旱事件频发。 ③ 松花江区气象干旱与水文干旱密切相关,嫩江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱2个月,而第二松花江流域和松花江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱3个月;挠力河流域水文干旱与气象干旱无明显的时滞相关性。     

干旱强度及发生时间对华北平原五省冬小麦产量影响

本文利用2001-2016年时间分辨率为8 d的MOD09A1和MOD16A2的数据集,构建了基于NDVI和ET/PET的干旱指数(DSI),分析华北平原五省不同程度的干旱在时间和空间上的分布情况,探究不同程度的干旱作用于冬小麦不同生长阶段对农作物产量产生的影响。研究表明:①年际分布上,2001-2002年干旱最为严重,其余年份干旱显著减缓,年内分布上,干旱主要集中发生在春季和秋季,夏季次之,冬季最少;②空间分布上,河北北部、河南南部、安徽及江苏的中部和北部、山东东部是干旱多发区;③干旱对冬小麦产量的影响研究表明,越冬期发生初旱对产量起促进作用,而在乳熟成熟阶段发生初旱则会导致农作物减产;轻旱发生在乳熟期会对冬小麦产量产生显著影响,而中旱发生在开花、乳熟成熟期都会对产量产生显著影响,随干旱程度加重,干旱对作物产量产生显著负作用的生长期越长;此外,在播种时若出现水分短缺也会对冬小麦的产量产生影响,尤其是发生重旱和特旱。研究不同强度干旱发生在不同生长阶段对冬小麦产量的影响,对研究区的灌溉时间规划以及保墒增产具有重要理论与现实意义。     

Characterization of drought in the Kerio Valley Basin,Kenya using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: 1960−2016

The Kerio Valley basin in Kenya has undergone several periods of drought, yet drought patterns in the region are not well understood due to limited climatic data. Drought events in the region have resulted in crop failure and livestock deaths, exacerbating food shortages. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a multi‐scalar drought index was used to examine the onset, duration, severity, intensity, and frequency of agricultural and hydrological drought in the region. The gridded 0.5° × 0.5° climatic datasets from Climatic Research Unit for the period 1960?2016 was used for analysis. Temporal evolutions of SPEI at 6‐ and 12‐month lags were subsequently used to evaluate agricultural and hydrological drought, respectively. Additionally, the Mann‐Kendall trend test was used to test for trends in the time series. Results from the analysis show that: 1) droughts are becoming more frequent in the region, 2) drought intensities in the arid and semi‐arid lands have weakened, 3) regions west of the Kerio River have recently recorded a wetting trend, and 4) the southern and central regions of the basin are drought‐prone. Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in the basin can assist in drought preparation and mitigation planning.     

基于马尔科夫模型的新疆水文气象干旱研究

在气象干旱SPI和水文干旱SRI的二维变量干旱状态的研究基础上,通过一阶马尔科夫链模型对二维变量干旱状态进行频率、重现期和历时分析,并预测未来非水文干旱到水文干旱的概率,研究结果表明：（1）开都河、和田河在干旱形成中危害大,阿克苏河在干旱演变中危害大,开都河和叶尔羌河在干旱持续中危害大。开都河和叶尔羌河主要以气象水文干旱为主,和田河和阿克苏河以水文干旱为主。（2）开都河连续湿润或者干旱的概率最大,状态2与状态4、状态5的相互转移概率低,和田河和开都河状态4不能一步转移到状态2。（3）在长期干旱预测中,塔河流域从状态2达到状态4或者状态5的概率最低,开都河（或和田河）从非水文干旱状态到状态4的概率最大（或最小）,从非水文干旱状态到状态5的概率最小（或最大）。     

黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱特征及其相互关系研究

选择标准化降水指数（SPI）和植被状态指数（VCI）分别作为评价黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱的指标,使用干旱频率和Sen斜率分析了黄土高原地区干旱的分布特征与变化趋势,并探讨了气象干旱与农业干旱的相关性。结果表明：① 黄土高原西部干旱频率总体上高于东部。气象干旱和农业干旱变化趋势在空间上表现有所不同,黄土高原西部、北部气象干旱呈不显著减缓趋势,东部和南部呈不显著加重趋势,但绝大部分地区的农业干旱呈减缓趋势,尤其是400 mm等降水量一线两侧区域。② 季节上,黄土高原夏季和秋季气象干旱频率较高,春季和冬季气象干旱频率相对较低。黄土高原农业干旱频率春季最高,夏季其次,VCI对农业干旱实时监测的适用性更强。③ 不同季节,农业干旱滞后气象干旱的时间长短不同,冬季滞后约2个月,春季滞后约1个月,夏季和秋季滞后少于1个月。黄土高原一熟制种植区的SPI-12值与VCI值具有较好的正相关性。研究结果可以为黄土高原的干旱监测和预警、干旱区划以及干旱灾害风险评估提供科学依据。     

Livestock responses to droughts and severe winter weather in the Gobi Three Beauty National Park, Mongolia

We investigated how both droughts and dzuds (severe winter weather) control livestock mortality in a non-equilibrium steppe ecosystem of Mongolia, Gobi Three Beauty National Park. These steppe ecosystems have developed under high interannual variability of rainfall and nomadic grazing systems. Interannual precipitation variation was 39%, with 128 mm mean annual precipitation. The effect of climate variability and extreme events on livestock mortality is a critical aspect for the Mongolian economy. Analysis of drought and precipitation variability on livestock mortality rate was not significantly influenced by the index of mean annual precipitation and annual winter temperature. Overall, unlike hot dry regions, pastoral livestock mortality in the cold dry regions was affected more by dzuds and annual growing seasonal rain than by droughts. Dzuds can be frequent events, occurring as often as once every 2 and 3 years within a decade. The average annual livestock mortality for the combined drought and dzuds years (18%) was 4.8% greater than the years with dzuds alone, and 7% greater than in years with only drought. Thus livestock mortality appears to be more sensitive to dzuds than to droughts, and that dzuds contributes more to livestock mortality even years where combined drought and winter storms occur.     

基于SPEI指数的近53年河南省干旱时空变化特征

干旱在中国发生较为频繁,对农作物的影响较大。基于1961-2013年实测气象资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）定量分析了河南省不同时间尺度干旱发生频率和发生强度,揭示了该地区干旱发生的时空演变特征及干旱发生的原因。结果表明：SPEI值能较好地反映河南省干旱的变化特征;随着时间尺度的减小,SPEI值波动幅度增加,干旱发生频率增加。近53年河南省干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,且各地区之间分布不均匀。周口地区发生频率最高,达35%以上;豫中和豫西地区最低,为26%左右。四季中以春、夏两季干旱发生最为严重,其次为秋季,冬季最弱。在年际变化方面,1966-1968年、1998-2000年和2011-2013年发生了大范围的持续干旱。干旱发生强度呈现豫北和豫西偏东地区高,豫东和豫南北部地区低特点;干旱发生强度最强的地区为安阳,为22.18%,最弱的地区为驻马店,为16.60%。     

Drought characteristics of Henan province in 1961-2013 based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index

Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards affecting agriculture, water resources, natural ecosystems, and society. The negative societal consequences of drought include severe economic losses, famine, epidemics, and land degradation. However, few studies have analyzed the complexity of drought characteristics, both at multiple time scales and with variations in evapotranspiration. In this study, drought occurrences were quantified using a new drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), based on observed data of monthly mean temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2013 in Henan province, central China. Based on the SPEI values of each weather station in the study, the frequency and severity of meteorological droughts were computed, and the monthly, seasonal, and annual drought frequency and intensity over a 53-year period were analyzed. The spatial and temporal evolution, intensity, and the primary causes of drought occurrence in Henan were revealed. The results showed that the SPEI values effectively reflected the spatial and temporal pattern of drought occurrence. As the time scale decreased, the amplitude of the SPEI increased and droughts became more frequent. Since 1961, drought has occurred at the annual, seasonal, and monthly scales, and the occurrence of drought has increased. However, regional distribution has been uneven. The highest drought frequency, 35%, was observed in the Zhoukou region, while the lowest value, ~26%, was measured in central and western Henan. The most severe droughts occurred in the spring and summer, followed by autumn. Annually, wide-ranging droughts occurred in 1966–1968, 1998–2000, and 2011–2013. The drought intensity showed higher values in north and west Henan, and lower values in its east and south. The maximum drought intensity value was recorded in Anyang, and the minimum occurred in Zhumadian, at 22.18% and 16.60%, respectively. The factors with the greatest influence on drought occurrence are increasing temperatures, the Eurasian atmospheric circulation patterns, and the El Niño effect.     

Placing modern droughts in historical context in the Ohio Valley using tree-rings

The temporal variability and severity of pre-instrument record summer droughts in the Ohio River Valley (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA) are not well understood. This study attempts to help fill this gap in Ohio Valley drought knowledge by using tree-ring chronologies from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to reconstruct summer (June through August) PDSI. We found that recent meteorological droughts of 1988 and 2012 are not unusual in the context of those reconstructed for the interval of 1680–2012. Droughts prior to 1895 (when the instrument-based record began) were more severe and lasted, on average, 1.5 times longer than those after 1895. The North American Drought Atlas represents droughts well for this region, but we found that drought severity was not homogeneous across the three sites. This indicates drought in the Ohio River Valley should be examined at a sub-regional level and suggests a need for a finer spatial representation of tree-ring chronologies in the Ohio Valley. Given the context of historical drought variability, the reconstructions suggest this region should be prepared for droughts that may be more severe and longer lasting than those recently observed.     

基于多变量概率分析的珠江流域干旱特征研究

根据珠江流域42 个站点1960-2005 年的46 年日降水资料,以6 个月尺度的SPI 值表征珠江流域干旱情况。通过Mann-Kendall 趋势分析研究了珠江流域干旱时间演变特征,同时基于多变量Copula 函数,在定义的两种不同干旱情景下,根据两变量联合重现期及其对应的第二重现期,比较性地研究了珠江流域的干旱风险。研究结果表明：(1) 珠江流域西部有变旱的趋势而东部有变湿润的趋势,其中显著的变旱趋势集中在11、12、1 月,显著的变湿趋势集中在6、7 月。同时除个别站点外,干旱历时和干旱严重程度趋势不显著;(2) 珠江流域整体上干旱风险较大,东部要比西部干旱风险高。珠江流域内发生长历时干旱时,干旱严重程度也往往很大,对干旱风险管理很不利。在发生严重程度的干旱时,珠江流域东部的干旱高风险区域增加,威胁珠江三角洲地区水资源安全;(3) 由于第二重现期综合考虑了各种情况,可能第二重现期对干旱风险分析的结果更稳健一些。     

明清时期凉山地区水旱灾害时空分布特征

在对四川凉山地区明清时期地方志及四川省志、档案材料、水旱灾害调查材料、今人水旱灾害史料汇编、旱涝分布图集、相关论著等所载水旱灾害史料搜集整理基础上,对四川凉山地区明清时期水灾和旱灾时空分布特征进行了量化统计分析。研究表明:明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害频发,而水灾较旱灾更为频繁;水旱灾害发生时间主要集中在春夏季节,其他季节分布较少;水灾与旱灾多隔年发生,较少同年爆发;水旱灾害等级以一般性水旱灾害和大水旱灾害为主,特大水旱灾害相对较少;水旱灾害多发地带集中在金沙江下游一带、安宁河流域一带,其他地域相对较少。明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害发生规律对当前凉山地区水旱灾害的防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴意义。     

A 545-Year Drought Reconstruction for Central Oregon

Using a 545-year ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree-ring chronology, we examine the drought history of central Oregon to: (1) determine the relationship among drought, ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), and the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and (2) compare the climatic sensitivity of ponderosa pine and western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) to determine their suitability as interchangeable climate proxies. Our climatic reconstruction explained 35% of the variance in historical Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values and revealed severe drought periods during the 1480s, 1630s, 1700s, and 1930s. The most sustained drought period in our reconstruction occurred during the 1930s, with the most severe single drought year occurring in 1489. We found a significant (p ≤ .01) but weak relationship between our ponderosa pine chronology and ENSO and the PDO, explaining 9% and 12% of the variation respectively. Both ponderosa pine and western juniper record periods of severe regional drought, but western juniper is more sensitive to regional and seasonal climatic variations, whereas ponderosa pine is more responsive to temperature change. These differences suggest that their substitutability as climate proxies in dendroecological studies is limited.     

基于EEMD的明代北京地区干旱灾害特征分析

集合经验模态分解（EEMD）是一种适用于非线性、非平稳序列的信号分析方法,将EEMD应用于气候要素时间序列,可提取真实可靠的气候变化信号。根据北京地区历史时期干旱灾害资料,采用EEMD分解方法对明代（1368—1644年）北京地区干旱灾害等级序列进行多时间尺度的分析,获得简洁且平稳性较好的固有模态函数分量,并与所统计的明代北京地区干旱灾害频次多项式拟合曲线进行对比。结果表明：将EEMD应用于干旱灾害等级序列,可以提取干旱灾害中各个尺度的变化,对明代北京地区干旱灾害进行多尺度分析。明代北京地区干旱灾害存在着2.8年、6.3年的年际周期,11.5年、26.6年、53.6年的年代际周期和118.7年、299.5年的世纪周期。北京地区干旱灾害在明代整个时间跨度上呈现着先增加后微减的变化趋势,总体而言明代中期以后旱灾明显增多。     

文献记录的河西地区小冰期旱涝变化及其机制探讨

基于文献资料重建了河西地区AD 1436-1949旱涝灾害等级序列,结果表明所研究的500余年内河西地区大体出现三次明显的干旱时段,分别为AD 1460-1539、AD 1616-1665和AD 1907-1949,而AD 1725-1748以及AD 1879-1906则为相对湿润时期。重建的旱涝等级序列与毗邻祁连树轮记录的干湿变化存在高度一致的对应关系;将其与NAO指数对比发现,冷期NAO高指数年对应旱灾多发,NAO低指数年对应涝灾多发。     

4种干旱判别指数在东北地区适用性分析

利用东北地区207个国家基本气象站1961—2014年气象数据,计算改进后的综合气象干旱指数（MCI）、相对湿润度指数（MI）、标准化降水指数（SPI）以及标准化权重降水指数（SPIW）这4种常见的干旱指数,对比分析其在该区域的适用性,结果表明：在东北地区,4种气象干旱指数判断历年干旱持续天数及干旱过程强度的演变趋势基本一致;在干旱影响范围方面,SPI和SPIW指数对较长时间的干旱过程判别效果不佳,MCI指数能够较好的反应各时间尺度干旱过程的影响范围。在空间分布方面,SPI和SPIW指数无明显经向分布特征,MCI和MI指数的空间分布特征基本一致,呈现经向分布特征,干旱过程强度及干旱过程持续天数自西向东递减。从不同时间尺度的干旱影响范围、干旱累计强度和干旱持续天数的空间分布以及指数计算方法角度考虑,MCI指数较为接近实际灾情。     

Meteorological and Streamflow Droughts: Characteristics,Trends, and Propagation in the Milwaukee River Basin

This study examined meteorological and streamflow droughts for the period from 1951 to 2006 using the Milwaukee River basin in Wisconsin as the study area in an effort to improve the understanding of drought propagation. Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the temporal trends of meteorological and streamflow droughts identified by drought indicators? (2) How do the drought indicators manifest drought propagation? Meteorological droughts were identified using the Effective Drought Index (EDI), and streamflow droughts were identified using a threshold-level approach. The intensity and duration of both types of drought were found to have decreased over time, most likely due to increasing precipitation. Therefore, in the study area, and likely in the larger region, drought has become of less concern. The propagation of meteorological drought into streamflow drought was detected generally after moderate and severe sequences of negative EDI that eventually led to extreme meteorological drought events. The study finds that both EDI and the threshold-level approach are effective in diagnosing meteorological and streamflow drought events of all durations.     

树轮指示的柴达木盆地近539 a旱涝变化特征

 利用柴达木盆地东北缘的圆柏树轮资料,重建了柴达木盆地1470—2001年5—9月的降水量,并依照《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》的旱涝等级标准恢复了历史旱涝变化。分析发现,柴达木盆地旱远多于涝,也是极端干旱事件高发区; 旱涝变化具有阶段性,539 a的旱涝序列可分为3个旱阶段和3个涝阶段,以旱为主的时期长于以涝为主的时期; 涝年平均21 a一遇,旱年平均3 a一遇; 干旱发生的显著周期为2.8 a,特旱为9.2 a。     

Multidecadal trend analysis of hydrological drought along River Niger using the Streamflow Drought Index

Droughts affect human well-being and the economy of countries across the world. Understanding the long-term evolution of droughts within a particular region will help in drought mitigation and adaptation plans, thereby reducing drought impact on the environment. This study examined the multidecadal trends in hydrological droughts at two stations along River Niger using 3-month, 6-month, and annual time scales. Hydrological drought events were identified using the streamflow drought index (SDI) between 1915 and 1990 based on the Theil-Sen slope and Mann-Kendall approaches. Across the timescales, extreme and severe droughts occurred in 1982/84 and 1983/84 with -2 ≤ S_d < -1.5. On an annual scale, the results from the annual SDI further showed that the 7th and 8th decades (1971−1990) recorded more drought events of varying degrees ranging from mild to extreme drought in both stations than in other decades. The last two decades (7th and 8th) further revealed the most extended hydrological drought duration from 1974/75 to 1988/89 for Baro and from 1979/80 to 1988/89 for Lokoja. The highest severity recorded at Baro was -15.56 and -14.26 at Lokoja. The prolonged duration of drought events across the stations and their associated yearly intensities suggests that more proactive measures are needed to ameliorate the hydrological drought impact in the study area.     

基于SPEI法的陇东地区近50 a干旱化时空特征分析

选取陇东地区近50 a平均逐月降水和气温数据,采用Mann-Kendall方法、反距离加权插值（IDW）、功率谱分析、标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）等方法分析了陇东地区近50 a来干旱变化的时空特征。研究显示：近50 a来陇东地区干旱化趋势非常明显,特别是20世纪90年代以来干旱趋势显著。持续干旱事件次数增多,持续干旱累积时间增长,以春夏连旱、伏秋连旱的次数增多为显著特征。发生干旱的周期在不同的时间尺度上表现不一致,随着时间尺度的增长,干旱出现的周期也在变长。干旱发生频率不断加快,尤其是在20世纪90年代以来,极端干旱事件的频率显著上升。近50 a来干旱频率较高的区域在环县西北部和六盘山以西静宁等地,干旱高频区逐步向中南部和东部转移。通过与其他方法对比分析和历史资料比对,证明SPEI在陇东地区有较好的适用性。     

明代济南地区旱灾发生频次分析

通过对明代济南地区历史文献中干旱灾害记载的整理统计,分析了该时期济南地区旱灾的时间变化特征、等级和成因。结果表明,在明代276 a间,济南地区共发生旱灾92次,平均每3 a发生1次。明代济南地区旱灾主要分为两个发生阶段: 1370—1460年代旱灾偏少期和1470—1630年代旱灾多发期。从明代早期到晚期,济南地区旱灾发生频次呈明显增加趋势,而明代中后期旱灾呈较明显的波动变化特点。明代济南地区干旱灾害可划分为4个等级:①以三级大旱灾发生频次最多,为36次,平均每7.7 a发生1次,占旱灾总次数的39%;②一级轻度旱灾和二级中度旱灾,各发生25次和22次,分别占旱灾总次数的27%和24%;③四级特大旱灾发生次数最少,共9次,约占旱灾总次数的10%。气候干旱、降水稀少是旱灾发生的主要原因,人为因素有可能加重了本区旱灾的危害强度。