差异含水率下全风化混合花岗岩抗剪强度与微观结构试验研究

全风化混合花岗岩是一类成因极为特殊的岩石,当前对其力学性质和微观结构研究极少。为探究临沧全风化混合花岗岩宏观强度特性与微观结构间的联系,对不同含水率试样开展三轴试验和扫描电镜测试,提取计算表征颗粒和孔隙尺寸、形态与定向特征的微观结构参数,对比分析这些微观结构参数的变化规律,揭示了控制全风化混合花岗岩宏观强度特性的微观机制。研究结果表明：随着含水率升高,试样应力-应变曲线表现出差异化的硬化特征,抗剪强度显著劣化,内摩擦角呈线性趋势衰减,而黏聚力则上下波动;低含水率状态下,试样孔隙分布以微、小孔为主,颗粒形态多为角状和次角状的长条形且具有一定的定向性;随着含水率升高,孔隙含量呈上升趋势,形成了分布均匀的蜂窝状中、大孔且在轴向荷载作用下更容易被压缩,颗粒的形态向圆形发展,整体分布表现为混乱无序,定向性较差。全风化混合花岗岩的力学性质表现本质上是微观颗粒、孔隙结构相互作用的结果,含水率升高弱化了粗颗粒间的摩擦性,黏土颗粒遇水产生不均匀膨胀,在微观层面上直接导致孔隙的贯通、粗化以及充填结构的损伤、破坏,继而在宏观层面上表现出力学性能下降。研究成果为全风化混合花岗岩力学性质及微观结构损伤演化的认知...     

高岭-蒙脱混合黏土渗透各向异性模型研究

完善的渗透各向异性模型有助于指导地下建筑施工期和运营期的排水注浆方案的选定,为了建立完善的渗透各向异性模型,利用三轴渗透仪对高岭-蒙脱混合黏土开展一系列渗透试验,并从宏观和微观两个角度尝试建立渗透各向异性模型。研究结果表明：随着膨润土掺入量增加,混合黏土中小孔隙含量不变,中孔隙含量增多,而大孔隙含量减少;随着固结应力的增大,混合黏土中孔隙均减少,且孔隙最大孔径减小;宏观参数孔隙比和液限孔隙比与渗透各向异性比之间的规律性较弱,说明孔隙比和液限孔隙比不是决定渗透各向异性比的关键参数;用微观参数表述的渗透各向异性模型有较强的规律性,说明从微观角度探究渗透各向异性模型不仅可行,而且更能揭示混合黏土渗透各向异性的本质,且微观参数模型中,用能反映较大孔隙变化的孔径指数 ～ 表述的渗透各向异性模型相关性最好。     

高岭-蒙脱混合黏土渗透各向异性模型研究

完善的渗透各向异性模型有助于指导地下建筑施工期和运营期的排水注浆方案的选定,为了建立完善的渗透各向异性模型,利用三轴渗透仪对高岭-蒙脱混合黏土开展一系列渗透试验,并从宏观和微观两个角度尝试建立渗透各向异性模型。研究结果表明:随着膨润土掺入量增加,混合黏土中小孔隙含量不变,中孔隙含量增多,而大孔隙含量减少;随着固结应力的增大,混合黏土中孔隙均减少,且孔隙最大孔径减小;宏观参数孔隙比和液限孔隙比与渗透各向异性比之间的规律性较弱,说明孔隙比和液限孔隙比不是决定渗透各向异性比的关键参数;用微观参数表述的渗透各向异性模型有较强的规律性,说明从微观角度探究渗透各向异性模型不仅可行,而且更能揭示混合黏土渗透各向异性的本质,且微观参数模型中,用能反映较大孔隙变化的孔径指数D_(50)～D_(70)表述的渗透各向异性模型相关性最好。     

高岭-蒙脱混合黏土渗透各向异性模型研究

完善的渗透各向异性模型有助于指导地下建筑施工期和运营期的排水注浆方案的选定,为了建立完善的渗透各向异性模型,利用三轴渗透仪对高岭-蒙脱混合黏土开展一系列渗透试验,并从宏观和微观两个角度尝试建立渗透各向异性模型。研究结果表明:随着膨润土掺入量增加,混合黏土中小孔隙含量不变,中孔隙含量增多,而大孔隙含量减少;随着固结应力的增大,混合黏土中孔隙均减少,且孔隙最大孔径减小;宏观参数孔隙比和液限孔隙比与渗透各向异性比之间的规律性较弱,说明孔隙比和液限孔隙比不是决定渗透各向异性比的关键参数;用微观参数表述的渗透各向异性模型有较强的规律性,说明从微观角度探究渗透各向异性模型不仅可行,而且更能揭示混合黏土渗透各向异性的本质,且微观参数模型中,用能反映较大孔隙变化的孔径指数D_(50)～D_(70)表述的渗透各向异性模型相关性最好。     

不同粒径黄砂岩微观−宏观裂纹演化机制研究

为了探讨粒径对黄砂岩微观-宏观裂纹演化机制的影响,系统地开展了不同粒径黄砂岩单轴压缩声发射试验。基于声发射监测技术以及震源机制反演方法,对岩石变形破坏过程中微裂纹演化机制进行了研究,同时利用电镜扫描技术与几何分形理论,对破坏后的砂岩表面裂隙宏观形态及试件断口的微观形貌特征进行了分析。试验结果表明：粒径的大小、胶结物类型的不同均可影响岩石强度,通过室内试验得出随着黄砂岩粒径的逐渐增大,其峰值应力呈逐渐下降的变化趋势;对比不同粒径黄砂岩试件变形破坏过程中的声发射改进 b 值（ bI 值）与平均声发射能率,所有试件峰值破坏前平均声发射能率均存在“激增”与“激降”现象,且声发射 bI 值在砂岩试件达到峰值破坏时下降到最小值,该现象可以作为岩石的失稳破坏前兆特征;随着构岩矿物颗粒粒径的增大,岩石内部微裂纹的破坏模式由张拉型为主导向剪切型为主导进行转变;破坏后岩样表面宏观裂隙的分形维数随着岩石粒径的增加呈现下降的变化趋势,即粒径大小对岩石表面宏观裂隙演化过程具有一定控制作用。     

基于原子力显微镜的板岩杨氏模量宏微观跨尺度表征方法研究

岩石材料的微观非均匀结构和微观力学特性是制约其宏观变形与破坏力学行为的关键因素。针对川藏铁路隧道板岩,采用原子力显微镜测试技术,结合粉晶X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析技术,获得了板岩纳米尺度下的矿物构像和微观结构,并揭示了微观尺度板岩矿物杨氏模量空间分布;进而采用混合高斯模型对160多万个试验数据进行反卷积分析,确定了高、中、低强度三相的平均杨氏模量和概率;最后基于Mori-Tanaka模型对板岩杨氏模量进行尺度升级,建立了板岩杨氏模量宏微观跨尺度表征方法。结果表明：（1）纳米尺度下板岩中嵌入的石英呈凸面多边形块体,伊利石薄片紧密、定向排列呈明显的层理性,而绿泥石作为基质松散地分布在孔隙中;（2）石英、伊利石、绿泥石和微观孔隙对原子力探针的黏附力依次递增,杨氏模量依次递减;（3）微观测试结果和图像分析表明,板岩孔隙度为16.61%、宏观杨氏模量为56.17 GPa。该方法适用于破碎、小尺度、任意形状岩石的力学参数精细测量分析,为通过饼化、破碎岩芯估算硬岩的宏观杨氏模量等力学参数提供了一种新的技术路线,具有较好的实用价值。     

关于设立矿产资源综合利用状况监测指标体系探析

文章对我国矿产资源综合利用现状及重要性进行了简要介绍,并对目前在矿产资源综合利用方面存在的问题作一概述,提出了建立矿产资源综合利用监测指标体系的必要性.同时设计了宏观监测指标和微观监测指标,并结合Matlab数学工具对指标数据的采集、处理方面的工作进行了探索.     

我国不同类型铀矿床铀氧化物的标型特征及成因

本文通过对我国变质岩型、花岗岩型、火山岩型及砂岩型铀矿床工业铀矿物标型特征及成因研究,从宏观和微观上阐述了晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿的地质背景、成矿时代、标型特征以及矿物形成条件和机理。 1.地质背景:变质岩型工业铀矿物产于太古代、元古代各种变质岩及混合岩中。以华北地台连山关和鄂东北为实例,前者产于碎裂混合花岗岩、石英岩和二云母石英片岩     

超临界CO2温变对低渗透煤层孔渗变化的实验研究

为解决我国高瓦斯煤层渗透性差导致瓦斯抽采率低的难题,利用超临界二氧化碳强扩散和溶解增透等独特优点,采用自制三轴渗透实验装置,开展不同温度下超临界二氧化碳作用后煤的宏观增透实验,在宏观增透实验基础上进行煤微观扫描成像实验。结果表明:恒定体积应力和孔隙压力条件下,不同温度超临界二氧化碳作用后,煤的渗透率较增透前提高一个数量级,但在二氧化碳的超临界温度范围内,煤的渗透率随温度增加呈负指数变化规律。超临界二氧化碳作用后,煤微观孔隙率较增透前提高两个数量级,随着温度增加,煤微观孔裂隙的演化速率减慢,孔隙率随温度增加呈负指数变化规律。宏微观实验数据同时表明,煤宏观渗透率随微观孔隙率增加而增大。超临界二氧化碳增透过程中,孔隙压力对低渗透煤层的增透效果起主控作用。      

千枚岩岩石微观破裂机理与断裂特征研究

岩石的宏观断裂与其内部微结构和微缺陷紧密相关,建立岩石微观破裂机理和宏观断裂之间更直观的联系是当今断裂力学的难题之一。本文以金沙江上游泥盆系中统中段的绢云母千枚岩与硅质板状千枚岩为研究对象,利用扫描电镜与力学试验等多种测试手段,通过对2种千枚岩岩石断口的微观形貌特征的研究,揭示了千枚岩岩石微观破裂形式、破裂机理与其矿物组成之间的联系。指出绢云母千枚岩岩石以沿晶面擦花的微观破裂形式为主,是典型的微观脆性剪断,而硅质板状千枚岩岩石既有沿晶断裂的拉断破裂,又存在切晶擦花的剪切微破裂形式,是属于拉、剪破裂并存的微观破裂机制。进一步结合岩石断裂的力学特征,分析千枚岩微观破裂与宏观断裂之间的联系。结果显示:千枚岩岩石在外力作用下的断裂形式与其微观破裂形式是可对应的。这一结论为建立起岩石微观破坏机制和宏观断裂特征的桥梁提供了依据,具有一定的理论意义。     

Precipitation of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate under diffusion controlled mixing

Multi-component mineral precipitation in porous, subsurface environments is challenging to simulate or engineer when in situ reactant mixing is controlled by diffusion. In contrast to well-mixed systems, the conditions that favor mineral precipitation in porous media are distributed along chemical gradients, which evolve spatially due to concurrent mineral precipitation and modification of solute transport in the media. The resulting physical and chemical characteristics of a mixing/precipitation zone are a consequence of coupling between transport and chemical processes, and the distinctive properties of individual chemical systems. We examined the spatial distribution of precipitates formed in “double diffusion” columns for two chemical systems, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Polyacrylamide hydrogel was used as a low permeability, high porosity medium to maximize diffusive mixing and minimize pressure- and density-driven flow between reactant solutions. In the calcium phosphate system, multiple, visually dense and narrow bands of precipitates were observed that were reminiscent of previously reported Liesegang patterns. In the calcium carbonate system, wider precipitation zones characterized by more sparse distributions of precipitates and a more open channel structure were observed. In both cases, formation of precipitates inhibited, but did not necessarily eliminate, continued transport and mixing of the reactants. A reactive transport model with fully implicit coupling between diffusion, chemical speciation and precipitation kinetics, but where explicit details of nucleation processes were neglected, was able to qualitatively simulate properties of the precipitation zones. The results help to illustrate how changes in the physical properties of a precipitation zone depend on coupling between diffusion-controlled reactant mixing and chemistry-specific details of precipitation kinetics.     

Diffusion Kinetics of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite （CHAP） for Adsorbing F^- Dissolved in Water

A systematic research was performed about diffusion kinetics of adsorbing F^- dissolved in water for carbonate hydroxyapatite （CHAP） from the natural hydroxyapatite which was modified by adulterating with CO3^2-. The result shows that the speed of F^- adsorption is controlled by membrane diffusion when F^- concentration is relatively low, which is expressed by the kinetic equation of diffusion Q=0.0005（Ci-C）（t-ti）＋0.3967, or by vacancy diffusion when F^- concentration is relatively high, which is expressed by the kinetic equation of diffusion In[C（o, t）]=8.4718-0.5048Int. Based on the feature of CHAP for adsorbing F^- dissolved in water and its special channel of the structure of CO3^3- modified hydroxyapatite, models of vacancy diffusion and membrane diffusion were established.     

Heterogeneous growth of cordierite in low P/T Tsukuba metamorphic rocks from central Japan

This paper examines the spatial statistics of matrix minerals and complex patterned cordierite porphyroblasts in the low‐pressure, high‐temperature (low P/T) Tsukuba metamorphic rocks from central Japan, using a density correlation function. The cordierite‐producing reaction is sillimanite + biotite + quartz = K‐feldspar + cordierite + water. The density correlation function shows that quartz is distributed randomly. However, the density correlation functions of biotite, plagioclase and K‐feldspar show that their spatial distributions are clearly affected by the formation of cordierite porphyroblasts. These observations suggest that cordierite growth occurred through a selective growth mechanism: quartz adjacent to cordierite has a tendency to prevent the growth of cordierite, whereas other matrix minerals adjacent to cordierite have a tendency to enhance the growth of cordierite. The density correlation functions of complex patterned cordierite porphyroblasts show power‐law behaviour. A selective growth mechanism alone cannot explain the origin of the power‐law behaviour. Comparison of the morphology and fractal dimension of cordierite with two‐dimensional sections from a three‐dimensional diffusion‐limited aggregation (DLA) suggests that the formation of cordierite porphyroblasts can be modelled as a DLA process. DLA is the simple statistical model for the universal fractal pattern developed in a macroscopic diffusion field. Diffusion‐controlled growth interacting with a random field is essential to the formation of a DLA‐like pattern. The selective growth mechanism will provide a random noise for the growth of cordierite due to random distribution of quartz. Therefore, a selective growth mechanism coupled with diffusion‐controlled growth is proposed to explain the power‐law behaviour of the density correlation function of complex patterned cordierite. The results in this paper suggest that not only the growth kinetics but also the spatial distribution of matrix minerals affect the progress of the metamorphic reaction and pattern formation of metamorphic rocks.     

Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions onto Palygorskite

The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions on purified palygorskite was investigated. The kinetics data related to the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions are in good agreement with the pseudo-second order equation in ranges of initial concentration of 120-210 mg/L, oscillation speed of 100-200 r/min and temperature of 298-328K. The experimental results show that methylene blue is only adsorbed onto the external surface of purified palygorskite, and the apparent adsorption activation energy is 13.92 kJ/mol. The relatively low apparent adsorption activation energy suggests that the adsorption of methylene blue involves in not only a chemical, but also a physical adsorption process, and it is controlled by the combination of chemical adsorption and liquid-film diffusion.     

Pressure solution in sandstones: influence of clays and dependence on temperature and stress

The enhancement of dissolution of quartz under the influence of clays has been recognized in sandstones for many years. It is well known that a grain of quartz in contact with a clay flake dissolves faster than when in contact with another grain of quartz. This phenomenon promotes silica transfer during the diagenesis of sandstones and is responsible of deformation and porosity variations. Here we make an attempt to explain the process of this rock deformation using a pressure solution mechanism.

The model of water film diffusion assumes that matter is dissolved inside the contact between two grains. The resulting solutes are transported to the pore fluid through diffusion along an adsorbed water film. Between two micas, this trapped film is thicker than between two grains of quartz. As a consequence diffusion is easier and the rate of pressure solution faster.

Experiments on pressure solution show that diffusion controls the mechanism at great depth whereas a model based on natural mica indentation indicates that kinetics is the limiting process through the precipitation rate of quartz at low depth, thus temperature is a crucial parameter. There should be a transition between thermally controlled rate and diffusion limited evolution.     

坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学特征

研究了坡缕石对水中直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学,在初始质量浓度为30~50 mg/L,转速为100~200 r/min,以及温度为303~348 K的范围内,坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附动力学数据均符合准二级速率方程。结果表明,坡缕石对直接耐酸大红4BS的吸附是外表面吸附,吸附表观活化能为11.92 kJ/mol,说明此吸附是由液膜扩散控制的物理吸附过程。     

Adsorption kinetic studies for removal of methylene blue using activated carbon prepared from sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp is an abundant, renewable and low-cost precursor for production of activated carbon. In the present study, sugar beet pulp based activated carbon was prepared by using phosphoric acid as activating agent for adsorption of methylene blue. The conditions of preparation process had a significant influence on the adsorption of methylene blue, and the optimal preparation conditions were obtained as follows: liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, temperature of 450 °C and phosphoric acid concentration of 3 mol/L. The properties of sugar beet pulp based activated carbon were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherm. The adsorption increases as the increase of contact time, adsorption temperature and pH, and initial concentration of methylene blue. Batch kinetic studies showed that an equilibrium time of 100 min was needed for the adsorption, and the adsorbance of methylene blue is 244.76 mg/g at equilibration. Kinetic models, Weber’s pore diffusion model and Boyd’s equation were applied to the experimental data to study the mechanism of adsorption and the controlled step. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic model, intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-limiting mechanism and adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion.     

Kinetics of pyrite to pyrrhotite reduction by hydrogen in calcite buffered solutions between 90 and 180 °C: Implications for nuclear waste disposal

The kinetics of abiotic redox reactions induced by hydrogen are poorly documented although it represents a growing area of interest in terms of both nuclear waste storage assessment and the comprehensive study of hydrogen-rich fluid in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. We present an experimental kinetics study of pyrite reduction into pyrrhotite under significant H₂ pressure and mid-hydrothermal conditions. We describe the mechanism and kinetic behavior of this reaction by combining textural and solution analyses under various conditions of temperature, pyrite particles size, H₂ pressure and pH. When pH is controlled by calcite, the reaction presents all the characteristics of a coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanism occurring at the pyrite-pyrrhotite interface. By considering the chemical affinity of the coupled reaction as a function of reaction extent, we demonstrate that the spatial coupling is induced both by pyrite as a substrate for pyrrhotite nucleation and by the role of fluid chemistry at the reaction front. Far from equilibrium with respect to pyrite, the kinetics of sulfide production associated with the reaction are linearly related to the square root of time with an activation energy of 53 kJ/mol. This value is higher than what is expected for a diffusion-controlled kinetic regime. We suggest that the reaction rate is controlled both by pyrite reductive dissolution and by sulfide diffusion through the porous pyrrhotite microstructure. We provide a simple sulfide production-rate expression on the basis of our measured rate constants that can be used in geochemical modeling to further evaluate the impact of hydrogen on pyrite under nuclear waste disposal conditions.     

海平面升降对海相临滨储层宏观非均质性控制机理—以哈得逊东河砂岩储层为例

本文研究海平面变化对海相单一亚相储层宏观非均质性的影响。以经典层序地层学理论为指导,应用岩心测试、测井数据,对哈得油田东河砂岩段临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性进行了分析,提出了海平面升降对临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性控制机理,确定了海平面相对变化控制的储层宏观非均质性分布模式。结果表明,准层序、准层序组及体系域内不同级次的海平面变化,对沉积物形成的水动力条件及沉积后所处表生环境产生较大影响,各项储层宏观非均质参数表现出明显的规律性,使准层序内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性表现为向上减弱的变化趋势;准层序组内由于准层序堆砌特征差异,使退积式准层序组内临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性呈向上变强的特征,而进积式准层序组内表现为由强到弱的趋势;高位体系域内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性总体表现为向上逐渐减弱。     

海平面升降对海相临滨储层宏观非均质性控制机理——以塔里木盆地哈得逊东河砂岩储层为例

本文研究海平面变化对海相单一亚相储层宏观非均质性的影响。以经典层序地层学理论为指导,应用岩心测试、测井数据,对哈得油田东河砂岩段临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性进行了分析,提出了海平面升降对临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性控制机理,确定了海平面相对变化控制的储层宏观非均质性分布模式。结果表明,准层序、准层序组及体系域内不同级次的海平面变化,对沉积物形成的水动力条件及沉积后所处表生环境产生较大影响,各项储层宏观非均质参数表现出明显的规律性,使准层序内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性表现为向上减弱的变化趋势;准层序组内由于准层序堆砌特征差异,使退积式准层序组内临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性呈向上变强的特征,而进积式准层序组内表现为由强到弱的趋势;高位体系域内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性总体表现为向上逐渐减弱。