Determination of the mineral composition of similar types of paleosols intercalated in loess sequences

The mineral composition of paleosols intercalated in series of young loess was determined. The following conclusions were drawn:

1. The mineralogical composition of the total soil showed correlation with the ecological conditions having prevailed during sedimentation.
2. The processes of soil formation can be described well by the mineral composition of the fraction of particle size less than 0.002 mm. It displays strong similarities in the fine-dispersed fractions of soils representing identical genetic types from different loess profiles. Since paleosols of identical type are assumed to have formed under similar climatic conditions, the latter can be characterized by the mineral composition of the fine-dispersed fraction.

     

Crystal-chemical peculiarities of globular layer silicates of the glauconite-illite composition (Upper Proterozoic, Northern Siberia)

The paper presents an overview of crystal-chemical peculiarities of the previously studied globular dioctahedral 2 : 1 layer silicates of the glauconite-illite compositions from the Upper Proterozoic sections in northern Siberia (Anabar and Olenek uplifts). Lithomineralogical peculiarities of the glauconite-bearing rocks are discussed. Geochronological data on some samples are given. Monomineral fractions of grains were studied with the modern chemical and physical methods (X-ray diffraction, oblique-texture electron diffraction (OTED), scanning electron microscopy, IR and Mossbauer spectroscopy, classical chemical and microprobe analyses, and others). Low-charge dioctahedral 2 : 1 layer silicates were classified with consideration of the IMA NC and AIPEA NC recommendations (Rieder et al., 1998; Guggenheim et al., 2006). This classification showed that the studied globular Al- and Fe-bearing varieties include a continuous isomorphic glauconite-illite series. Intermediate layer silicates beyond the IMA NC and AIPEA NC classification are assigned to Al-glauconites (Fe-illites). True illites should be supplemented with adjectives ??globular?? or ??platy,?? because green globules and the fine-dispersed Al-bearing clay minerals are traditionally recognized as ??glauconite?? and ??illite,?? respectively.     

The role of principles and methods in loess-paleosol investigations

In the process of loessification, the development of loess fabric, the role of zonal, regional and partly of local environmental factors is regarded decisive. In the loess sequences various genetic types of loess pockets and paleosols occur and reflect different climatic and paleogeographical conditions.As a consequence, even within a single profile the colour, grain size and mineral composition, CaCO₃ content, degree of weathering and fabric of loess may vary. Zonal, regional or even local variations in such loess properties may equally derive from syngenetic or postgenetic processes. For similar reasons, spatially and temporally different forms, types and subtypes of paleosol also developed.This way, loess and soil formation resulted in various spatial types in the same glacial, interstadial or interglacial phase in the various geographical zones and regions. Although there exist major loess regions where the interglacial soils (eg brown forest soils) are markedly distinct from interstadial steppe soils or from other types of humic soils, continental loess areas can also be observed where the paleosols developed under interglacial and interstadial conditions (eg steppe or forest steppe soils) cannot be referred into different genetic types. In such cases the changes in paleoenvironments are difficult and uncertain to reconstruct.The interregional correlation of paleosols is occasionally hindered by the various terminologies applied to denote them. In addition, there are uncertainties concerning the dating and identification of paleoenvironments of polygenetic soils and of soil complexes consisting of paleosol units: how many soil formation phases they represent and how long erosional gaps can be reckoned with between these phases.     

A Terra Rossa-like paleosol complex from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal

The basal Upper Jurassic unconformity in the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal commonly exhibits an irregular palaeokarstic surface developed in underlying Middle Jurassic carbonates. In the Serra da Arrabida area south of Lisbon, wire cut quarry faces expose a thick Upper Jurassic paleosol complex overlying fissured and brecciated limestone veneered with a calcrete crust and associated with colluvial deposits. The paleosol complex is a red mudstone with calcrete stringers which superficially resembles present-day red Mediterranean Terra Rossa soils. A detailed micromorphological study indicates the absence of any clay illuviation in the paleosol unit, which suggests that it is not comparable to the true Terra Rossa Alfisols, but more closely resembles present-day Aridisols. This difference from true Terra Rossa soils probably reflects formation under a drier climate, which is confirmed by the occurrence elsewhere in Portugal of evaporitic lake deposits of the same age. The paper stresses the role of soil petrography (micromorphology) in interpreting pedogenesis in paleosols.     

甘肃张掖早白垩世彩丘中古土壤的判别、类型和序列特征

古土壤记录了丰富的古气候和古环境信息,然而古土壤受后期地质作用影响常不易被正确地识别。甘肃张掖彩丘是白垩纪早期发育的彩色地层,目前详细的地层序列尚未建立。张掖彩丘表现为红色、黄色、灰色、紫色等多种颜色交替变化,通常被认为是河湖相沉积或洪积相沉积,然而野外考察发现大量的古土壤特征。野外观察识别古土壤主要从根迹、土壤结构和土壤发生层等方面,主要表现为红色根迹或青灰色晕状根迹,半干旱环境下形成的钙质淀积层,土壤在干湿交替环境下形成的粘土滑擦面,土壤发生层之间的过渡边界。本文通过对张掖彩丘地层的系统考察,建立了较为详细的厚760 m的地层序列,根据古土壤的发育特征,识别出14种不同类型的古土壤,整个彩丘地层共计156个古土壤剖面,是独特的古土壤序列。14种古土壤类型与现代土壤类型对照,并与国际土壤分类对比,类比的现代土壤类型主要出现在南亚的亚热带或热带气候条件,说明白垩纪早期比现在更为温暖。根据古土壤发育程度序列,结合古土壤特征和地层特点,将古气候变化分成4个阶段,依次是湿润(0~268 m)、半干旱(268~550 m)、湿润(550~740 m)、干旱(740~760 m)阶段。张掖彩丘古土壤的系统识别和发育程度序列的建立为进一步古气候研究奠定基础。     

成层非饱和土渗流的耦合解析解

成层土在工程中很常见,研究降雨过程中成层非饱和土的渗流-变形耦合对非饱和土土力学的发展具有重要的意义。由流体质量守恒,Darcy定律和Lloret等的非饱和土本构模型可得成层非饱和土渗流-变形耦合的控制方程。采用Gardner的非饱和土的渗透系数公式以及Boltzman模型,基于Laplace变换得到耦合方程的解析解。解析及其参数分析表明,渗流和变形耦合是具有时间效应的。与吸力变化相关的土的模量F,对成层土的孔隙水压力分布有明显影响。两层土的F差异越大,孔隙水压力消散得越慢,耦合效应越不显著。增大表层土的F值有利于降低耦合效应。成层土饱和体积含水率变化对吸力变化产生有限的影响     

New Data on the Composition of Magnetic Minerals from Paleosols of Southern Tajikistan

A dependence of the magnetic susceptibility () on the alternation of paleosol and loess has been revealed for loess sections of southern Tajikistan: the value increases in paleosols and decreases in loesses. The magnetic signal intensification in the paleosol is caused by an elevated content of ferromagnetics. New electron-microscopic data on magnetic minerals from the paleosol have demonstrated that the principal ferromagnetic responsible for high values of the paleosol is biogenic fine-dispersed magnetite. Its particles vary from 0.0n to 0.n m in size and exhibit crystallochemical characteristics typical for this mineral. Under pedogenetic conditions and participation of Fe-reducing bacteria, the activity of biomineralization is controlled by paleoclimatic variations.     

黄土高原黄土和红粘土~(10)Be地球化学特征

充分认识元素和同位素在不同环境条件下的地球化学行为,是运用元素和同位素示踪环境变化的前提。对来自于黄土高原的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品的宇宙成因核素10Be测量和化学成分分析,以及各种化学淋溶实验表明：10Be主要以吸附状态赋存于粉尘沉积物粘粒矿物的表面,部分已结合进自生的粘土矿物中;在粉尘沉积物风化过程中10BC与9Be和Al的活动性相似,基本没有发生迁移,其原因是连续沉积的粉尘含有大量的碱性物质,阻止了10Be的解吸附和淋滤;沉积和风化作用导致了10Be浓度与化学指标在黄土－古土壤和红粘土剖面中的协同变化。     

绰墩农业遗址中存在中全新世水稻土的新证据*

前人研究认为,在长江下游地区绰墩农业遗址的全新世地层中存在2个古水稻土层,但到目前为止尚缺乏土壤化学和物理学方面的证据。为了寻找土壤学证据,在江苏省昆山市绰墩遗址P-01垂直剖面中连续采集了12个样品,分别测定了全氮(TN)含量、总有机碳 (TOC) 含量、粒度组成、质量磁化率以及粘土矿物组成。结果显示,从剖面底部(200cm)到100cm处和从57cm处到现代土壤表层,TOC,TN,TOC/TN比值、高岭石含量以及高岭石/伊利石(K/I)比值两次出现逐渐升高的趋势,而且它们的曲线形态基本一致。这些特点有可能说明P-01剖面中包含着两次成壤过程:第1次形成了古土壤层(160~100cm),第2次形成了现代水稻土(57cm~现代土壤表层)。但TOC和TN以及水稻植硅石资料不支持在深度57~42cm段存在古土壤的观点。从200cm到130cm处,磁化率和粘粒含量有逐渐降低的趋势,说明此处具有长期淹水的特征。现代水稻土的研究表明,水稻田排水过程中可能使部分粘粒被带走流失。因此,粘粒含量从200cm到130cm处逐渐降低的趋势可能与中全新世的人工排水有关。研究资料与考古学、孢粉学和植硅体资料共同说明,该古土壤层(160~100cm)很可能是古水稻土。古水稻土的确认将为农业考古和古环境变化研究提供有利的条件。     

Reinforcement with Geosynthetics of Walls of the Saltpans of the Aveiro Lagoon

The aim of this article is to investigate the solution for the reinforcement of the walls of the saltpans of the Aveiro lagoon by using geosynthetics. For that purpose literature research has been done to collect both the properties and the geometry of the walls and of the soils. Simultaneously, methods for the design of reinforced soils using geosynthetics were collected, particularly to allow the consideration of two types of backfill soil: granular and fine. So, two solutions for such walls were studied using granular and fine soils, respectively. The design methods used were the ones proposed by: Jewell (1996) and Rogbeck et al. (2002) for granular soils and Naughton et al. (2001) for fine soils. Finally, the verification of the external stability of the profiles of a selected wall has been made using the methodology described in Eurocode 7: EN1997-1: 2004.     

土的电阻率室内测试技术研究

土的电阻率可反映土的组成和结构特征。室内测试是研究土电阻率的主要方法之一。本文在分析影响电阻率因素的基础上,总结了国内外现有土电阻率测试的原理与方法,介绍了作者研制的一种实用土电阻率测试仪,并通过典型试验,论证了该测试仪器的可行性,可以在室内土电阻率测试试验中应用。     

基于微观胶结厚度模型的深海能源土宏观力学特性离散元分析

首先,引入蒋明镜等提出的考虑水合物胶结厚度的深海能源土粒间微观胶结模型,用以反映能源土颗粒之间水合物微观胶结接触力学特性;其次,采用C++语言将模型程序化,并将其引入离散单元法中;然后,对选定的水合物饱和度经过实际二维离散元模拟调算,得出相应的水合物胶结尺寸,以修正水合物临界胶结厚度、最小胶结厚度及胶结宽度,进而确定水合物微观胶结参数;最后,根据所确定的胶结参数,针对不同水合物饱和度试样进行能源土宏观力学特性离散元双轴试验模拟,并从应力-应变、体变、剪胀角等方面与Masui等所进行的能源土室内三轴试验进行对比分析。结果表明：采用考虑粒间胶结厚度的水合物微观胶结模型,能够定性反映深海能源土的宏观力学特性,能源土试样的峰值强度、黏聚力和剪胀角均随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,但水合物饱和度对内摩擦角的影响规律不明朗;能源土试样的峰值强度、残余强度及体积剪缩量随着有效围压的增大而增大;剪胀角随有效围压的增大而减小。     

黄土中钙结核的碳氧同位素研究(二)碳同位素及其古环境意义

从洛川黄土剖面离石黄土各层古土壤中钙结核的碳同位素分析结果，探讨了钙结核碳同位素变化所反映的古土壤形成时的植被状况，还借助于“干燥度”，结合由钙结核氧同位素变化所获得的古温度资料，估算了各层古土壤形成时长时段的年平均降水量。所得结果表明，各层古土壤形成时温度和湿度状况有更复杂的变化。大部分古土壤形成时的年平均降水量与现代相差不多(增幅在５０ｍｍ左右)，但发育最好的Ｓ５形成时，年平均降水量超过现在约２００ｍｍ。古土壤的碳氧同位素能很好指示古环境，但研究工作还有待深入。     

Mineral Composition of Loess—Paleosol Samples from the Loess Plateau of China and Its Environmental Significance

34samples of loess-paleosol from the Luochuan and Xifeng sections in the Loess Plateau,northern China were eparated into sand,silt and clay fractions and analyzed for their mineral compositions.The results indicate that there is almost no difference between loess and paleosol in mineral composition.Major mineral species are quartz,mica,feldspar and chlorite,accounting for about 88-92% of the total;other minerals are kandite,smectite,vermiculite and a few heavy minerals.The calcite,magnetite and hematite were not taken into consideration because of their removal in the process of sample preparation.The main difference with respect to the mineral composition of samples collected from different sections and different statigraphic levels lies in the amount and grain size of minerals hosted.Comparisons between the Luochuan section and the Xifeng section,between paleosol and loess and between the upper part and the lower part of some paleosol layers show that the formers contain less feldspar but more mica and vermiculite and are finer in grain size,indicating the co-occurrence of both biochemical weathering process responsible for mineral change and physical weathering process leading to grain-size change during the soil-forming processes.This result favours such an explanation of the soil-forming mechanism that loess deposition and paleosol development occurred synchronously,though the rate of soil formation was greater than that of loess deposition,thus leading to soil development.     

黄土的本质与形成模式

根据显微结构鉴定,有机质分析,颗粒分析,CaCO₃测定和野外观察、统计等资料,研究了黄土的本质和形成模式。资料表明,黄土具有土壤的各种结构,具有指示草原和森林草原土壤发生特征的CaCO₃和CaSO₄淀积成分,含有土壤的有机质;黄土的本质是土壤,是在相对冷干气候条件下发育的多种灰黄色狭义土壤,而且是在当时当地气候条件下处于稳定状态的发育成熟的古土壤;黄土形成模式是风尘经草原、森林草原和荒漠草原区的成壤作用形成土壤的模式。黄土高原是世界上土壤资源最深厚、最富集的地区,黄土的工程地质性质和水文地质性质在很大程度上取决于成壤作用的强弱。     

Organic- and carbonate-rich soil formation ∼2.6 billion years ago at Schagen, East Transvaal district, South Africa

A ∼17-m paleosol sequence at Schagen, South Africa, which developed on a serpentinized dunite intrusion in a granite-gneiss terrain ∼2.6 Ga ago, is characterized by an alternating succession of thick (∼1-3 m) carbonate-rich (dolomite and calcite) zones and silicate-rich (serpentines, talc, and quartz) zones; the upper ∼8 m section is especially rich in organic C (up to ∼1.4 wt.%). Petrologic and geochemical data suggest the upper ∼8 m section is composed of at least three soil profiles that developed on: (i) silicate-rich rock fragments (and minerals) that were transported from local sources (serpentinite and granite) by fluvial and/or eolian processes; and (ii) dolomite and calcite zones that formed by locally discharged groundwater. The Mg and Fe in the paleosol sequence were largely supplied from local sources (mostly serpentinite), but the Ca, Sr, and HCO₃⁻ were supplied by groundwater that originated from a surrounding granite-gneiss terrain. In the uppermost soil profile, the (Fe is retained, the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio increases, and ferri-stilpnomelane is abundant. These data suggest the atmospheric pO₂ was much greater than ∼10^−3.7 atm (>0.1% present atmospheric level [PAL]).The carbonaceous matter in the soils is intimately associated with clays (talc, chlorite, and ferri-stilpnomelane) and occurs mostly as seams (20 μm to 1 mm thick) that parallel the soil horizons. These occurrences, crystallographic structures, H/C ratios, and δ¹³C_org values (−17.4 to −14.4‰ PDB) suggest that the carbonaceous matter is a remnant of in situ microbial mats, originally ∼1 to ∼20 mm thick. The microbial mats developed: (a) mostly on soil surfaces during the formation of silicate-rich soils, and (b) at the bottom of an evaporating, anoxic, alkaline pond during the precipitation of the Fe-rich dolomite. These δ¹³C_org values are difficult to be explained by a current popular idea of a methane- and organic haze-rich Archean atmosphere (Pavlov et al., 2001); these values, however, can be easily explained if the microbial mats were composed of cyanobacteria and heterotrophs that utilized the remnants of cyanobacteria in a strongly evaporating environment.     

稳定流场中饱和均质土壤盐分迁移的传递函数解

通过对淹灌条件下砂质壤土的盐水入渗试验,以传递函数模型作为数学模拟的工具,探讨了对流占优运移机制下土壤盐分的迁移特征,得到了盐分在45cm土层的迁移时间概率分布函数与迁移时间概率密度函数及土壤盐分平均孔隙流速和水动力弥散系数,进行了盐分出流过程的数学模拟,同时对描述稳定流场中土壤盐分对流迁移特征的有关参量进行了初步分析。     

基于子结构法的地铁车站地震反应分析

对1995年日本阪神地震中地铁车站的破坏情况进行了调查,深入分析了地铁车站的地震破坏机理。采用二维子结构分析方法（SASSI2000）分别对水平向和竖向地震动作用下神户大开地铁车站的地震反应进行了数值模拟分析。在建模时把地铁车站上方的土体作为车站的附属结构,首先采用SHAKE91程序计算自由场土体的动剪切模量和阻尼比,在SASSI2000中不再考虑土体的非线性。将计算结果与1995年阪神地震中该车站的震害进行了详细地对比分析发现所得的地震反应规律与其震害完全吻合,其计算结果能够合理的解释神户大开地铁车站的各种震害现象。因此,对地下车站的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

基于核磁共振的不同含水率黄土古土壤冻融循环试验研究

为明确不同含水率古土壤在冻融循环作用下其微观结构特性及古土壤损伤机制,采用核磁共振扫描仪对不同含水率冻融循环后的古土壤试样进行测试,研究冻融循环和含水率共同作用对古土壤微观结构的影响及土体内部损伤变化。结果表明:冻融循环下不同含水率使土体内部产生不同程度的损伤,损伤程度为含水率大的土体大于含水率小的土体。随着冻融循环次数增加,T₂谱曲线信号幅度增加,孔隙结构改变,大孔隙、最大孔隙含量增加,中孔隙含量减小; 同时含水率较大的土体孔隙体积增大幅度大于含水率较小的土体,说明在季节冻土区建设工程中含水率越大土体越易发生破坏,因此在工程中应注意防排水问题。依据损伤力学原理,得出土体颗粒连续性与孔隙率关系,进而得出有效应力与孔隙率关系; 根据核磁扫描结果,建立孔隙率与冻融循环次数关系,最终推导出古土壤有效应力与冻融循环次数关系表达式。研究成果为季节冻土区古土壤地层建设工程提供理论指导。     

The influence of particles recycling on the geochemistry of sediments in a large tropical dam lake in the Amazonian region,Brazil

As a result of over-erosion of soils, the fine particles, which contain the majority of nutrients, are easily washed away from soils, which become deficient in a host of components, accumulating in lakes. On one hand, the accumulation of nutrients-rich sediments are a problem, as they affect the quality of the overlying water and decrease the water storage capacity of the system; on the other hand, sediments may constitute an important resource, as they are often extremely rich in organic and inorganic nutrients in readily available forms. In the framework of an extensive work on the use of rock related materials to enhance the fertility of impoverish soils, this study aimed to evaluate the role on the nutrients cycle, of particles recycling processes from the watershed to the bottom of a large dam reservoir, at a wet tropical region under high weathering conditions. The study focus on the mineralogical transformations that clay particles undergo from the soils of the drainage basin to their final deposition within the reservoir and their influence in terms of the geochemical characteristics of sediments. We studied the bottom sediments that accumulate in two distinct seasonal periods in Tucuruí reservoir, located in the Amazonian Basin, Brazil, and soils from its drainage basin. The surface layers of sediments in twenty sampling points with variable depths, are representative of the different morphological sections of the reservoir. Nineteen soil samples, representing the main soil classes, were collected near the margins of the reservoir. Sediments and soils were subjected to the same array of physical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses: (1) texture, (2) characterization and semi-quantification of the clay fraction mineralogy and (3) geochemical analysis of the total concentration of major elements, organic compounds (organic C and nitrogen), soluble fractions of nutrients (P and K), exchangeable fractions (cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases and acidity) and pH(H₂O).There is a remarkable homogeneity in the sedimentary distribution along the reservoir in terms of the texture and mineralogy of the clay fraction and of the chemistry of the total, soluble and exchangeable phases. These observations contrast with the physical, morphological and chemical heterogeneity of the soils and the setting lithology. Most of the sediments has a higher contribution of fine-grained material and the mineralogy of the clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite in soils and kaolinite and illite in sediments, followed by lesser amounts of gibbsite, goethite, and metahaloisite and by small/vestigial contents of chlorite and smectite. The sediments are mainly inherited from the watershed but there exist marked differences between the accumulated sediments and their parent materials. These differences mainly come from the selective erosion of fine-grained particles and the extreme climatic conditions which enhance complex transformations of mineralogical and chemical nature. Compared with the parental soils, the reservoir sediments show the following differences: (1) enrichment in fine-grained and less dense inorganic particles, (2) aggradative mineralogical transformations, including enrichment in clay minerals with higher cationic adsorption and exchange capacity, (3) degradation of the crystalline structure of Fe- and Al-oxides (goethite, gibbsite), (4) increase in easily leached elements (Mg, Ca, P, K, Na) and decrease in chemically less mobile elements (Si, Fe) and (5) higher contents of organic carbon, nitrogen, and soluble forms of P and K, mainly concentrated in the clay fraction. These transformations are extremely important in the nutrients cycle, denoting that sediments represent an efficient sink for nutrients from the over-erosion of soils. Mineral and organic compounds can permanently or temporarily sequester these nutrients, recycling them and enhancing their availability through the slow release of components from relatively loose crystal structures. These processes can easily explain the enrichment in soluble and exchangeable forms of elements such as P, K, Ca or Mg. This study conclude that the particles recycling in a large tropical dam reservoir which receives high fluxes of allochthonous nutrients, has an important role in the good quality of sediments for agricultural use and in the profitable use of this technology to recover depleted soils in remediation projects in regions near large hydroelectric plants.