珊瑚礁工程地质研究进展

珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体,是一种特殊的岩土介质类型,有着独特的工程环境特性和工程地质性质。珊瑚礁工程地质研究是现代工程地质学的一个新课题,是近年来为适应珊瑚岛礁工程建设的需求而发展起来的。介绍了珊瑚礁工程地质研究的内容及意义,综述了国内外珊瑚礁工程地质研究的历史现状及其进展,指出应将珊瑚礁体作为工程岩体,进行工程地质环境区带划分及各区带工程地质条件评价;分析礁岩体结构特征和礁体稳定性及其影响因素;分析礁体工程适宜性、地基及其环境与工程活动相互关系。针对珊瑚礁岩土的土力学特点,加强珊瑚礁颗粒破碎机理及其对工程地质性质影响机制的研究;建立能够代表珊瑚礁应力—应变特性的本构关系。     

虎门大桥桥塔地基基础类型及锚碇区稳定性分析

在全面阐述虎门大桥区域地质条件及桥址岩土体特征的基础上，着重讨论了悬索桥桥塔地基基础类型和桩基基础垂直载体的计算方法，另对影响威远炮台古迹的大桥东锚碇区的边坡，通过分析边坡岩体工程地质特性，结合室内外试验结果和有关公式反算上关力学参数，选择了典型的易滑剖面，逐层研究计算了边坡的稳定性参数。     

工程地质新拓展──地质工程论评

工程地质已进入预测和改造阶段。地质工程是对山体稳定性和区域地壳稳定性进行评价、改造与控制的技术。它的工程对象是复杂地质体。这种地质体处于不断变化过程中。岩体结构控制论、工程地质体控制论和工程地质过程改造与控制论是地质工程的基本理论。地质工程要求地质勘察、设计与施工融为一体,而设计是沟通勘察与施工的桥梁。作者认为,必须尽快开发一套适用性强的地质工程设计支持系统,以弥补在地质工程中,知识偏窄和设计周期过长的缺陷。     

南通通州湾工程地质条件分析

依托海陆域钻孔岩芯资料,结合南通通州湾区域地质、工程勘察资料,分析了南通通州湾基础地质条件、各土层工程地质结构特征、岩土物理力学参数与不良地质体分布情况,讨论了地面沉降、潮流通道稳定性等因素对工程建设的影响,在此基础上对南通通州湾工程地质适宜性进行评价。指出通州湾工程建设需要考虑地面沉降影响,并注意软土及易液化砂土造成的不均匀沉降和局部砂土液化;潮流通道基本保持稳定,但围堤、引桥建设可能改变局部冲淤平衡,建议加强冲淤监测。     

巴东长江大桥地质环境与岩土工程问题研究

巴东长江大桥是连接209国道的特大型公路大桥，地处长江三峡地质条件最复杂的地区，桥位区滑坡崩塌较发育。为确保大桥安全稳定并为设计提供科学依据，采用结构面网络模拟技术进行了岩体结构模拟，应用弹塑性有限元法及块体极限平衡法，对桥位存在的桥台斜坡和桥墩基础地基稳定性等岩土工程问题进行了系统的分析论述。同时，对断裂破碎岩体及风化岩体、滑坡对大桥的影响进行了分析。在此基础上提出了桥墩基础形式、桩基深度、持力层及承载力和桥台斜坡治理的建议。     

工程地质分区在济南奥体中心勘测中的应用

对场地地质条件进行平面上合理的分区和评价,是岩土工程勘测工作的重要内容,也是地基基础方案设计的第一步。通过工程地质分区在济南奥体中心勘测中的实际应用,分析场地按地质条件细分对地基承载力、地基基础设计及场地类别划分的影响,指出工程地质条件的详细分区在重大工程建设中的重要性。     

济南市岩土地基工程地质环境质量分级与评价优势指标

随着城市化进程加快,济南市在城市建设中面临日益严重的环境工程地质问题。为了更好地服务于城市建设,做好岩土地基的工程地质环境质量评价与分区有重要实际意义。本文分析了济南市区的工程地质环境条件,研究了济南市区岩土地基工程地质环境质量评价模型与优势指标,并采用BP神经网络模型对济南市区的岩土地基工程地质环境质量进行评价与分级。     

《中国工程地质学》简介

由张咸恭、王思敬、张倬元等著的《中国工程地质学》历经十余载 ，于2000年10月由科学出版社出版发行。这本专著是由我国几十位著名的工程地质专家共 同撰写的，全书 共分26章，70余万字。具体章节如下： 　　第一章　绪　论 　　第二章　工程地质条件的形成 　　第三章　岩体工程地质 　　第四章　土体工程地质 　　第五章　地应力 　　第六章　水文地质条件 　　第七章　物理(自然)地质作用与地质灾害 　　第八章　天然建筑材料 　　第九章　区域地壳稳定性问题工程地质分析 　　第十章　斜坡稳定性问题工程地质分析 　　第十一章　地下建筑围岩稳定性问题的工程地质分析 　　第十二章　地基稳定性问题的工程地质分析 　　第十三章　动力条件下岩土体稳定性问题的工程地质分析 　　第十四章　水利水电建筑地区工程地质评价 　　第十五章　矿山地区工程地质评价 　　第十六章　铁路建筑地区工程地质评价 　　第十七章　城市与工业建筑地区工程地质评价 　　第十八章　海港及近岸建筑区工程地质评价 　　第十九章　环境工程地质评价 　　第二十章　工程地质勘察基本问题 　　第二十一章　工程地质测绘与遥感技术的应用 　　第二十二章　工程物探与工程地质勘探 　　第二十三章　工程地质测试 　　第二十四章　监测、反分析及预测 　　第二十五章　物理模拟与数值模拟 　　第二十六章　工程处理     

圣多美和普林西比首都国际机场改扩建岩土工程特性与治理方法

圣多美和普林西比首都国际机场改扩建项目场地地貌复杂多变,软土、有机土、多旋回火成岩等岩土类型多样且分布复杂。为获得相对准确的岩土工程设计参数,保障后期工程的顺利实施,在细致分析场地区域地质特征及地形地貌的基础上,综合使用踏勘、钻探编录、室内试验、原位测试等方法,结合国内外岩土工程勘察经验,对该复杂场地的岩土工程特性进行分析研究,提出了分区地基处理的原则和措施,分析和预测了后期施工和运行可能引起的工程地质问题,并提出防治措施,以满足岩土分析评价和设计要求。     

苏通长江大桥的工程地质研究

过去10年来,随着城市化加快发展,促进了长江下游特大型桥梁的建设,其中主跨1 088m的苏州—南通特大斜拉桥就是其中之一。苏通大桥位于巨厚的第四系覆盖层地区,因此,土层结构特征、持力层和基础型式的选择,以及工程参数的确定成为主要工程地质问题,需要研究解决。应用岩土工程优势面理论对苏通大桥的研究思路,着重介绍了在巨厚覆盖层地基中用层组结构划分和优势层的研究观点,用优势指标法量化判定桩和沉井基础的持力层以及用多法求合理设计参数和提出若干工程设计与施工的建议等三方面问题的研究成果,从而推动了该工程的顺利进行。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the