中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动

据黄土高原最近 7.2Ma风积黄土 红粘土序列的磁化率曲线和沉积速率变化 ,并分别与赤道东太平洋δ18O曲线和北太平洋风尘石英沉积通量变化对比 ,将晚新生代北半球大冰期的发生、发展过程分为 :约 7.2～ 3.4MaBP的来临期 ,3.4～2 .6MaBP的初始期 ,2 .6Ma以来的大冰期 ;相应地将以冬季风和夏季风组合为特征的东亚季风形成演变过程分为 :冬、夏季风均偏弱的初显期 ,冬、夏季风同步增强的过渡期和冬、夏季风彼此消长的盛行期 .晚新生代全球构造隆升 ,尤其是青藏高原隆升以及与隆升有关的大气CO2 浓度的变化 ,在很大程度上控制着北半球大冰期的发生过程和东亚季风气候长时间尺度的变迁 ,其中约 3.4～ 2 .6MaBP时段青藏高原的加速隆升起着重要驱动作用     

基于WRF模式的青藏高原斜坡和平台加热影响亚洲夏季风的模拟研究

青藏高原大地形的热力强迫作用对亚洲夏季风的形成和发展具有重要的影响.本文利用较高分辨率的WRF区域模式,探讨了高原不同区域(斜坡和平台)的地形加热分别对南亚夏季风和东亚夏季风的影响.结果表明:高原南部喜马拉雅山脉的斜坡地形加热对其周围局地的环流形势和降水影响十分明显,是南亚夏季风北支分量形成和维持的主导因子,也是斜坡上气流爬坡和降水发生的必要条件.斜坡加热对东亚夏季风也有明显的增强作用,它不仅加强了中国东部低空西南季风环流,还会造成北部南下的异常干冷空气的响应.斜坡上的地形加热作用也是对流层高层暖中心位置维持在斜坡上空的一个重要原因.而高原平台加热对季风环流和降水的影响虽然没有喜马拉雅山脉斜坡加热那么显著,但是对南亚夏季风的影响范围更广,对经向哈得来环流影响更明显,能够调控高原以外更远处热带洋面上的西南季风环流.通过比较高原不同区域地形加热条件下的多种季风指数,进一步表明了高原地形加热对南亚和东亚夏季风均有增强作用,但是高原不同区域的地形加热对两类夏季风子系统又会产生不一样的影响.     

大陆漂移、高原隆升与新生代亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区演化

亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区的面积约占这三大洲陆地总面积的60%以上.基于新生代以来亚-非-澳洲季风和干旱环境以及东半球海陆分布和青藏高原等地形显著变化的地质事实,利用全球海-气耦合模式开展新生代5个特征地质时期气候模拟试验,系统探讨了新生代亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区形成演化及其受大陆漂移和高原隆升的影响.结果表明,亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区形成的时间和原因明显不同.北非与南非季风在古新世中期已经存在,南亚次大陆季风在始新世印度大陆移入北半球热带后开始出现,而东亚和澳大利亚北部季风在中新世才建立.北非、南非、南亚和澳大利亚热带季风的建立是大陆漂移的位置和热带辐合带季节性迁移共同决定的,而青藏高原的位置和高度则是东亚季风建立的关键因素.北非、南非、亚洲和澳大利亚副热带干旱区的存在取决于大陆的位置和行星尺度副热带高压的控制,阿拉伯半岛和西亚干旱区的发展与区域尺度海陆变迁,特别是古特提斯海的退缩密切相关,而亚洲内陆中纬度干旱区的形成则是青藏高原隆升的结果.这一研究揭示了地球构造边界条件在地质时期区域气候环境形成演化中的重要作用.     

祁连山东段0.83 Ma以来的构造-气候事件

根据祁连山北麓季风西北边缘区的河流阶地系列和风成黄土的研究, 重建了该区中更新世以来的构造隆升和气候演化历史. 研究发现, 中更新世以来青藏高原的数次隆升事件与本研究区及其他地区的气候记录有一定的耦合性, 发生于0.83和0.14 Ma的构造事件, 可以分别与0.64 Ma时沙漠的显著扩张及沙漠周期性进退的开始、末次冰期以来中国西北的极端干旱相对应. 这些构造-气候耦合事件可能暗示了构造隆升对气候的驱动, 从而反映青藏高原对东亚季风气候系统的重要影响.     

南海北部ODP1146站粒度揭示的近20 Ma以来东亚季风演化

运用粒级-标准偏差和粒度端元模拟算法两种方法, 对南海北部ODP1146站陆源沉积物粒度数据进行了分析和对比, 探讨了东亚季风近20 Ma以来的演化历史. 选用粒级-标准偏差法提取出的两个敏感粒度组分含量的比值即10~19 μm/1.3~2.4 μm用来指示东亚冬季风相对夏季风强度的变化. 粒度端元模拟法得出的粗端元组分EM1(风尘)堆积速率用来指示东亚冬季风强度及相应的风尘源区——亚洲内陆干旱地区的干旱程度的变化, 而EM1/(EM2+EM3)比值可以指示冬季风相对夏季风强度的变化. 组合指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度和冬季风相对夏季风的强度在8 Ma BP左右显著加强, 而3 Ma BP左右冬夏季风可能同时增强, 结果可以与黄土、北太平洋风尘沉积、南海微体古生物记录等很好对比. 青藏高原的阶段性隆升可能促进了东亚季风的这两次加强.     

青藏高原冬春积雪对长江流域夏季降水的影响

本文根据青藏高原主体72个气象站日测资料建立的积雪序列分析了高原积雪对长江流域夏季降水的影响,高原冬春积雪异常与长江流域汛期特别是6、7月降水呈显著的正相关关系.青藏高原冬春多雪年,随后夏季多出现Ⅱ、Ⅲ类雨型,长江中游和下游鄱阳湖地区多偏涝;青藏高原冬春少雪年,随后夏季多出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ类雨型,长江下游鄱阳湖地区多偏旱,长江中游多正常偏旱.多(少)雪年东亚洲大陆上空的气温明显偏低(高),而大陆南部海洋上空的气温明显偏高(低),降低(增加)了陆海温差,延迟(促进)了东亚夏季风的到来,一定程度上减弱(加强)东亚季风的强度.多(少)雪随后夏季,由于南亚夏季风和东亚夏季风都明显减弱(增强),对流层中低层从孟加拉湾吹向中南半岛的西南风减弱(增强),我国大陆东部的南风也明显减弱(增强),西太副高偏南(北);青藏高原东南侧到中南半岛北部的上升运动较弱(强),长江中下游及其以东洋面上升运动较强(弱),长江中下游地区多(少)雨.     

热带、副热带海陆分布与青藏高原在亚洲夏季风形成中的作用

通过一系列的理想数值试验,研究了亚、非地区热带次尺度的海陆分布和青藏高原大地形在亚洲夏季风形成中的作用.试验结果显示：海陆分布的存在以及海陆分布的几何形状对亚洲夏季风的形成有非常重要的影响.下垫面全是海洋,没有陆地时,无季风现象的存在.当仅有副热带大尺度陆地,而缺乏南亚次尺度陆地和非洲大陆热带陆地时,夏季无明显的越赤道气流,仅在欧亚副热带陆地的东南部有弱的季风,无印度、孟加拉湾和南海夏季风.中南半岛、印度半岛和非洲大陆热带陆地的存在,在夏季引导南半球的东南信风越赤道转向为西南气流,使得南海的北部、中南半岛、孟加拉湾和印度半岛、阿拉伯海上空的低层为强西南气流控制,印度、孟加拉湾和南海夏季风产生.副热带陆地向热带的深入对副热带陆上产生夏季强对流性降水起着至关重要的作用.青藏高原的存在加强了高原东侧的季风,使得季风区向北发展,青藏高原对东亚季风起放大器的作用;减弱了高原西侧的季风,使得季风区向南收缩.     

晚新生代东亚气候变化：进展与问题

晚新生代东亚季风和干旱气候的形成和演化及其与青藏高原生长、全球气候变化的关系一直受到关注,但存在着不同看法．本文分析了近年来国内外在晚新生代东亚气候研究方面的新结果,讨论了亚洲季风和干旱气候阶段性和周期性演化的特征,在此基础上,分析了东亚气候变化与全球冰量／温度变化、高原隆升等的联系．我们的研究认为,青藏高原隆升驱动不能全面合理地解释晚新生代以来东亚气候演化过程,全球冰量和北半球温度变化在驱动东亚气候阶段性变化方面具有显著作用．此外,晚新生代大气CO2浓度变化对东亚气候大尺度演化的影响值得进一步重视,它可能是通过影响全球温度的波动和高纬／低纬的温度梯度,进而驱动热带辐合带（ITCZ）和季风气候带摆动,来影响东亚季风和干旱气候的演化的．在未来研究中,需要格外重视地质记录与数值模拟的结合．其中,古气候变化的高精度定量记录、区域异同及高原不同区域差别隆升的环境效应可能是突破点之一．     

大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展

亚洲干旱半干旱区占据北半球中纬度的大片区域,其主体是中东亚干旱半干旱区,该区域降水稀少、生态环境脆弱,对全球气候变化响应敏感.中东亚干旱半干旱区东部处于东亚季风区的边缘,受西风环流和季风环流的共同影响;中部和西部主要处于西风带气候区,为西风环流所控制.研究大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候的影响,对于认识和预测该区域的气候具有重要意义.基于近年来国内外学者针对大气环流对亚洲中、东部干旱半干旱区气候影响的研究,文章进行了系统回顾和总结.已有研究表明,大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区的气候具有不可忽视的影响.在强夏季风年,中国西北地区东南部受东亚夏季风影响,水汽通量显著增加,降水偏多;而弱夏季风年则相反,随着东亚夏季风的减弱,季风边缘的半干旱区气候呈现变干趋势;南亚季风的加强则使得更多的水汽输送至亚洲干旱半干旱区;高原夏季风与中亚地区夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系,而与中国华北地区、蒙古地区的夏季降水呈负相关.西风指数与中东亚干旱区的气温有显著的正相关关系,西风环流的变化可能是影响中亚干旱区降水变化的主要因素.     

青藏高原东缘新生代隆升剥露与断裂活动的低温热年代学约束

青藏高原东缘作为高原生长的东边界,其新生代以来隆升剥露与扩展模式备受关注.高原内部平缓的地貌和边界构造带不显著的缩短变形被认为是下地壳流作用的重要证据.然而近年来,越来越多的低温热年代学研究结果表明,中-晚新生代以来跨不同断裂带存在显著的差异性隆升剥露,指示了断裂体系在青藏高原东缘构造变形与演化中的重要作用.本文系统收集区域内现有不同封闭温度体系的低温热年代学数据,综合分析结果表明青藏高原东缘隆升剥露及生长扩展与整个高原抬升具有准同步性.最为广泛和显著的剥露主要发生在~30 Ma以来,且高原东缘的最大侵蚀量区受控于断裂活动,快速侵蚀带的空间分布与鲜水河断裂带相一致.在区域尺度上,现有数据所揭示的剥露事件启动、持续时间及速率的显著差异性揭示了断层活动对青藏高原东缘地表剥露过程的控制作用.本文提出青藏高原向东扩展是多阶段、非均匀过程,新生代以来不同断裂带在青藏高原向东扩展过程中起到了至关重要的作用,不支持"下地壳流假说"强调的"东缘上地壳变形不显著"的认识.     

Tectonic-climatic events in eastern Qilian Mountains over the past 0.83 Ma

The eastern part of Qilian Mountains experienced strong tectonic uplift during the late Quaternary, and climate record there was influenced by Tibetan Plateau to some extent. Based on studies on the fluvial terrace series and eolian loess deposition, we find that the tectonic uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau had coupled with climatic changes in our studied region and others since the mid-Pleistocene. The uplift that occurred at 0.83 Ma corresponded to significant desert expansion in L6 and periodic variation since MIS16, while the 0.14Ma one to the further drying in northwest China. Those coupled events may indicate that tectonic uplift drove climatic changes, and the Tibetan Plateau has important impacts on East Asian Monsoon system.     

Continental drift,plateau uplift,and the evolutions of monsoon and arid regions in Asia,Africa, and Australia during the Cenozoic

Monsoon and arid regions in the Asia-Africa-Australia(A-A-A) realm occupy more than 60% of the total area of these continents. Geological evidence showed that significant changes occurred to the A-A-A environments of the monsoon and arid regions, the land-ocean configuration in the Eastern Hemisphere, and the topography of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in the Cenozoic. Motivated by this background, numerical experiments for 5 typical geological periods during the Cenozoic were conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to systemically explore the formations and evolutionary histories of the Cenozoic A-A-A monsoon and arid regions under the influences of continental drift and plateau uplift. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that the timings and causes of the formations of monsoon and arid regions in the A-A-A realm were very different. The northern and southern African monsoons existed during the mid-Paleocene, while the South Asian monsoon appeared in the Eocene after the Indian Subcontinent moved into the tropical Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the East Asian monsoon and northern Australian monsoon were established much later in the Miocene. The establishment of the tropical monsoons in northern and southern Africa, South Asia, and Australia were determined by both the continental drift and seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ), while the position and height of the TP were the key factor for the establishment of the East Asian monsoon. The presence of the subtropical arid regions in northern and southern Africa,Asia, and Australia depended on the positions of the continents and the control of the planetary scale subtropical high pressure zones, while the arid regions in the Arabian Peninsula and West Asia were closely related to the retreat of the Paratethys Sea. The formation of the mid-latitude arid region in the Asian interior, on the other hand, was the consequence of the uplift of the TP.These results from this study provide insight to the important roles played by the earth's tectonic boundary conditions in the formations and evolutions of regional climates during geological times.     

塔里木盆地东北缘晚新生代钻孔岩心磁性地层年代学及其构造意义

塔里木盆地的高分辨率沉积记录对于理解青藏高原隆升、亚洲内陆干旱化乃至全球气候变化至关重要.建立可靠的地层年代标尺对于研究塔里木盆地晚新生代沉积环境演化、构造运动及古气候变化具有重要意义.本文对塔里木盆地东北缘库尔勒地区的两个全取心钻孔ZK3（深500 m）、ZK5（深300 m）进行详细的磁性地层学研究,结果表明,ZK3孔中更新统底界为54.8 m,下更新统底界为167.0 m,上新统底界为432.0 m,钻孔底部年龄约为6.2 Ma,属上中新统上部;ZK5孔中更新统底界为64.7 m,下更新统底界为241.5 m,钻孔底部年龄约为3.2 Ma,属上上新统.基于上述磁性地层年代标尺,通过沉积速率分析发现ZK3孔在3.0—3.6 Ma之间沉积速率明显增大,反映了塔里木盆地北部天山在此期间的快速隆升.通过东西部多个盆地地质剖面沉积速率的对比分析发现,这期构造活动在区域上具有准同期活动特征,在时代上与晚中新世以来青藏高原快速隆升的时代一致,可能与青藏高原的隆升扩展效应有关.     

Response of grain size of Quaternary gravels to climate and tectonics in the northern Tibetan Plateau

The widely distributed thick gravel deposits along the rim of the Tibetan Plateau have been long thought to be the product of rapid tectonic uplift of the plateau. However, this has been challenged by recent works that suggest these thick gravels may be the result of climate change. In this paper we carried out a detailed field measurement of gravel grain sizes from the Jiuquan and Gobi Gravel Beds in the top of the Laojunmiao section in the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of Qilian Mts. (northern Tibetan Plateau). The results suggest that the grain sizes of the Jiuquan and Gobi Gravel Beds over the last 0.8 Ma are characterized by nine coarse-fine cycles having strong 100-ka and 41-ka periodicities that correlate well with the loess-paleosol monsoon record and isotopic global climatic record from deep sea sediments as well as by a long trend of coarsening in gravel grain size. The coarse gravel layers were formed during the warm-humid interglaciations while the fine layers correspond to the cold-dry glaciations. Because the paleoclimate in NW China began to get dramatically drier after the mid-Pleistocene, we think the persistent coarsening of gravel grain size was most probably caused by the rapid uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, and that the orbital scale cyclic variations in gravel grain size were driven by orbital forcing factors that were superimposed on the tectonically-forced long-term coarsening trend in gravel size. These findings also shed new light on the interaction results of climate and tectonics in relation to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Eolian evidence from the Chinese Loess Plateau: the onset of the Late Cenozoic Great Glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift forcing

On the basis of a newly-constructed record of magnetic susceptibility (SUS) and the depositional rate change of eolian loess-red clay sequences in the last 7.2 Ma BP from the hea Plateau, together with a cornperison of a record of °¹⁸O values from the equatorial East Pacific Ocean and eolian Quartz flux variations fmm the North Pacific Ocean, the evolutiomuy process of the Late Cenozoic Great Glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere can be divided into three stages: the arrival stage around 7.2–3.4 Ma BP, the initial stage at about 3.4—2.6 Ma BP, and the Great Ice Age since 2.6 Ma BP. The evolution of the East Asian monsoon is characterized by paid winter and summer monsoons, and it is basically composed of the initial stage of weak winter and summer monsoons, the transitional stage of simultaneous increase in intensity of winter and summer monsoons, and the prevailing stage of strong winter and week summer monsoons, or weak winter and strong summer monsoons. The Late Cenowic global tectonic uplift, paaicdarly the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift and the associated CO₂ concentration variation, controls the dng processes of the onset of Great Glaciation and the long-term changes of East Asian monsoom climate in the Northern Hemisphere to a large extent. The accelerating uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau between 3.4 and 2.6 Ma BP provided an important driving force to global climiatic change. Project supported by the foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZ951-A1-402), the State Science and Technology Committee (Grant No. 95-pre-40)and the Chinese Nature Science Foundation (Grant No. 49672140)     

Grain-size records at ODP Site 1146 from the northern South China Sea: Implications on the East Asian monsoon evolution since 20 Ma

273 samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed for grain-size distributions using grain-size class vs. standard deviation method and end-member modeling algorithm (EMMA) in order to investigate the evolution of the East Asian monsoon since about 20 Ma. 10–19 μm/1.3–2.4 μm, the ratio of two grain-size populations with the highest variability through time was used to indicate East Asian winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon. The mass accumulation rate of the coarsest end member EM1 (eolian), resulting from EMMA, can be used as a proxy of winter monsoon strength and Asian inland aridity, and the ratio of EM1/(EM2 EM3) as a proxy of winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon. The combined proxies show that a profound enhancement of East Asian winter monsoon strength and winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon occurred at about 8 Ma, and it is possible that the summer monsoon simultaneously intensified with winter monsoon at 3 Ma. Our results are well consistent with the previous studies in loess, eolian deposion in the Pacifc, radiolarians and planktonic foraminifera in the SCS. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 8 Ma and 3 Ma.     

An 8.1Ma calcite record of Asian summer monsoon evolution on the Chinese central Loess Plateau

Carbonates in loess-red clay sequences consist mainly of calcite and dolomite. The EDTA analysis of carbonates in different size fractions and magnetic susceptibility reveal that calcite is a sensitive index of summer monsoon. The chemical analysis of carbonates and calcite from an 8.1 Ma loess-red clay sequence at Chaona on the Chinese central Loess Plateau shows that the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon experienced four stages, namely 8.1―5.5 Ma, 5.5―2.8 Ma, 2.8―1.5 Ma and 1.5―0 Ma, with increasing intensification and fluctuation, suggesting a possible combining impacts of uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and global changes on the Asian summer monsoon.     

Evolution of the monsoon and dry climate in East Asia during late Cenozoic: A review

Climate in Eastern Asia is composed of monsoon climate in the east,arid and semi-arid climate in the north and west,and the cold and dry climate of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the southwest.The underlying causes for the evolution of East Asian climate during late Cenozoic have long been investigated and debated,particularly with regards to the role played by the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift and the global cooling.In this paper,we reviewed major research developments in this area,and summarized the important results.Based on a synthesis of data,we propose that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift alone cannot fully explain the formation of monsoon and arid climates in Eastern Asia during the past 22–25 Ma.Other factors such as the global ice volume and high-latitude temperature changes have also played a vital role.Moreover,atmospheric CO2changes may have modulated the monsoon and dry climate changes by affecting the location of the inter-tropical convergence zone(ITCZ),which controls the monsoon precipitation zone and the track of the East Asian winter monsoon during late Cenozoic.The integration of high-resolution geological record and numerical paleoclimate modeling could make new contributions to understanding the climate evolution and variation in eastern Asia in future studies.It could facilitate the investigation of the regional differences in East Asian environmental changes and the asynchronous nature between the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their climatic effects.These would be the keys to understanding underlying driving forces for the evolution of the East Asian climate.     

Monazite age spectra in the Late Cenozoic strata of the Changjiang delta and its implication on the Changjiang run-through time

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, inversion of eastern and western geomorphology, eastward flowing of large rivers, and run-through of the Changjiang River exert great influence on sedimentation and environ-mental variations in the East China Sea. Provenance discrimination of Tibetan-Plateau-originated sediments in the river-mouth areas and marginal seas is key to figure out these issues.In the past, most studies of the run-through time of the Changjiang and the Yellow rivers focused on geomo…