探地雷达在福建漳浦海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的应用

本文进行了探地雷达在福建漳浦六鳌半岛海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的初步应用。结果表明:(1)被探测海岸沙丘的粒度、含水量等理化性质,不同的天线频率,室内数字滤波、增益调适等图像处理环节,均会对探地雷达的探测结果产生影响。(2)本次探测结果以及人工砂坑剖面表明探地雷达是探测海岸沙丘沉积构造的良好手段。(3)通过判读探地雷达图像显示的沉积构造序列组合特点,并根据最近数十年研究区海岸环境演变初步调查结果,认为所探测海岸抛物线沙丘的发育过程,经历了早期海滩脊出露海面、继而发育植被和抛物线沙丘两个阶段。     

海南岛东北部海岸沙丘的沉积构造特征及其发育模式

海岸沙丘沉积构造中既有大型交错层理,也具某些区别于内陆沙丘构造的特征,如厚层顶积层的保存及变形层理的普遍存在。 本区海岸沙丘形成于东北季风,沙源来自海滩砂。从海滩后滨向陆地的沙丘类型依次是海岸前丘、横向沙丘和新月形沙丘、抛物线沙丘、纵向沙丘、海岸沙席。其中海岸前丘和沙席为海岸沙丘区别于内陆沙丘的特有类型。本区海岸沙丘的发育开始于3000年前。     

古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘新月形沙丘内部沉积构造特征研究

沙丘内部沉积构造保存了沙丘动力演变过程的重要信息。以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘固定、半固定新月形沙丘区为研究区域,利用探地雷达在春、秋两季对固定、半固定新月形沙丘内部构造进行探测,获取了不同规模形态的固定、半固定新月形沙丘深约8 m的内部构造图像信息。通过图像增益处理、解译和对比分析表明：（1） 古尔班通古特沙漠固定、半固定新月形沙丘共有5种沙丘内部构造雷达相,即高倾角斜层理、楔状交错层理、上凸形交错层理、低倾角-近水平层理和块状层理,其中前4种主要分布在3~5 m的浅层,而块状层理主要分布在4~5 m以下的深度。（2） 高倾角斜层理、楔状交错层理主要分布在高大新月形沙丘（链）的迎风坡上部和丘顶地带,前者为背风坡前积层埋藏而成,反映高大新月形沙丘迎风坡上部和丘顶风沙活动较频繁,沙丘“固身缩顶”后埋藏的前积纹层因风蚀而出露,后者为迎风坡风蚀坑和风蚀槽中由风沙流充填而成的构造或在丘顶风向的季节性变化形成的构造。（3） 与灌丛沙丘相关的上凸形交错层理广泛分布在新月形沙丘的迎风坡中下部,在背风坡也有局部出现,表明灌丛沙丘在沙丘表层的风沙过程中占有重要地位;而深部的块状层理可能是早期风积层受到强烈的生物扰动,原生层理消失而产生。（4） 以上沙丘内部构造的类型与组合分布特点,反映了研究区新月形沙丘总体上趋于稳定或衰退状态,这与现代沙丘“固身缩顶”的地貌变化特征相一致。例如,迎风坡中上部和丘顶常见风蚀槽,背风坡因坡度变缓、前积层发育趋缓,现代风沙活动主要集中于新月形沙丘的上部和丘顶等。由此可见,研究区固定、半固定新月形沙丘内部构造及其组合分布特征异于流动新月形沙丘,也与半个多世纪以来北疆沙漠气候变暖变湿、平均风速减弱、植被盖度增加的区域自然地理环境变化趋势有一定的吻合性。     

古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造及发育模式

在野外调查基础上,应用探地雷达（GPR）对古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造进行探测,获取了沙丘内部构造的雷达相图像信息,结合区域自然地理和沙丘形态特征分析,初步探讨植被线形沙丘内部构造的演化模式。结果表明：（1）GPR探测揭示了沙丘地表以下3—5 m深度的浅层构造信息,可识别沙丘中上部和丘顶部位的高倾角、上凸形和楔状交错层理、沙丘中下部和丘间地的低倾角-近水平层理构造,反映了沙丘上部风沙蚀积活动较强烈,而两翼中下部和丘间地以风沙加积为主。（2）从沙漠边缘到沙漠中心,植被线形沙丘浅层沉积构造组合由两坡不对称分布向对称分布变化,沙丘横剖面形态亦由两坡不对称向对称形态同步变化,但未发现沙丘侧向迁移的沉积构造证据。（3）依据不同规模沙丘内部构造变化序列,可将植被线形沙丘演化划分为灌丛沙丘、风影灌丛沙丘、垄状沙链、植被线形沙丘等4个发育阶段。随着叠置灌丛沙丘不断合并融入,线形沙丘宽度和高度持续增大,沙丘顶部风沙活动性增强,高倾角、上凸形、楔状交错层理增多。（4）在沙丘表层3—5 m以下块状层理以及GPR探测信号衰减、图像分辨率变差的成因,应在今后工作中进一步验证。此外,系统阐明研究区植被线形沙丘演化过程,尚需补充更多GPR探测资料并开展年代学研究。     

柴达木盆地托拉海河下游复合新月形沙丘沉积构造探地雷达探测初步结果

运用探地雷达,对柴达木盆地托拉海河下游右岸两个典型复合新月形沙丘进行探测,通过图像处理与影像解译,获取了连续且具一定深度的风沙沉积构造信息,并结合无人机影像、遥感影像与野外实际考察情况,综合分析该研究区内风沙沉积构造与沉积环境。结果表明：（1）选取100 MHz的天线、0.5 m探测步长、1 m的天线间距进行探测,探地雷达图像与无人机影像呈现出很好的对应关系,沙丘内部构造清晰,故使用此参数探测复合新月形沙丘的内部结构可行。（2）托拉海河下游复合新月形沙丘内部沉积构造类型多样,广泛发育正向加积层、垂向加积层等层理。（3）河道与沙丘均向东南方向移动,两个沙丘存在规模持续缩小且两翼拉长、逐渐变得不对称的发育过程。（4）托拉海河下游复合新月形沙丘的发育分为3个时期：快速发育阶段、固定风蚀阶段、蚀余加积阶段。     

海岸横向沙脊的移动与形态变化——以河北昌黎黄金海岸横向沙脊为例

采用RTKGPS测量技术与方法,2006～2008年连续三年共9次对我国海岸沙丘主要分布区域之一的河北昌黎黄金海岸翡翠岛的一个典型海岸横向沙脊进行了三个横剖面的高精度观测。海岸横向沙脊高程、断面及其典型位置的观测结果表明,观测期间海岸横向沙脊脊顶和背风坡坡脚夏秋季东移、冬春季节西移,脊顶总体向西移动,年均最大移距1．8...     

河北昌黎翡翠岛海岸沙丘移动的初步观测

采用RTK GPS技术与测量方法,于2006-2008年对中国海岸沙丘主要分布区域之一的河北昌黎黄金海岸翡翠岛的典型海岸新月形沙丘和横向沙脊的移动进行了高精度观测。观测结果表明,翡翠岛海岸沙丘的移动总体呈现出缓慢、向陆、往复式前进的特征,但不同沙丘类型以及沙丘不同部位的移动间存在差异,其中海岸横向沙脊是底部基本稳定下脊顶在夏秋季向海东移、冬春季向陆西移的往复变化中向陆西移,而新月形沙丘则是沙丘的整体陆向位移且移动速度相对较快,主要与风况、沙丘高度与规模及人类活动有关。     

河北昌黎黄金海岸横向沙脊表面的粒度分布模式

河北昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区内的横向沙脊规模高大、形态典型,对其表面采集的47个沙丘表面沉积物粒度样品的分析结果,该海岸横向沙脊表面粒度总体上是中砂、分选好、对称和中等峰态,但脊顶、坡部及坡脚的粒度分异明显,自沙脊两侧坡脚向脊顶粒径变细、分选变好,向陆背风坡的细化与分选优于向海迎风坡,脊顶粒径最细,向陆背风坡脚最粗,是一种新型的沙丘表面粒度分布模式。该粒度分布模式是该区域主风向与强风向交替变化及其风速差异、沙脊高大且两侧不对称等组合作用的结果。     

小冰期福建海岸沙丘的沉积环境

选取福建东南沿海典型海岸沙丘——东海沙丘,运用GPR（Ground Penetrating Radar）技术探测海岸沙丘内部构造,辅助天然剖面和人工探槽观测,进行系统的年代采样与OSL（Optically Stimulated Luminescence）测年,并选择物理意义明确的粒度参数作为主要环境代用指标,获得了亚热带季风区砂质海岸带典型海岸沙丘的沉积年代和沉积结构。结果表明：（1）东海沙丘是由若干灌丛沙丘组成的横向沙丘,0～6 m主要是～0.45 ka BP以来形成的海岸风成沙丘,可以划分为～0.45 ka BP和0.22～0.12 ka BP两个阶段。（2）东海沙丘沉积过程是多因素共同作用的结果,冷干的气候环境是沙丘发育的适宜条件,入境台风频率增加可能加快了风沙的沉积过程。对比历史文献资料发现,气候异常期往往与社会动荡期、重要历史事件相对应。     

人为干扰下海岸沙丘表面粒度分布变异实证研究——以河北昌黎黄金海岸横向沙脊为例

选择我国海岸沙丘尤其是横向沙脊最为典型的河北昌黎黄金海岸,分别在人为干扰剧烈和人为干扰较少的区段,按垂直于横向沙脊走向各选择一个典型的横向沙脊断面,采集其表面沙质沉积物粒度样品,通过对样品粒度及其参数的分析与计算,对比分析人为干扰对海岸沙丘表面粒度分布的可能影响。结果表明,在滑沙和迎风坡脚沙质地表翻动与堆积沙堆等人为影响下,横向沙脊表面粒度分布发生了明显变异,由近自然状态下自沙脊两侧坡脚向脊顶粒径变细和分选变好、向陆背风坡的细化与分选优于向海迎风坡、脊顶沙粒最细及向陆背风坡脚最粗的自然分布模式转变为人为干扰下自两侧坡脚向沙脊坡部粒径变细与分选变好、向海迎风坡的细化与分选优于向陆背风坡、向海迎风坡粒径最细及迎风坡脚最粗的人为分布模式。     

探地雷达在沙漠研究中的应用综述

沙丘层序的建立一直是风沙地貌与沙漠第四纪地质研究中的一个难点问题,而揭示沙丘沉积构造是解决该问题的基础和关键。探地雷达（GPR）是近年兴起的探测沙丘沉积构造的较新和较有效的手段,因风成沙沉积具有均一性好、低电导性、低含水性及低密度性等特点,使GPR在沙丘探测中得到良好的探测效果。借助GPR可研究：（1）一般沙丘的构造和层序、高大沙丘的浅层构造与层序、横向沙山的较完整层序等;（2）沙丘历史时期的移动方向和速率、沙丘的发育过程;（3）沙丘与沙漠的环境变化过程;（4）沙丘和沙漠的水文信息等。在应用过程中,需要注意沙丘含水量、电磁波频率选择、杂波干扰、波速理论值与实际偏差、数据处理和图像解译等方面的问题。目前,GPR在沙漠研究中尚未普及,本文旨在通过综述其在沙漠研究中的进展和存在问题,以期促进GPR在沙丘发育过程和沙漠演化过程研究中的应用。     

An analysis of subaerial beach rotation and influences of environmental forcing adjacent to the proposed Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon

Beach Profiles surveys and gale climate data were utilised to assess medium timescale beach rotation at four beaches located along the shores of a crenulated embayment within Swansea Bay, Southwest Wales. The proposed Tidal Lagoon is located within this Bay. Results identified a 7 year (1998–2005) record of cyclic summer/winter rotation and a 14 year (1999–2013) record of annual rotation within the subaerial zone on all four assessed beaches. In the absence of headlands to trap sediment it is asserted that the driving force for beach rotation is the presence of Swansea Dockland/Tawe dredged channel complex, Port Talbot Harbour and the Neath dredged channel which form surrogate headlands essentially creating four separate beach systems through restricting sediment by-pass. Seasonal averaged wind and wave variables showed differing correlation with volume changes and cross-correlation results showed that volume variation lagged behind forcing variables by up to six months (i.e. the resolution of the data). This was confirmed by the annually averaged results which showed only subtle correlation. Here volume change in most cases lagged forcing variables by less than one year. Based on correlations, wind direction variability follows closely with volume changes but wind speed, wave period and height are generally opposite. Initial results suggest that the proposed Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, located between sediment cells and surrogate headlands, would have little negative effect on subaerial coastal processes. These datasets will be used as a benchmark for monitoring prior to, during and post construction, with results being used to update and inform subsequent strategies.     

Observations of coastal aeolian dune movements at Feicuidao, on the Changli Gold Coast in Hebei Province

High-precision RTK GPS technology was used to survey the movements of typical coastal dunes, including a coastal crescent dune and a coastal transverse ridge, in the Feicuidao region of the Changli Gold Coast in Hebei Province in 2006–2008. Our data provide information on the direction, type, and velocity of coastal dune movements, and indicate that the coastal dunes in this region are characterized as slow and landward advancing, with to-and-fro fluctuations. The bottom of the studied coastal transverse ridge was stable during the observation period but the position of its crest advanced eastward (seaward) during summer and autumn, and moved landward (westward) in winter and spring. Thus, its crest moved generally landward (westward) but fluctuated to-and-fro eastward and westward. In contrast, the entire coastal crescent dune advanced landward (westward) in a to-and-fro manner, and the velocity of its movement was faster than that of the transverse ridge dune. These results are mainly related to the wind conditions in the research area, the height and volume of the two types of coastal dunes.     

探地雷达在沙漠研究中的应用

目前国内外开展的沙丘形成机理、发育过程的研究多依靠短期的风沙观测分析, 或者对浅层内部构造的取样分析。对于这些研究手段, 难以从三维空间角度对其内部整体构造加以研究, 从而也难以对形成机理、发展变化过程有一个全面的认识。我们利用现代技术在国内率先应用探地雷达开展有关沙丘内部构造和下部古地形的研究工作。研究结果揭示了三垄沙南段的成因主要由风成作用形成, 而与下伏地形无关, 由其内部构造可见三垄沙的形成为典型的在地势平缓地区, 单风向为主作用下形成的新月形沙丘。沙丘的整个内部结构可分为三个区域, 反映了其不同部位的结构特征。同时该研究成果显示应用探地雷达开展有关沙漠内部结构研究是一条非常有效的新途径。     

Internal structure of a barrier beach as revealed by ground penetrating radar (GPR): Chesil beach, UK

Chesil Beach (Dorset) is one of the most famous coastal landforms on the British coast. The gravel beach is over 18 km long and is separated for much of its length from land by a tidal lagoon known as The Fleet. The beach links the Isle of Portland in the east to the mainland in the west. Despite its iconic status there is little available information on its internal geometry and evolutionary history. Here we present a three-fold model for the evolution of Chesil Beach based on a series of nine ground penetrating radar (GPR) traverses located at three sites along its length at Abbotsbury, Langton Herring and at Ferry Bridge. The GPR traverses reveal a remarkably consistent picture of the internal structure of this barrier beach. The first phase of evolution involves the landward transgression of a small sand and gravel beach which closed upon the coast leading to deposition of freshwater peat between 5 and 7 k yr BP. The second evolutionary phase involves the ‘bulking-out’ of the beach during continued sea level rise, but in the presence of abundant gravel supplied by down-drift erosion of periglacial slope deposits. This episode of growth was associated with a series of washover fans which accumulated on the landward flank of the barrier increasing its breadth and height but without significant landward transgression of the barrier as a whole. The final phase in the evolution of Chesil Beach involves the seaward progradation of the beach crest and upper beach face associated with continued sediment abundance, but during a still-stand or slight fall in relative sea level. This phase may provide further evidence of a slight fall in relative sea level noted elsewhere along the South Coast of Britain and dated to between 1.2 and 2.4 k yr BP. Subsequently the barrier appears to have become largely inactive, except for the reworking of sediment on the beach face during storm events. The case study not only refines the evolutionary picture of Chesil Beach, but illustrates the importance of the subtle interplay between relative sea level and sediment supply in the evolution of a barrier system. In addition, it also illustrates the potential of GPR in resolving the evolutionary history of gravel-rich coastal landforms such as Chesil Beach.     

A general framework for modeling sediment supply to coastal dunes including wind angle,beach geometry,and fetch effects

A series of spatially explicit equations are derived that form the foundation of a modeling framework that provides insight into how the interaction of the fetch effect and angle of wind approach leads to tradeoffs that govern the magnitude of aeolian sediment transport across beaches of different geometry. The spatial distribution of sediment transport rate per unit width at any point on the beach is shown to vary predictably as a function of wind angle, critical fetch, and beach geometry; and this has evident implications for the total volume and distribution of sediment transport into the dunes behind the beach as well as the proportion of sediment lost from the beach-dune system at the downwind margin. As the wind field shifts from onshore (shore perpendicular) to oblique (shore parallel) approach angle, total sediment transport rate across a dune line segment will reflect a tradeoff between transport reduction because of the cosine effect and transport enhancement because of potentially longer fetch distances traversed by the wind prior to encountering the dune line. This tradeoff is most evident on long, narrow beaches when beach width is less than the critical fetch. For such beaches and with onshore winds, the total sediment transport rate across the dune line will be less than that predicted for a wide beach because of the constraint imposed by the fetch effect. However, as the angle of wind approach becomes oblique, the available fetch becomes progressively longer, transport limitations imposed by the fetch effect are negated, and transport enhancement across the dune line is to be expected. With very large angles of wind approach, the cosine effect dominates the interaction and transport reductions across the dune line occur until the wind is shore parallel and sediment supply to the dunes ceases altogether. This sequence of adjustments and tradeoffs were only partially understood prior to this study, and yet they form the foundation of coastal dune modeling. The framework proposed in this paper serves to place future studies of process-form interaction in beach-dune systems on a robust theoretical foundation. It also facilitates the testing of various alternative hypotheses regarding the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of dune height and growth rate in coastal environments.