Direct comparison of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to localize an enzyme

Immunohistochemical localization of enzymes is compared directly with localization of enzyme activity with (catalytic) enzyme histochemical methods. The two approaches demonstrate principally different aspects of an enzyme. The immunohistochemical method localizes the enzyme protein whether it is active or not whereas the catalytic method visualizes the functionally active enzyme only. Furthermore, enzyme histochemical methods appear to be highly sensitive in comparison with immunohistochemical methods. Finally, the catalytic methods are simple and last 5-60 min at room temp, whereas immunohistochemical methods take hours at least. It can be concluded that enzyme histochemical methods are the methods of choice to localize enzymes because they detect the functional activity of an enzyme, they are relatively simple and their sensitivity is high.     

Oracle 10g模型数据的一种可视化方法

将O rac le 10g拓扑数据模型数据分为可直接可视化的数据和不可直接可视化的数据,分别叙述了基于M apX/M apX trem e对两类数据实现可视化的方法,其中对前者的实现方法不适用于后者,但对后者的实现方法能适用于前者。在可视化过程中不必考虑不可转换的O rac le对象问题。本文叙述的可视化实现方法,可为其他G IS软件平台对模型数据可视化的实现提供一定的参考。     

两种显著性检验方法在海洋大数据序列主成分分析中的应用

介绍海洋大数据序列主成分分析的两种显著性检验方法,采用该两种方法可以辨别具有真实意义的主成分模与代表随机噪声信号的模态。此二法均能很好地应用于大数据序列主成分模的显著性检验。在进行海洋大数据序列时-空变化主成分分析中,为尽可能减少或避免数据中随机噪声的影响,建议对主成分模进行显著性检验。     

关于跃层深度确定方法的探讨

本文针对不同类型的资料，对确定温跃层、盐跃层和密度跃层深度的向种方法进行了较为细致地比较和讨论，文章表明，采用不同的资料分析方法所得的跃层深度存在差异，在采用高精度资料进行跃层分析时应滤掉小尺度变化所带来的影响，分析方法的选取应根据研究目的和拥有资料情况来决定，在采用垂向梯度法进行跃层分析时，要注意深浅水交界处跃层分析的连续性问题。     

A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater

Routine determination of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is performed in numerous laboratories around the world using one of three families of methods: UV oxidation (UV), persulfate oxidation (PO), or high temperature combustion (HTC). Essentially all routine methods measure total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and calculate DON by subtracting the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). While there is currently no strong suggestion that any of these methods is inadequate, there are continuing suspicions of slight inaccuracy by UV methods.This is a report of a broad community methods comparison where 29 sets (7 UV, 13 PO, and 9 HTC) of TDN analyses were performed on five samples with varying TDN and DIN concentrations. Analyses were done in a “blind” procedure with results sent to the first author. With editing out one set of extreme outliers (representing 5 out of 145 ampoules analyzed), the community comparability for analyzing the TDN samples was in the 8–28% range (coefficient of variation representing one standard deviation for the five individual samples by 28 analyses). When DIN concentrations were subtracted uniformly (single DIN value for each sample), the comparability was obviously worse (19–46% cv). This comparison represents a larger and more diverse set of analyses, but the overall comparability is only marginally better than that of the Seattle workshop of a decade ago. Grouping methods, little difference was seen other than inconclusive evidence that the UV methods gave TDN values for several of the samples higher than HTC methods. Since there was much scatter for each of the groups of methods and for all analyses when grouped, it is thought that more uniformity in procedures is probably needed. An important unplanned observation is that variability in DIN analyses (used in determining the final analyte in most UV and PO methods) is essentially as large as the variability in the TDN analyses.This exercise should not be viewed as a qualification exercise for the analysts, but should instead be considered a broad preliminary test of the comparison of the families of methods being used in various laboratories around the world. Based on many independent analyses here, none of the routinely used methods appears to be grossly inaccurate, thus, most routine TDN analyses being reported in the literature are apparently accurate. However, it is not reassuring that the ability of the international community to determine DON in deep oceanic waters continues to be poor. It is suggested that as an outgrowth of this paper, analysts using UV and PO methods experiment and look more carefully at the completeness of DIN conversion to the final analyte and also at the accuracy of their analysis of the final analyte. HTC methods appear to be relatively easy and convenient and have potential for routine adoption. Several of the authors of this paper are currently working together on an interlaboratory comparison on HTC methodology.     

纤毛虫单细胞基因组DNA微量提取方法的比较及优化

在纤毛虫的分子生物学研究中,单细胞基因组DNA的微量提取是后续基因分析的关键。本研究以海洋纤毛虫红色伪角毛虫为材料,采用直接取完整虫体、裂解法以及3种改良后的试剂盒微量提取DNA方法,分别提取了新鲜样品与4种不同方法保存样品的基因组DNA,比较了9种组合在PCR产物质量、提取所需时间、成本及便捷性方面的优劣,并进一步比较、讨论和探索了4种样品保存方法和5种DNA微量提取方法在纤毛虫单细胞基因组PCR扩增中的可行性。本工作旨在为后续的纤毛虫分子生物学研究提供可资借鉴的技术路线和方法。     

定点连续海洋环境及气象资料的均一性研究

目前国内外针对高空和地面气象资料的均一性研究基本成熟,海洋环境资料方面的研究应用亦应得到充分重视。开展多种均一性检验与订正方法联合使用的多模式检验系统研究,将使研究结果更加合理和科学,也可为沿海气候变化研究提供准确的第一手资料。文章在简述非均一性产生原理和均一性检验方法分类的基础上,较为详细地介绍几种常用的均一性检验方法的具体过程和优缺点;基于探空气象资料、地面气象资料和海洋环境资料等3个方面综述不同均一性检验方法的应用研究现状和进展。     

模糊图象消除方法在纤维密度检测和水下图象处理中的应用

在数字图象处理中,就纺织品的移动所造成图象的运动模糊和成象不在焦平面产生的弥散模糊,运用消模糊理论进行图象处理,并得到了满意的结果。同时对水下摄影过程中造成的水下图象处理进行研究,说明该方法还可应用到更广泛的领域。     

图解法和矩值法估计海岸带沉积物粒度参数的差异

粒度参数的计算方法主要有图解法和矩值法两种,为了比较不同方法计算结果的差异,利用新近在莱州湾南岸获取的LZ908孔岩心,在粒度分析的基础上,综合运用相关分析、回归分析、聚类分析等统计方法,从参数计算过程、沉积物粒度分布形态(多峰态粒度特征)等方面讨论了两种参数估计方法对计算结果的可能影响及其影响因素。结果表明:平均粒径、标准偏差相互替代的程度高,而偏度、峰度相互替代的程度低,或者不可替代;两者的差异是由各自本身的计算过程引起的,是沉积物粒度分布特征的一种反映,并且与沉积水动力条件密切相关。     

GPS网络RTK内插算法分析与比较

在GPS网络RTK中,利用不同的内插算法,生成的流动站误差改正数不同,它们对定位结果的影响也不同。通过算例分析表明,选择合理的内插算法,不仅可以生成与流动站真实误差较为接近的误差改正数,还可以提高整周模糊度的解算成功率和导航定位的精度。     

刺参体腔细胞的电镜制样技术研究

设计2种不同的固定方法,比较2种固定方法在刺参体腔细胞的扫描电镜制样和透射电镜制样中固定效果的优劣.选择能使体腔细胞充分分散的固定方法用于扫描电镜制样;而将能使体腔细胞凝聚成团的固定方法用于透射电镜制样.获得了令人满意的体腔细胞扫描和透射电镜照片.以多聚赖氨酸法、明胶法和聚乙烯醇缩甲醛法收集、黏附固定后的体腔细胞,实验结果显示：3种方法均可起到黏附体腔细胞的作用,通过探讨玻片黏附体腔细胞的有效方法,建立适用于海产无脊椎动物体腔细胞、血细胞、生殖细胞和原生动物、细菌等样品的扫描电镜制样方法.     

大地测量中法方程病态性问题的初探

在大地测量中,法方程病态问题大量存在。由于病态性的存在,致使按最小二乘法解算参数估值精度变差发生扭曲,最终使所得结果不能使用。重点研究奇异值分解法(SVD)和误差转移法解决病态问题的思想、途径、对关键问题的处理、适用范围等。最后通过GPS实测数据来验证这两种方法的有效性,其解算的结果表明:这两种方法能解决法方程病态性问题,且算法简便、易懂,有较强的应用价值。     

不同软基处理方法适用性比较

总结分析了国内外现有的软土地基处理的各种方法。通过对采用不同方法进行软基处理的工程实例处理效果的定量对比，发现不同软基处理方法的适用性差异很大，多数工程中仅用一种方法很难达到设计要求，而两种或多种方法联合则可望取得更好的效果。     

SII型海洋重力仪摆增益调节方法与应用

不同序号的海洋重力仪内部结构有所不同,常规使用的摆增益调节方法对有些仪器无效。详细介绍了摆增益调节的要求以及三种不同的摆增益调节方法,分析了这三种摆增益调节方法的优缺点,并就如何选择使用这三种不同的摆增益调节方法提出了建议,实践证明效果良好。     

江苏辐射沙洲水边线自动提取方法研究

针对不同遥感数据源(TM多光谱、SPOT多光谱及全色波段),对江苏辐射沙洲水边线的自动提取方法进行了研究,形成基于密度分割(TC2分量密度分割、饱和度分量图像密度分割)及基于边缘检测(Canny边缘检测)等2类3种沙洲水边线提取方法。实验表明：(1)上述3种沙洲水边线提取方法在实践中是可行的;(2)通过上述沙洲水边线提取方法,沙洲水边线提取时间大大缩短;(3)由于不受研究者主观影响,水边线提取结果更为准确、客观。     

Risk analysis and assessment of overtopping concerning sea dikes in the case of storm surge

Risk analysis and assessment relating coastal structures has been one of the hot topics in the area of coastal protection recently. In this paper, from three aspects of joint return period of multiple loads, dike failure rate and dike continuous risk prevention respectively, three new risk analysis methods concerning overtopping of sea dikes are developed. It is worth noting that the factors of storm surge which leads to overtopping are also considered in the three methods. In order to verify and estimate the effectiveness and reliability of the newly developed methods, quantified mutual information is adopted. By means of case testing, it can be found that different prior variables might be selected dividedly, according to the requirement of special engineering application or the dominance of loads. Based on the selection of prior variables, the correlating risk analysis method can be successfully applied to practical engineering.     

Robust broadband matched-field processing: performance in shallowwater

An issue of concern for matched-field processing is the strong dependence between performance and precise knowledge about the environmental parameters. A robust matched-field processor based on minimax robust filtering methods was developed. Here, simulation methods are employed to evaluate the performance of the minimax robust method as well as other robust methods for a range-independent shallow water environment. The performance of the robust methods is compared with that of the nominal processor, that is, the processor based on a single set of environmental parameters thought to be closest to the actual. The matched-field processing performance is evaluated in terms of the peak-to-sidelobe ratio. The simulation results indicate that the robust methods provide significant performance improvements over the nominal processor in the presence of uncertainty in water column sound speed, channel depth, and sound speed in the bottom     

重力场框架约束模型中的空间插值法有效性评估

介绍了重力场模型的框架约束方法,当直接重力法模型经过已知点框架约束后,可削弱系统差,提高最终成果精度。用实测真值对重力法模型进行框架约束时,必须确定适合项目的最优空间插值法。通过对四类常用插值法的分析研究和三个实例的计算,得出依据插值要素的空间变异性和相关性,通过建立精度评估系统进行有效性评估,可以确定最优空间插值法。     

A simulation study on the uncertainty of environmental contours due to sampling variability for different estimation methods

Environmental contours are often used in design of marine structures to identify extreme environmental conditions that may give rise to extreme loads and responses. Recently, attention has been given to the fact that different methods exist for establishing such contours, and that in some cases significant differences may be obtained from the various methods.In this study, another aspect of the uncertainty related to the calculation of environmental contours is addressed, namely the uncertainty due to sampling variability when environmental contours are constructed based on metocean data of finite sample size. The uncertainty of environmental contours for the joint distribution of significant wave height and wave period for different sample sizes (10, 25 and 100 years of data) are investigated considering different underlying datasets and for different estimation methods for the joint distribution. Both cases where samples are drawn from a known joint distribution of wave height and periods and cases where samples are drawn from a real hindcast dataset and fitted to the joint distribution are considered. The uncertainty of the estimated contours is quantified and discussed in light of differences that can be anticipated from the different methods used to calculate the contours. Moreover, the potential bias from assuming different estimation methods is illustrated.     

样线法在北方基岩性海岛植被调查中的应用效果评价 ——以北长山岛为例

植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分。由于海岛陆地环境与大陆的差异性，现有的陆域植被调查方法不能完全适用于海岛植被。亟须结合现有成熟的陆地植被调查方法，选取不同类型的海岛，对调查方法中的关键环节进行实地测试，积累数据进行统计分析，以得到适用于海岛特殊地理环境海岛植被调查技术方法。文章针对植被调查中的样线法，以北长山岛两种不同面积的调查区域为例，对比分析不同样线设置方法，明确在该岛屿何种坡向、坡位，何种类型植物群落中设置样线，以及设置多长的样线才能够较为完整地代表该调查区域的植物物种丰富度，同时降低大量的调查时间，最终确定最优的海岛样线设置原则，为海岛植被群落调查中样线的有效选择提供科学依据。