软土地层浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流场解析研究

软土在低水力坡降下的渗流会偏离达西定律,即为非达西渗流模式。假设孔隙水渗透服从指数渗流模式,采用镜像法原理推导了浅埋单孔和双孔圆形隧道非达西渗流场的解析解。结合算例,对浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流解析解与达西渗流解析解进行了对比分析与验证,并对非达西渗流指数、隧道周围土体与衬砌渗流系数比值对隧道渗流场的影响进行了讨论。结果表明：非达西渗流指数、渗流系数比值对隧道渗流量和周围土体孔压均有较大的影响;随着渗流指数逐渐增大,土体内水头损失加快,隧道周围土体孔压及渗流量逐渐减小;随着土体与衬砌渗流系数比值逐渐增大,衬砌排水能力增强,隧道渗流量逐渐增大,隧道周围土体孔压减小更大。     

Seepage characteristics and mechanical response of shield tunnels under localized leakage and exosmosisEI北大核心

针对有压盾构隧道中接缝水力劣化所引发的内外水力交互渗流问题,基于水力开度理论,通过数值和解析方法研究局部渗流下隧道衬砌与周围地层的渗流特性和力学响应。结果表明:基于镜像法推导的衬砌隧洞多点渗漏下渗流场解析解与数值解吻合良好,验证了给出的局部渗漏数值模型的有效性;局部外水内渗与内水外渗诱发的衬砌与地层共同作用存在较大差异,前者导致局部孔隙水压力降低引起土体挤压衬砌,衬砌轴力减小而弯矩增大从而产生衬砌外凸,后者则相反;多点局部渗漏对渗流场和衬砌响应的影响存在耦合作用,当内水压接近地层水头时可能出现外水内渗与内水外渗并存的特殊水力交互情况;地层渗透系数对局部渗漏行为的影响较大,复合地层下当局部渗漏发生于高渗透性地层时,其诱发的衬砌响应不显著,当渗漏处于下部低渗透性地层时,在地层交界面存在渗流折射现象,上部高渗透性地层起到补(排)水作用。     

带有两端防渗墙坝基的各向异性渗流解析解

由于目前在坝基设计中通常需要设置两个或两个以上防渗墙,对带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性稳态渗流进行了解析研究,将土体分为4个规则的区域,采用坐标变换将各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,利用分离变量法将4个区域内的水头分布表示为级数解的形式,结合区域间的连续条件得出带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性渗流场显式解析解。将解析解退化到各向同性情况下的渗流量、坝底扬压力与保角变换解析解和数值计算结果进行对比,各向异性情况下的水头值与有限元软件计算结果进行对比,结果均吻合较好,验证了解析解的正确性,且相比于保角变换解析解具有更高精度。最后对坝基渗流场进行了参数分析,发现土体各向异性对坝基渗流有着不可忽略的影响,其他条件相同的情况下,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大土体的渗流量和出口梯度会小于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大的土体的最大扬压力会大于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体。     

均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解

渗流场水头分布计算是进行渗流量和渗流水力坡降计算的基础,准确、有效地求取渗流场水头分布是渗流计算的关键环节。对均质非饱和土体一维稳态流的流动方程进行分析,考虑到渗透系数是与基质吸力相关的函数,通过数学变换,给出了稳定渗流场的解析通式,并基于渗透性函数中的Gardner模型,给出了非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解。该解析通式表明,均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布主要受地表水头、深度和流动率3个因素控制。分别计算了一维稳态蒸发条件下粉土和黏土两种典型土类水头沿垂直方向的分布。计算结果表明：稳态蒸发条件下粉土层和黏土层内的水头分布表现出相似的变化规律,即自地表至地下水位处随着土层深度的增加,水头分布呈现出加速递减的趋势;在相同的蒸发条件下,对于相同深度处的黏土和粉土而言,黏土层内水头更高些;对同一种土类而言,在较大的蒸发状态下同一深度处土层内水头更高。反之,则较低。     

不透水地基上均质土坝渗流自由面的有限元计算

为了保证土坝安全,水利工程中需要对土坝进行渗流计算,首先需要确定自由面。根据达西定律和渗流连续方程,以及水头和流量边界条件,建立了不透水地基上的均质土坝渗流的计算模型。利用Geoslope软件,采用有限元离散的方法计算了土坝的渗流自由面,并分析了土坝在不同的渗透系数情况下的自由面位置的差异。最后,解析解计算的自由面结果验证了有限元计算自由面方法是正确的。     

基于概率分析的渗流计算方法及应用

以随机理论为基础,把岩土体渗透系数视为随机变量。根据渗透系数的概率分布,把岩土体视为按概率分布的不同渗透系数介质的混合体,不同渗透系数介质对渗流场产生贡献的大小由其概率的大小来确定。在确定岩土体渗透系数后,通过渗流方程就可求出不同渗透系数作用下区域内的水头分布和断面流量,再根据渗透系数的概率大小进行叠加,求出整个区域内的水头分布和断面流量。工程实例表明,该方法较确定性有限元法误差小,可作为渗流计算的又一方法用于渗流分析。     

基于边界配点法浅埋隧道开挖引起 周围土体变形的分析

对于浅埋隧道施工引起土层位移的解析解,其边界条件的数学处理上比较困难,因此实际工程的应用中受到限制。为解决这一缺陷,基于弹性力学的Airy应力函数,将半无限平面内土体的应力及位移分布转化为解析函数。然后,采用边界配点的方法,控制地表处的应力边界条件( = 0, = 0)及隧道周边土体的位移边界条件( , )。最后,采用最小二乘法,确定土体应力及位移函数的各项系数,求得浅埋隧道在周边土体产生径向位移的作用下,地表及深层土体位移的半数值半解析解。算例分析表明,该方法可以考虑任意荷载及位移作用的边界条件,能够充分发挥解析法和数值法两者的优点,且计算结果与实测结果较吻合,在预测地表及深层土层位移中具有一定的实用价值,可为进一步采取工程措施控制地层变形提供理论依据。     

马蹄形隧洞考虑支护滞后过程的应力分析

基于平面弹性复变函数中的保角变换方法,推导出带有衬砌的非圆形隧洞在原始地应力作用下的应力解析解。根据衬砌内边界的应力边界条件及围岩衬砌接触面上的应力和位移连续条件,获得求解围岩和衬砌解析函数的基本方程,计算了围岩和衬砌中的应力和位移。在求解过程中,考虑了支护滞后于开挖的力学过程,并认为围岩和衬砌之间紧密接触,不会相互分开和相对滑动。以马蹄形隧洞为例,获得了围岩开挖边界和衬砌内外边界的切向应力及围岩与衬砌接触面上的接触应力分布规律,并与ANSYS数值方法结果对比,算例表明两种方法的计算结果吻合很好。     

正交各向异性岩体中非圆形水工隧洞的解析解

将围岩和衬砌分别视作均质、连续的线弹性正交各向异性和各向同性体,并充分考虑衬砌的支护滞后效应和隧洞运行时的内水压力作用,运用复变函数方法中的幂级数解法,提出了正交各向异性岩体中任意形状水工隧洞的力学解析方法。以直墙半圆拱形水工隧洞为例,所获得的解析解可精确满足衬砌内边界的应力边界条件以及围岩与衬砌接触面的应力、位移连续条件,同时还将解析结果与ANSYS数值结果对比分析,吻合良好。利用获得的解析解,讨论了围岩开挖面上不同的各向异性程度、不同的弹性对称面角度以及隧洞内不同的水压荷载对衬砌以及围岩上应力和位移分布的影响。     

水工隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌外水压力取值方法研究

外水压力是隧洞衬砌承受的主要荷载之一,也是控制其建设与运行或检修过程中衬砌结构安全的关键因素。目前外水压力的取值仍然以经验公式为主,存在很大的局限性和不准确性。首先分析对比了衬砌外水压力的折减系数法、理论解析方法和数值分析方法几种取值方法,然后进行了不同渗透环境和衬砌支护条件下的衬砌外水压力计算。结果表明,随着围岩渗透性和衬砌厚度的增大,衬砌外表面的水压力越大;对于渗流数值计算,模型范围应取距离隧洞中心不小于30倍洞径;考虑渗流场的时间效应,开挖完成10 d后隧洞的渗流场趋于稳定,衬砌支护20 d后衬砌外侧水压力分布趋于稳定。     

Tide-induced hydraulic response in a semi-infinite seabed with a subaqueous drained tunnel

In this study, analytical solutions for tide-induced pore pressure, seepage force and water inflow into a subaqueous drained tunnel are developed. The results are compared with numerical solutions from a commercial software. The effects of the soil permeability, shear modulus, lining thickness and buried depth of the tunnel on tide-induced pore pressure, seepage force and water inflow are discussed. Larger tide-induced pore pressure and seepage force are obtained for smaller tunnel depth and higher soil permeability. The phase lags of the maximal tide-induced pore pressure at different depths are determined and investigated.     

岩体裂隙网络渗流变水温影响分析

考虑岩体裂隙渗流变水温影响,推导单裂隙变水温水流近似解析解和有限元解,在此基础上分别建立裂隙二维网络变水温渗流数值求解方程,分别对应裂隙网络变水温渗流分析的近似解析法和子结构法。分析变温水流运动规律发现：（1）单裂隙内水流水头与水力坡降成非线性关系,当水流由高温区向低温区流动时,水头分布曲线为凸曲线,此时按线性渗流简化水头整体偏小;当由低温区向高温区流动时,水头分布曲线为凹曲线,此时按线性渗流简化水头整体偏大。（2）单裂隙内,高水温处水力坡降小,低水温处水力坡降大;裂隙平均水温越高,流速越快;裂隙网络内存在与裂隙宽度相似的温度偏流效应,即交叉节点水流有偏向水流温度高的裂隙流动的趋势。在温度较高和温度梯度较大的区域,应该考虑水流温度变化对渗流场的影响。     

Using zero-thickness elements to simulate suspended cut-off walls in a regional seepage field

A regional seepage field is usually simulated by 2D horizontal seepage finite element method (FEM). However, the Dupuit assumption means that it does not take into account hydraulic head loss caused by vertical flow. In order to simulate a regional seepage field containing suspended cut-off walls by 2D horizontal FEM without any loss of accuracy and efficiency, a zero-thickness element is introduced. The zero-thickness element is used to model suspended cut-off walls and take into account the hydraulic head loss caused by vertical flow near the walls. The matrix equation is deduced. The deduction is based on the resistance coefficient method and the analytical solution of flow near suspended cut-off walls under plane condition. The accuracy of the method is assessed by comparing with 3D FEM results. These coincide with each other both in discharge and hydraulic head. The method is an effective way to simulate a suspended cut-off wall in a regional seepage field with 2D horizontal FEM.     

Effect of an incremental change in external water pressure on tunnel lining: a case study from the Tongxi karst tunnel

Tunnel water inrush disaster is a serious problem in karst tunnel construction and occurs extensively in southwestern China. To prevent water inrush, hydraulic lining has been utilized extensively in karst tunnel construction. The failure of the hydraulic lining in the Tongxi tunnel is an example of a typical failure case that has yet to be fully analyzed. In this paper, the failure of the waterproof liner was studied by theoretical and numerical methods. By field investigation, the failure of the tunnel lining was attributed to a high hydraulic pressure head converging in the large karst caves behind the lining. The corresponding mechanical model can be simplified as a “karst cave water pressure” model. The key to the mechanical model was to determine the water pressure of the karst caves produced by the lining. The variation in water pressure was directly related to the cave’ reservoir volume, catchment flow and catchment time. Thus, volume calculation formulas for two types of karst caves (strike and oblique caves) in the studied tunnel were constructed based on the engineering geological conditions. Considering the precipitation, the flow rate in the karst caves was regarded as nearly constant during the catchment period. Hence, reservoir volumes during different periods can be calculated and converted to the stress boundary conditions of the lining. Then, the mechanical response of the tunnel under different water levels was calculated by numerical simulation. Combining the field investigation and monitoring data, the tunnel lining failure was mainly believed to be triggered by hydraulic fracturing failure due to a high-pressure head. Finally, prevention measures were proposed based on the results of this study.

     

Elasto‐plastic seepage‐induced stresses due to tunneling

When tunneling is carried out beneath the groundwater table, hydraulic boundary is altered, resulting in seepage entering into the tunnel. The development of flow into the tunnel induces seepage stresses in the ground and the lining is subjected to additional loads. This can often cause fine particles to move, which clog the filter resulting in the long‐term hydraulic deterioration of the drainage system. However, the effect of seepage force is generally not considered in the analysis of tunnel. While several elastic solutions have been proposed by assuming seepage in an elastic medium, stress solutions have not been considered for the seepage force in a porous elasto‐plastic medium. This paper documents a study that investigates the stress behavior, caused by seepage, of a tunnel in an elasto‐plastic ground and its effects on the tunnel and ground. New elasto‐plastic solutions that adopt the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion are proposed for a circular tunnel under radial flow conditions. A simple solution based on the hydraulic gradient obtained from a numerical parametric study is also proposed for practical use. It should be noted that the simple equation is useful for acquiring additional insight into a problem on a tunnel under drainage, because only a minimal computational effort is needed and considerable economic benefits can be gained by using it in the preliminary stage of tunnel design. The proposed equations were partly validated by numerical analysis, and their applicability is illustrated and discussed using an example problem. Comments on the tunnel analysis are also provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Excavation-Induced Groundwater Level Drawdown on Tunnel Inflow in a Jointed Rock Mass

Analytical and empirical methods used in current engineering practice for estimating inflow rate into a tunnel do not adequately account for the effect of groundwater level drawdown which triggers changes of the flow pattern as well as reductions of the hydraulic head. When there is no reservoir or a large body of water near the tunnel alignment, the groundwater recharge above the tunnel might not be fast enough to avoid a significant excavation-induced water level drawdown. This paper provides analytical methods for estimating groundwater inflow rate taking into account the groundwater table drawdown. The proposed analytical solutions presented here compare well with field observations as well as with results from numerical analysis using distinct element method which can adequately simulate the hydro-mechanically coupled behavior of joints in a rock mass.     

隧道围岩内地下水渗流边界效应影响研究

根据水位条件、施工工艺和防排水设计原则将隧道渗流计算围岩透水边界条件大致划分为4种类型,并分析了不同透水边界条件适应的施工工况。基于复变函数理论和保角映射方法,推导得出4种透水边界条件下隧道围岩内任一点孔隙水压力和隧道涌水量解析计算公式,通过与数值解的对比,印证了解析解的准确性。在此基础上,根据不同透水边界条件下隧道涌水量和围岩关键点孔隙水压力随埋深直径比（ ）的变化规律,分析了透水边界条件的变化对浅埋隧道和深埋隧道的影响,并探讨了浅埋水下隧道渗流计算中透水边界条件的选取。相关结论与认识对于隧道渗流计算和排水设计具有一定的指导作用和参考价值。