小张庄近地面大气环境特性变化观测分析

根据１９９３年１０月,１９９５年５月和１９９７年４月在农业生态环境“全球５００佳”－安徽省颖上县小张庄（３４°４７′Ｎ,１１６°２３′Ｅ）所进行的近地面污染气体（ＳＯ２,Ｏ３,ＮＯｘ）和气溶胶的观测结果,给出了这些微量气体的浓度平均概况及随时间和季节变化的一些特征,这三次观测表明,小张庄大气环境质量是持续好的,地面Ｏ３浓度主要取决于地面总辐射强度控制下的光化学反应过程;小张庄大气气溶胶粒子９９％是     

“生态农业第一村”—颖上县小张庄与合肥市地面SO2和O3的观测分析

本文介绍了１９９３年１０月１４－２６日在生态环境“全球五百佳”的小张庄和同年１０月２８日－１１月６日在合肥市（中国科学技术大学东区校园）两地所进行的地面ＳＯ２和Ｏ３的观测结果，并给出了两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３浓度平均概况及随时间变化的一些特征。结果表明，观测期间两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３环境质量是好的，与ＳＯ２浓度相比，两地ＮＯｘ的相对含量较高。分析还表明，风向对小张庄ＳＯ２浓度无明显影响；雨和雾对两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３     

中国部分清洁地区大气中N2O的浓度

１９９３年４月—１９９５年８月对中国部分清洁地区大气的Ｎ２Ｏ浓度进行了现场观测，结果表明：农田（玉米田和麦田）大气的Ｎ２Ｏ平均浓度高达３２２．１－３４３．４ｐｐｂｖ，这是土壤排放Ｎ２Ｏ的结果；临安、龙风山和瓦里关山大气本底观测站（ＷＭＯ／ＧＡＷ）Ｎ２Ｏ的平均浓度分别为３１８．８±８．４ｐｐｂｖ，３１７．４±４．７ｐｐｂｖ和３１４．０±４．２ｐｐｂｖ。在此基础上，分析了大气Ｎ２Ｏ的分布及变化特征。另外，还对现场取样及Ｎ２Ｏ浓度测量技术作了初步分析和评价     

瓶采样技术在瓦里关大气本底监测中的应用

利用美国ＮＯＡＡ／ＣＭＤＬ提供的ＭＡＫＳ采样器在青藏高原洁净地区瓦里关山进行现场实际空气的采集,并对ＮＯＡＡ／ＣＭＤＬ反馈的１９９４年到１９９７年空气样品测时结果进行分析,表明：（１）在同一采样过程中采集的两个采样瓶间二氧化碳浓度偏差≤０．３ｐｐｍ的占８０．１％、一氧化碳浓度偏差≤５．０ｐｐｂ的占９４．９％、甲烷浓度偏差≤ｐｐｂ的占９２．９％;（２）人为因素、采样条件等对二氧化碳浓度的影响要大于对     

高NOx条件下非甲烷烃体积分数的变化对O3生成量的影响

利用ＬＬＡ－Ｃ光化学反应机制,在ＮＯＸ保持高值不变时,模拟分布范围很广的８种初始［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］（１０９／１０９）（１．０、３．０、７．１、１４．３、２８．６、５７．２、１００．０、２００．０）条件下臭氧体积分数的变化。模拟结果表明,当［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］≥１５．０时,臭氧生成量对ＮＭＨＣ的改变不大敏感而主要依赖于ＮＯｘ的大小。但是,当非甲烷烃与氮氧化物的比北较低（＜７．０）时,臭氧生成量紧密地依赖于非甲烷烃体积分数。进一步的验证工作还有待于加强。     

珠江三角洲地区天气类型与污染潜势及污染浓度的关系

利用１９８６—１９９３年珠江三角洲地区主要城市的污染浓度资料和天气资料，计算了不同月份各种天气类型下大气污染物浓度超过二级标准的频率，得出珠江三角洲地区天气类型和地面空气污染浓度之间的定性关系。发现大气中的污染物浓度（如ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＴＳＰ、ＣＯ）不仅与当天的天气类型有着密切联系，而且与前几天的天气类型的持续时间、地面气压场和高空气压场的配置、锋面移动的快慢、热带气旋的影响等天气因素均有关系。     

国家自然科学基金49392700课题提供的臭氧资料和部分研究模式介绍

大气中臭氧量的变化是重要的全球环境变化问题之一。国家自然科学基金４９３９２７００课题组完成了中国地区大气臭氧变化及其对气候环境影响的研究。通过国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部转给南京气象学院大气资料服务中心中国几个站Ｏ３、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２、ＳＯ２等浓度观测资料,以及用于研究Ｏ３生成和破坏的化学模式,及配合提供气象条件的空气动力学模式,研究对气候影响的气候模式。共１０张３．５寸软盘。以下作简要介绍。１　中国大气臭氧资料数据库本数据库主要包含１９９４年８月至１９９５年７月在黑龙江省龙凤山、浙江临安、青海…     

兰州城区冬半年冷锋活动及其对空气污染的影响

对１９８８￣１９９１年冬半年（１０月到次年３）５００ｈＰａ历史天气力资料和兰州市环境监测站自动监测的污染物浓度资料进行了统计分析。结果表明：在两槽一脊天气环流形势控制下,兰州地区的冷锋活动频率最高,占５４．８％;一脊一槽型控制时次之,占３５．５％。冬半年强和较强冷锋最活跃期是３月份,其次是１０月份;弱冷锋天气则在１月份最活跃。冷锋过境后对兰州市区ＳＯ２污染的净化作用最大,其次是ＮＯｘ。其中,前者的     

非甲烷碳氢化合物的光化学臭氧生成潜势的数值模拟研究

应用大气光学模式研究了不同ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值时,各ＮＭＨＣ物种的光化学臭氧生成潜势指数（Ｉｐｏｃｐ值）,探讨了在较高ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值时,各ＮＭＨＣ物种Ｉｐｏｃｐ值随时间的变化规律。结果表明：不同结构、种类的ＮＭＨＣ对光化学臭氧贡献有很大差异;各ＮＭＨＣ物种的Ｉｐｏｃｐ值随ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值、,光化学反应的时间尺度变化而系统性地变化。ＮＯｘ烯烃、芳烃和醛类的活性高寿命短,输送距离有限,主要表     

区域性光化学模式与LLA-C机制的模拟性能比较

以 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制为基准,在［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏ＃ － ｘ］ 比率分别为１７９ 、７１４ 、２８６ 条件下测试了区域性光化学模式（ Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ） 的模拟性能。结果表明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式在上述三种初值条件下均能从总体趋势上给出与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ － Ｃ 机制相似的结果, 但只有当非甲烷烃浓度较高（［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ ＞ １２） 时 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式模拟值与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制预测值比较接近。在这种条件下, Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模型对 Ｏ Ｈ 的预测值有待改进。我国大气中相当高的［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ 比率说明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式用于全国范围内的空气质量趋势模拟是可行的。     

中美大气化学联合考察实验结果的初步分析与比较

根据临安区域本底站观测资料分析结果得出,中国中纬度地区秋、冬季O₃及其前体物NO_x等浓度偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响.观测结果表明:近地层大气O₃浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程;O₃的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O₃与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系.从PEM-WESTA和B的实验及1995年的观测资料表明,O₃的生成效率随着NO_x浓度的增大而减小.尽管O₃的生成速率秋季比冬季的大,但由于秋季较高的NO_x抑制了过氧基的生成,因此冬季O₃的累积量几乎可以和秋季相比拟.在临安观测的NMHC和NO_x的比值比国外同纬度地区测值要大.这说明在临安本底站O₃的光化学生成中,NMHC不是控制物种.从而提示我们,在这些季节临安O₃光化学产物能够被NO_x浓度所控制.中美大气化学联合考察(PEM-WEST-B)实验期间,台湾省的卡盯站SO₂的平均浓度为0.29ppb,O₃的平均浓度为42.2ppb,可以认为此值为低纬度海岛的本底值.1994年PEM-WEST-B实验期间临安站的观测资料和台湾省的卡盯站资料相比,临安站SO₂的浓度约为卡盯站SO₂浓度的50倍左右,从而可以看出人类活动对大气本底的显着影响.     

Surface ozone concentrations in Agra: links with the prevailing meteorological parameters

Measurements of surface ozone (O₃), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x=NO+NO₂) and meteorological parameters have been made at Agra (North Central India, 27°10??N, 78°05??E) in post monsoon and winter season. The diurnal variation in O₃ concentration shows daytime in situ photochemical production with diurnal maximum in noon hours ranging from 51 to 54 ppb in post monsoon and from 76 to 82 ppb in winter, while minimum (16?C24 ppb) during nighttime and early morning hours. Average 8-h O₃ concentration varied from 12.4 to 83.9 ppb. The relationship between meteorological parameters (solar radiation intensity, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction) and surface O₃ variability was studied using principal component analysis (PCA), multiple linear regression (MLR) and correlation analysis (CA). PCA and MLR of daily mean O₃ concentrations on meteorological parameters explain up to 80 % of day to day ozone variability. Correlation with meteorology is strongly emphasized on days having strong solar radiation intensity and longer sunshine time.     

SURFACE OZONE CHARACTERISTICS AT THREE STATIONS IN GAW OF WMO IN CHINA*

The characteristics of surface O₃ on clear days at Waliguan Observatory,Lin'an regional station and Longfengshan regional station in China were analyzed in this paper.The three stations belong to Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)of WMO.There was obvious daily variation on clear days at Lin'an.with maximum(42.9 ppb)and minimum(20.3 ppb)of daily range appearing in spring and summer,respectively.The daily variation was more regular at Lonfengshan than at Lin'an.The maximum(about 27 ppb)appeared in autumn at Longfengshan.There was no obvious daily variation and also daily range was smaller in other seasons except weaker daily variation in summer at Waliguan.But the surface O₃ concentration(SOC)in summer was higher than that in winter at Waliguan.The SOC on clear days of summer at Waliguan was over 20 ppb higher than at Longfengshan and Lin'an.The global radiation and NO_x concentration were the main factors which control the SOC on clear days at Longfengshan and Lin'an.and played important role in different seasons and areas.The transportation of air flow around the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau was the main cause for high SOC and weak daily variation in summer at Waliguan.The similar effect of transportation was obtained at the Mauna Loa Observatory.The distribution characteristics of SOC increasing with height in the troposphere determined the difference of SOC between East China and West China.     

Carboxylic Acids: Seasonal Variation and Relation to Chemical and Meteorological Parameters

Formic and acetic acid measured as daily averages in 1993–1994show equal and highly correlated concentrations up to 3 ppb in the summer(May–August). In the winter (October–March) the formicacid/acetic acid ratio was 0.6 and the formic acid concentrations wereusually below 1 ppb. In winter the carboxylic acids correlate withO_x, NO_y, SO₂ and particulatesulphur. The main sources are suggested to be ozonolysis of anthropogenicalkenes and reactions between peroxyacetyl radicals and RO₂radicals. In spring–summer the carboxylic acids correlate withO₃, O_x, HNO₃, PAN,NO_y, SO₂, particulate sulphur and temperature.In addition to the sources of the winter a contribution from ozonolysis ofbiogenic alkenes is likely. Quite similar formic acid/acetic acid ratios forall wind directions suggest that the source(s) are atmospheric oxidationprocesses distributed over large areas. The highest concentrations occurringfor winds from east to south and the correlation with e.g., particulatesulphur indicate chemical production in polluted air masses during longrange transport.     

NOx or VOC Limitation in East German Ozone Plumes?

The ozone forming potential of VOCs and NO_x for plumes observed from several cities and a power plant in eastern Germany was investigated. A closed box model with a gas phase photochemical reaction mechanism was employed to simulate several scenarios based upon aircraft observations. In several of the scenarios, the initial concentrations of NO_x, VOCs, and SO₂, were reduced to study the factors limiting the O₃ production. Ozone production was limited by the initial VOC concentrations for all of the simulated plumes. Higher O₃ concentrations were produced with reduced initial NO_x. In one sample with high SO₂ mixing ratios (>100 ppb), SO₂ was also identified as a significant contributor to the production of O₃.     

Surface ozone values in anomalous summer 2010 measured in Obninsk

Given and analyzed are the results of the measuring of concentration of ozone O₃, nitrogen oxides NO_x, and carbon monoxide CO at the surface as well as the sum of hydrocarbons and the aerosol optical depth in Obninsk (Kaluga oblast) during the warm period 2010 and 2011. The relationship between the air temperature and the maximum daily ozone values in May–September 2010 are characterized by the higher correlation coefficient than in May–September 2011: 0.82 ± 0.05 versus 0.64 ± 0.07. Increased concentration of surface ozone in Obninsk in July–August 2010 as compared to the similar period in 2011 were caused by the higher concentrations of the compounds-predecessors of ozone. The concentration of O₃ in August 2010 exceeded 200μg/m³ and was never registered in Obninsk during the observation period of 2004–2011. This is associated with the air masses that came to Obninsk from the areas with peat and forest fires that resulted in the dramatic increase in surface concentrations of NO_x, CO, and hydrocarbons.     

RESEARCH ON SURFACE O3 WITH METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND CONDITIONS IN NORTHEAST CHINA*

Surface O₃ concentration and its precursors have been observed at Longfengshan station,Heilongjiang Province for a period of one year from August 13,1994 to July 30,1995. Relationship between surface O₃ and the meteorological conditions during this period is analyzed in this study.Observation results show that diurnal variation of surface O₃ follows a pattern of double-peaks with amplitude of 27-28 ppb under fine days in summer and autumn.Although the diurnal variation is small(14 ppb),it is still detectable when it is overcast.Diurnal variation of O₃ is irregular under rainy days.Surface O₃ concentration rises when wind speed starts to increase at 0800 BT(Beijing Time)from 0 to 6 m s^-1in autumn,winter and summer.Relative high surface O₃ concentration is noticed frequently when S,SSW,SW and WSW wind are encountered at the station during all seasons.At 0800 BT and 1400 BT the surface O₃ concentration increases with the increase of global radiation accordingly during fine days in winter,spring and autumn.During fine days average peak of O₃ concentration in summer is 20 ppb higher than that in winter while the average peak of global radiation in summer is almost twice as high as that in winter.The average surface O₃ concentration under fine days in autumn at Longfengshan station is 14 ppb lower in comparison to the observation results from Lin'an station where Lin'an is at about the same longitude and lower latitude,with same environment,which is mainly caused by the difference of global radiation due to different latitudes in these two areas(difference of average peak global radiation about 100 W m^-2).     

近地层臭氧及氮氧化物的垂直梯度观测及其和气象的关系

上海是工业集中、交通繁忙的大城市,作为光化学烟雾前体物的碳氢化合物和氮氧化物的排放量很大。通常的大气污染监测只在地面监测,不太重视地面以上十几米乃至几十米的情况,然而随着六层以上高层建筑的大量兴建,大气污染物在20层楼以下的分布状况已成为居民日益关心的问题。为此,我们继1989年底进行SO_2,SO_4~= ,NH_3和颗粒物的垂直梯度观测以后,又于1990年11月20日至12月14日,在地面(1.5m)、18m(相当于7层楼高)和52m(相当于20层楼高)3种不同高度上对O_3和NO_x     

Measurements of ozone and its precursor nitrogen dioxide and crop yield losses due to cumulative ozone exposures over 40 ppb (AOT40) in rural coastal southern India

Measurements of ground level ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and direction) has been made for 3 years from March 2007 to February 2010 at Nagercoil (8.2°N, 77.5°E, 23 m above sea level), an equatorial rural coastal site of southern India. The monthly average of daytime maximum of O₃ concentrations ranged from 28 to 50 parts per billion (ppb) with an annual average of 19.8 ppb. Similarly, monthly average of NO₂ concentration ranged from 3.4 ppb to 7.7 ppb with an annual average of 5.3 ppb. The monthly variation of meteorological parameters shows the little changes being a coastal site. The estimated summer crops yield losses by 1.1–15.6 % from present O₃ concentration level associated with AOT40 index 3.1–5 ppm h.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE OVER CHINA

An updated version of the Regional Acid Deposition Model(RADM)driven by meteorologicalfields derived from Chinese Regional Climate Model(CRegCM)is used to simulate seasonal variationof tropospheric ozone over the eastern China.The results show that:(1)Peak O_3 concentration moves from south China to north China responding to the changing ofsolar perpendicular incidence point from south to north.When solar perpendicular incidence pointmoves from north to south,so does the peak O_3 concentration.(2)In the eastern China.the highest O_3 month-average concentration appears in July.thelowest in January and the medium in April and October.The pattern mainly depends on the solarradiation,the concentration of O_3 precursors NO_x and NMHC and the ratio of NMHC/NO_x.(3)Daily variations of O_3 over the eastern China are clear.Namely,O_3 concentrations rise withthe sun rising and the maximums appear at noon.then O_3 concentrations decrease.The highest dailyvariation range of O_3 appears in summer(40×10~(-9) in volume fraction)and the lowest in winter(20×10~(-9) in volume fraction).(4)Daily variations of O_3 over the western China are not clear.The daily variation range of O_3 isless than 10×10~(-9) in volume fraction.