青藏高原东部“7.29”区域性强降水天气特征分析

利用micaips系统常规资料、物理量产品、卫星云图、区域自动站实测资料,对2012年7月29-30日发生在青藏高原东部的区域性强降水天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)强降水是在冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇的过程中产生的,500hPa副高外围槽前西南暖湿气流与西移冷空气交绥是造成此次区域性强降水天气原因。(2)南亚高压和西太副高位置变化对此次强降水有重要影响。(3)此次降水过程前期有稳定的水汽输送和较强的水汽辐合;大气不稳定有利于强对流云团发展。(4)中尺度对流系统(MCSs)是造成这次区域性强降水,局地暴雨的直接原因。     

2009年抚州市一次暴雨天气过程诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP再分析资料、地面逐时自动站资料和FY-2C气象卫星资料,对2009年7月25日发生在江西抚州市的区域性暴雨、局部大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。分析表明;这次暴雨天气在副高突然加强西伸,中低层冷式切变转为静止锋式切变且维持在30°N附近的背景下,由地面辐合线南压触发能量释放而产生;中尺度对流云团不断发展东移并配合地面中尺度辐合线产生暴雨,强降雨中心发生在中尺度辐合线后侧;暴雨落区配合中尺度对流云团,有利降水的增强;大气层结强烈的对流不稳定促使中尺度对流云团强烈发展,造成强降水天气。     

2016年吉林省“7•26”暴雨天气综合分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒C波段天气雷达以及吉林省区域自动站和加密自动站资料,运用统计分析和天气动力学诊断方法,综合分析2016年7月25—26日吉林省暴雨天气过程,此次暴雨和大暴雨落区位于吉林省四平东部、辽源、吉林和通化北部,此次暴雨过程出现东北冷涡天气背景下,25日14—22时的短时强降水由东北冷涡前部局地对流活动的加强触发中尺度对流系统(MCS)生成。500 hPa为两脊一槽形势,受西太平洋副热带高压阻挡,东北冷涡较为稳定,吉林省位于东北冷涡前沿的西南气流中,850 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南急流直达吉林省中南部,在其北端产生西南—东南向暖锋式切变,并与地面黄河气旋暖锋区相对应。在地面中尺度辐合线、地形抬升触发下,造成中尺度对流,形成短时强降水。通过FY-2G卫星相当黑体温度(TBB)产品分析,发现吉林省上空TBB低于-52℃时,就会产生短时强降水,而TBB高于-48℃则MCS趋于消失;此次强降水的新一代C波段天气雷达回波具有较明显的强回波低质心结构特征,降水效率较高,持续时间短,但达到短时强降水标准。卫星TBB产品和雷达监测可为以后吉林省东北冷涡暴雨定时、定点暴雨预警提供依据。     

“云雀”残涡影响下豫西南一次大暴雨过程特征分析

受第1812号台风"云雀"残余环流影响,2018年8月5日凌晨到上午,河南南阳、平顶山、洛阳交界一带出现了3 h雨量超过180.0 mm、小时雨量达到69.4 mm的极端强降水,常用的全球模式和中尺度模式均未能给出暴雨提示。利用常规气象观测资料,风云2G、风云4A卫星资料,南阳站雷达和NCEP再分析资料,对此次大暴雨过程进行对流初生和中尺度特征分析,探讨这种弱环流背景下产生的局地大暴雨的物理过程和触发维持机制。结果表明:1)这次大暴雨过程是"云雀"台风残余环流沿副高边缘西移过程中,在伏牛山、大方山的喇叭口地形强迫下形成边界层中尺度辐合线,触发了强对流。2)降水过程的时间和强度与边界层形势演变对应较好,业务中需加强对边界层的关注。3)强降水出现在中尺度云团后部的TBB梯度大值区,位于喇叭口地形的南缘,不断有中尺度对流云团生成。4)大暴雨是以暖云为主的强降水过程,出流较弱,具有低质心、高效率的特点。强降水开始时,对流发展高度不高,与雷达相比,FY4A卫星没有提前发现这次过程的初生对流。     

“07.6”广西柳州极端暴雨过程的多尺度特征分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、常规观测资料、自动站、雷达及FY-2C卫星资料,分析了2007年6月12-13日广西柳州极端暴雨过程的多尺度特征,并探讨了此次暴雨过程的成因.结果显示:500hPa高原东侧的低槽引导冷空气南下,地面准静止锋南移进入广西境内,在地面形成锋面低槽的形势.暴雨发生在850hPa低涡切变线上,暴雨中心与β中尺度低涡扰动有很好的对应关系.这次过程的主要降水系统是南部的对流云团和锋面附近的中尺度对流复合体(MCC).柳州极端暴雨由两个雨团造成,其中一个雨团强度大,持续时间长,这与强降水回波的列车效应和地面中尺度辐合线有关,是柳州高强度降水得以长时间维持的主要原因.     

2011年7月初一次大暴雨过程分析

2011年7月初四川中部至东部出现一次持续的强降水过程,采用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测资料、自动站资料和FY-2E资料对此次过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,本次区域性大暴雨过程主要影响系统为副高外围西南气流和中尺度对流云团,副高西伸带来充沛的暖湿气流向川内输送,与北下干冷空气在四川上空汇合,增强大气层结不稳定;雨区上空对流层内有强上升运动且中低层不稳定呈高温高湿状态;700hPa水汽通量散度分析显示本次暴雨水汽源于孟加拉湾,水汽辐合区内有TBB大值中心及视热源、视水汽汇大值区;本次降水为对流性降水,水汽凝结加热对大气加热起重要作用,视热源、视水汽汇及垂直螺旋度与暴雨有很好的对应关系,当强降水出现时螺旋度呈(高空)上负(低空)下正分布,高层负螺旋度的生消与降水有更好的对应关系;雨区上空水汽收支显示南、北两边界是主要水汽来源,且水汽以南北向辐合为主。      

山西中部一次致灾暴雨中尺度特征

利用常规资料、自动站资料、卫星产品和雷达资料,对2010年9月19日发生在山西省中部的暴雨天气过程进行了综合分析,结果表明:①500 hPa副高强盛,由块状转为带状以及对应200 hPa图上东西向反气旋的稳定存在是低空横切变线形成和维持的背景因素,而低空低涡横切变线是暴雨的主要影响系统.②降水表现出典型的β中尺度特征,对流云团首先在低涡西侧形成,随着涡前西南气流的加强,迅速发展东移;横切变线上激发出的β中尺度强对流云团是暴雨的直接影响系统.TBB大小与未来1h降水量成反相关关系.700 hPa水汽输送的变化和500 hPa引导气流风向的变化对6h后对流云团的增强或减弱有指示意义.③此次强降水过程,与低空横切变线相对应,雷达强度回波上表现为线状回波带,其上大于45 dBz的区域即是暴雨区.④850 hPa上低涡西北侧冷平流的侵入使得低涡发展,500 hPa正涡度平流的存在是横切变线维持和发展从而导致强降水的动力因子.     

广东西部沿海一次致灾暴雨的中尺度分析

2016年5月28日广东西部沿海发生了一次致灾暴雨过程,该文利用区域自动站、多普勒雷达等常规观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析此次降水过程的中尺度天气系统演变特征和维持机制。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程发生在季风槽西南急流中,西南急流为暴雨提供了不稳定能量,同时充足的水汽含量、显著的水汽辐合以及达到20×10~(-6)hPa·s~(-2)垂直螺旋度,都有利于强降水系统的生成、发展和维持。(2)分析中尺度对流系统(MCS)表明,MCS(b)和MCS(c)是造成此次降水的主要系统,两者同时生成后,迅速合并和加强,并维持在原地少动。分析雷达资料表明,此次强降水具有明显的后向传播性和列车效应,雷达回波性质是以积状云为主的混合性的降水回波,该类回波具有效率高,时间长等特征。(3)分析区域自动站地面资料特征表明,沿海中尺度辐合线上不断激发新对流云团和辐合线南北两侧较大的温差梯度,对强降水的发生发展提供了较好的抬升触发条件,同时江门和阳江沿海的"喇叭口"地形使得对流加强。     

7·13郑州大暴雨成因与可预报性分析

2008年7月13-14日郑州市出现局地大暴雨,24 h降雨量达174 mm,为1951年以来第二高值.这次大暴雨主要由两个时段的强降水累计而成,具有明显的中尺度特征.通过对常规气象资料分析发现:第一时段的强降水由副热带高压内部产生的局地对流云团加强造成,对流层底层东风气流的加强提供的水汽输送和动力抬升作用,促进了对流发展;新生云团进入潮湿的大气环境中能够得到迅速的发展.针对降水具有的明显中尺度特征,综合分析卫星、雷达、自动站等资料发现:利用新一代天气雷达的组合风廓线拼图可以很好地监测中尺度系统的演变趋势;区域自动站的10 min极大风速场上显示,地面中尺度辐合线和郑州附近的气旋中心维持时段,与对流云团影响郑州及强降水时段对应.因此具有中尺度特征的局地强降水,可由雷达、自动站等信息作出短时临近预报.     

湖北一次大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的诊断分析与数值模拟

根据NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、常规观测和加密观测站资料以及FY-2C TBB资料,对2008年8月28-30日湖北暴雨过程两个强降水时段的大尺度环流背景和中尺度对流系统进行诊断分析。在此基础上,利用中尺度数值模式WRF的模拟结果对影响大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的中尺度对流系统和其他物理量场深入分析。结果表明：湖北大暴雨过程存在明显的两个降水增强阶段,它们发生与结束的时间近乎一致,并且第二阶段的强降水要比第一阶段强度更大;强降水第一阶段是由低涡切变与地面暖湿气流影响造成的,强降水第二阶段是由低涡切变、中低纬短波槽和地面冷空气共同影响造成的。两个强降水时段逐小时的降水与云团特征表明,雨团与云团的活动规律一致,其增幅均出现在晚上到凌晨时段。同时表明,β中尺度对流云团与此次暴雨过程关系密切;暖切变线自南向北影响第一时段降水增幅,西南涡中伸展出的冷切变线自西向东影响第二时段降水增幅,模式结果表明由冷切变线引起的第二时段降水增幅更大;两个强降水时段雨区上空均有较强的能量,强的水汽通量辐合贯穿整个降水过程,地面降水中心与其上空湿位涡大值中心有较好的对应关系。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted