基于MODIS云宏微观特性的卫星云分类方法

利用MODIS云光学厚度、云粒子有效半径、云顶高度、云相态等产品,以及表征6种云类的云光学厚度、云粒子有效半径、云顶高度、云相态的特征值,采用最小距离分类法和多阈值判识法相结合,对卫星观测像元的云进行分类,包括层云、层积云、积云、积雨云、雨层云、高积云/高层云、卷云以及卷云伴随高积云或高层云的多层云、卷云伴随层云或层积云的多层云、高积云或高层云伴随层积云或层云的多层云10类。2008年、2013年卫星分类结果与地面站云类观测对比,达到60%的一致性;将相同时间的地面小时降水量与分类结果叠加显示,出现降水处多为雨层云或积雨云。     

利用CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料分析北半球污染排放区云型频率分布特征北大核心

本文利用A-Train卫星队列中的Cloudsat卫星所提供的二级云分类产品资料(结合了CALIPSO卫星气溶胶激光雷达)2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR,选取2007年3月至2017年2月的样本数据进行统计分析,研究北半球主要的气溶胶排放源区(中国东部,美国东部和欧洲西部)不同云型出现频率的分布特征。结果表明,在以单层云出现的8种云类中卷云,层积云和积云的发生频率总和高达50%~70%,其次为高层云、高积云和雨层云,而深对流云和层云这两种云仅占10%以下。各类云的发生频率的空间分布可看出卷云和层积云的发生频率可高达90%以上,高层云的发生频率在70%~80%左右,高积云和积云的发生频率则接近70%以上,深对流云和层云的发生频率则在20%以下。其中,卷云、深对流云和积云主要出现在低纬度的海洋上;高层云和高积云主要出现在中低纬工业发达的陆地上;层积云、层云和雨层云主要出现在中高纬地区,其中层积云和层云出现在海洋上居多,雨层云出现频次的海陆差别不大。不同云型在不同的季节出现频次差异明显,在夏季出现较多的云型以卷云、深对流云,积云和层云为主;在冬季则是高层云、层积云和雨层云这样稳定型的云型占据主导,同时还发现卷云和层积云发生频率的月变化相反,而高层云和雨层云发生频率的月变化相似。     

基于CloudSat资料的东北地区降水云及非降水云垂直结构特征对比分析

利用2007—2010年CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星资料,首先通过大量个例分析并结合地面逐小时降水量观测资料验证CloudSat卫星识别降水云指标的合理性。在此基础上,统计分析了东北地区(39°~53°N、119°~135°E)的云垂直结构参数,着重分析了降水云系和非降水云系的垂直结构差异和季节差异。结果表明:东北地区云量廓线呈双峰分布特征,有明显的昼夜及季节差异。东北地区以单层云为主,降水也主要产生于这类云系,是东北地区人工增雨作业的主要对象。单层降水云以低云、冷云、冰云或混合云为主,主要云类别是雨层云。双层降水云以高低云或中低云配置为主,且都为冷云;高层以冰云为主,主要类型是卷云和高层云;低层以混合云或冰云为主,主要类型是雨层云、层积云、积云。降水云系与非降水云系存在显著的垂直结构差异,双层云的降水由低层产生。云底高度较低、云体较厚且夹层厚度更薄的云易产生降水。同时,降水云云底温度更高,分布呈现出季节差异。     

基于卫星数据研究热带气旋眼壁及周围螺旋云带宏微观结构特征

利用 CloudSat卫星和TRMM 卫星数据,对比分析2013年5个不同强度的热带气旋过程中气旋眼壁及周围螺旋云带的云宏微观结构特征、热力结构和降水特征。结果表明：发展成熟的气旋,冰相云主要分布在5 km 以上的高度。冰粒子有效半径随高度增加减小,冰水含量随高度整体呈现先增长后减小的趋势,冰粒子数浓度随高度增加而增加。热力结构及降水方面,在眼区上空,除了一个众所周知的暖心区外,在眼区外部附近也可能出现一个暖区,高度约8～15 km。降水率水平分布表现为大范围的层云降水中夹杂着独立的对流性降水,垂直降水一般从地面延伸到7.5 km,其大值区主要集中在5 km以下。在距离气旋中心较远的外围云系上层,也可能会有较多冰粒子存在,这主要是由于气旋眼壁云墙生成的冰粒子被带到外围对流云系后二次抬升所致。     

山西夏季层积云降水微物理特征分析

利用Droplet Measureinent TeehnologY（DMT）资料,分析了山西2008年7月17日降水性层积云的云微物理结构,通过对云中粒子浓度、直径、二维图像以及谱型分布变化,并结合宏观记录特征,详细分析了飞机上升和下降阶段云系的垂直结构特征。结果表明：飞机上升阶段云系为高积云,飞机下降阶段云系为高积云一层积云结构,Cloud Droplet Probe（CDP）和Cloud Imaging Probe（CIP）测得粒子浓度偏大,最大浓度分别为236em。和9．74cm^-3。层积云云中微物理量水平分布特征具有明显的不均匀性。上升阶段降水的雨滴主要是冰粒子融化形成的,冷云过程占主导地位,在0℃层附近存在明显的融化层亮带。下降阶段降水机制为高积云冷云过程和层积云暖云过程相结合。     

CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料分析云的全球分布及其季节变化特征

全球气候模式（GCM）中云的参数化方案具有不确定性,了解云的时、空变化能为参数化方案提供有效参考。利用搭载在属于A-Train卫星序列的CloudSat和CALIPSO上的94 GHz云廓线雷达（CPR）以及正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达（CALIOP）联合的2级云分类产品,分析了2007年3月-2010年2月8种云类及三相态的云量地理分布、纬向垂直分布的季节变化特征以及云层分布概率。结果发现,卷云的分布体系与深对流云相似,主要集中在西太平洋暖池、全球各季风区及赤道辐合带,分布格局与气压带、风带季节性移动一致。层云与层积云主要分布在中低纬度非季风区以及中高纬度的洋面上。高积云与高层云的分布形成明显的海陆差异,雨层云与积云的分布形成明显的纬度差异。冰云分布与卷云相似,云高随纬度递增而递减;水云分布与层积云相似,平均分布于2 km高度;混合云集中于高纬度地区及赤道辐合带,中纬度地区随纬度变化集中于海拔0-10 km的弧形带。层状云多以多层云形式出现,积状云多以单、双层云的形式出现,层状云的云重叠现象比积状云更显著。积状和层状云的分布特征与积云和层云降水的分布特征基本一致,验证了不同类型降水的卫星观测结果,同时为气候模式的云量诊断方案提供对比验证的数据。      

山西春季一次层状冷云的微物理结构特征

利用2009年3月11日机载DMT（droplet measurement technology）粒子测量系统获取的山西层状云探测资料,结合天气、卫星、雷达等,分析了降水性冷云的宏微观结构特征.结果表明,降水云系由高层云和层积云组成,液态含水量变化范围为0 0.42 g/m3.CDP（cloud droplet probe;云粒子探头）和CIP（cloud imaging probe;云粒子图像探头）观测到的粒子数浓度偏大,CDP探测到最大粒子数浓度为451.93 cm-3,CIP探测到最大粒子数浓度为162.78 L-1.本次探测适宜的人工增雨作业温度区间为-11.4-7℃、-4.40℃.高层云上部以冰晶的核化和凝华增长为主;高层云的中下部为冰雪晶活跃增长层;通过凝华、碰并机制高层云降落的冰雪晶粒子在层积云进一步长大.层状云水平分布不均匀特性很明显.统计云滴谱谱型分布发现,双峰型、多峰型出现几率较高,指数型主要出现在层积云的中部和顶部,出现单峰型时LWC（liquid water concentration;液态水含量）小于0.03 g/m3或大于0.1 g/m3.     

台风眼壁及周围螺旋云带云属性垂直分布研究

选取2006—2010年间CloudSat监测到热带气旋中心的7个案例,利用CloudSat和其它A-Train卫星的反演数据,主要分析了台风眼壁及周围螺旋云带的云微物理属性的垂直分布并给出了初步的概念模型。结果表明,云中冰水分布在5 km以上高度。冰粒子等效半径随云高度增加呈减小趋势,大值区主要分布在5~10 km高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为171.7~226.6 μm;冰粒子数浓度随云高度增加呈增大趋势,大值区分布在13 km以上高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为550~2 148 个/l;冰水含量随云高度增加呈先增后减的趋势,大值区分布在8~15 km高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为986.0~4 009.0 mg/m3。云中液态水分布在0.5~9.0 km高度。液态水粒子等效半径大值区分布在3~9 km高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为19.1~29.4 μm;液态水粒子数浓度大值区分布在6 km以下高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为93~117 个/l;液态水含量大值区分布在5 km左右高度,7个热带气旋的最大值为659.0~2 029.0 mg/m3。台风或超强台风阶段,云体最大高度存在于台风眼壁,眼壁云高可达17~18 km;近地表降水率、冰水柱含量的高峰值大多存在于台风眼壁区域,其中眼壁区域的近地表降水率可超过20.0 mm/h,冰水柱含量可超过9.1 kg/m2。7个热带气旋的垂直降水率和液态水柱含量值分别小于11.3 mm/h和2.7 kg/m2。      

CPR雷达探测北半球夏季多层云系结构统计特征分析

利用2007~2010年北半球夏季（6~8月）CloudSat卫星搭载的云廓线雷达（Cloud Profile Radar,CPR）探测结果对0°~60°N区域单层、双层和三层云系的水平分布、垂直结构特征及各云层云类组成、云水路径等物理量分布进行分析。云量的统计结果表明CPR探测的单层、双层和三层云系的云量分别为36.63%、8.26%和1.40%,云量的水平分布表明其高值区主要位于对流旺盛区域,且高值区的云层云顶高、厚度大,而低值区则多位于副热带高压区域。对不同云类的出现频率统计分析结果表明,单层云系中各云类的出现频率相近;多层云系的上层以卷云为主,下层以层积云为主。对比海陆差异发现洋面卷云和层积云的出现频率显著高于陆面,但高层云和高积云的出现频率低于陆面。云水路径分析表明,单层云系的冰水路径和液水路径均最大,而在多层云系中云层越高、厚度越大、冰水路径越大,液水路径则随着云层的降低增大。     

基于CloudSat识别飞机积冰环境中的过冷水滴

利用CloudSat资料对127次积冰报告的积冰类型、云类、温度和过冷水含量进行统计分析,结果表明:大多数积冰发生在-20℃以上的温度环境中,-20℃以下只发生了4次。明冰主要发生在-5~0℃;毛冰主要发生在-20~-10℃;混合冰主要发生在-15~-5℃。大多数积冰发生在层积云、雨层云和高层云中。过冷水含量随着温度降低而减少,并且过冷水含量的分布范围随着温度降低而变窄。2B-CWC-RO产品垂直剖面上水凝物含量数据能较好地识别出层积云、高层云和雨层云中的过冷水,但未能识别-20℃以下卷状云和对流云的过冷水。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.