电缆地层测试器在渗透率各向异性地层中的响应

为正确地设计仪器和解释电缆地层测试器的测量结果,文中建立了渗透率各向异性地层中电缆地层测试器响应的数学模型,并利用三维有限元方法得到其数值,解得到了压力场随时间、距离变化及等压面等的各种结果。     

电缆地层测试最小测试时间的确定

电缆地层测试器是重要的地层评价仪器,可以测量地层压力和渗透率、识别流体类型、确定油水界面.然而在低孔低渗地层中,由于泥饼的封闭性差而造成的地层增压现象,致使无法测量到地层真实压力.同时由于长时间的测试,容易将仪器卡在地层中而造成事故.本文提出一种确定电缆地层测试最小测试时间的方法.利用有限元方法计算泥饼和原状地层中的压力分布情况,求取泥浆柱静压力的影响半径,继而确定储层的最小测试时间,并且针对渗透性不同的储层给出了最小测试时间的范围.电缆地层测试最小测试时间的确定,可以确保电缆地层测试器在低孔低渗储层中测量到地层的真实信息,减小由于测量时间过长而引起工程事故发生率.     

电缆地层测试器测井应用综述

电缆地层测试器能提供地层动态的压力、温度、流体性质等信息,因而在油气勘探开发中得到广泛应用.本文从流体取样、压力测量、温度测量等多个方面系统介绍了电缆地层测试器的功能和测井应用并进行了现场实例剖析,这对于全面了解电缆地层测试器的功能,认识其应用上的局限性,从而合理应用其测井资料具有指导意义.     

水平井生产测井组合仪模拟井测量数据分析与模型建立

由于水平油水两相流局部流速及局部相含率沿管径方向存在复杂分布,致使其流量及相含率测量非常困难.本文利用伞集流涡轮流量计、电导传感器、过流式电容传感器构成的生产测井组合仪,在水平油水两相流模拟井中开展了动态实验,分析了流动特性及管子角度倾斜对涡轮流量计及含水率传感器响应特性的影响.根据电容及电导传感器在不同总流量及含水率范围的响应分辨特性,分别采用变系数漂移模型及统计模型预测分相流量,发现变系数漂移模型能够自适应调整模型中的流型参数,且对油水两相分相流量具有较高预测精度.     

油水两相渗流多孔介质弹性波传播动力学模型研究

弹性波在储层渗流场中的传播与衰减规律是研究波场强化采油动力学机理的重要基础.基于等效流体理论和饱和静态流体弹性波传播Biot理论,建立油水两非混相流体渗流条件下储层多孔介质中弹性波传播的动力学模型,通过算例求解与分析,发现含油水两相渗流储层多孔介质中同时存在着3种纵波P1、P2、P3和1种横波S;受频率和含水饱和度的影响,各波波速和品质因子呈现出不同变化规律,4种体波波速与频率、饱和度正相关,P1、P2波品质因子与饱和度正相关,P3和S波品质因子与饱和度负相关;最后,通过与传统静态弹性波模型结果对比,进一步分析了宏观渗流场对弹性波传播特征的影响规律,为揭示低频人工地震波辅助强化采油技术的动力学机理和工艺参数优化提供了重要理论依据.     

多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场计算

在多相流动电磁波成像测井研究中，测量敏感场是设计测量仪器和研究图像重建算法的前提工作. 本文用数值方法计算多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场. 根据测量探头电极阵列的对称性，将三维敏感场问题划分为轴向和横向两个平面问题，然后应用有限元算法求解两个平面电势分布问题，对于不同介质模型，计算各种测量条件下测量区域内电势分布，进而根据电势分布计算测量敏感场. 结果表明测量敏感区域为发射电极到测量电极的弧形区域，在发射电极到测量电极的电势梯度线上，测量敏感函数近似于一个指数函数.     

三维陆地可控源电磁法有限元模型降阶快速正演

三维陆地可控源电磁法有限元快速正演的主要瓶颈在于多频率大型稀疏方程组求解问题.本文引入一种基于模型降阶的Krylov子空间投影算法,推导了有限元刚度矩阵的模型降阶形式,构建了频率域传递函数;采用标准正交向量序列,构建一个远远小于有限元刚度矩阵维度的矩阵,该矩阵与频率无关,通过一次模型降阶即可实现多频点有限元方程快速求解.采用基于电场的变分方程,加入散度校正条件,以消除伪解;引入伪δ函数,消除了源点的奇异性,可适用于复杂背景模型三维有限元数值模拟,并为多源的求解奠定了基础;以层状介质模型解析解为标准,通过和基于Pardiso直接求解器的有限元算法（3DFEM）进行比较,模型降阶法计算时间小于前者的1/10,平均相对误差在1.72%,在满足精度要求下,实现了高效率三维有限元数值求解;分别设计了横向高低阻模型和纵向高低阻模型,分析了从近区到远区电场和卡尼亚视电阻率的变化规律,假极值的表现特征,阴影效应的影响等,从而也验证了该算法的正确性.最后,建立了一个地层陷落柱模型,通过模型降阶有限元正演模拟,发现视电阻率断面图在陷落柱上方出现"凹陷",与模型设计吻合,表明该算法对复杂地层模拟具有同样的适用性.     

横向各向同性地层倾斜井中的声场模式分析

针对横向各向同性地层包围的倾斜井模型,基于有限元方法求解频率一波数域波动方程,使用卷积完全匹配层进行数值截断.从计算得到的二维谱中可以直观地看到模式波的分布,继而得到模式波的相速度.与前人的方法相比,该方法对地层各向异性的强弱程度没有要求,可以计算强各向异性介质;此外,计算不依赖于具体的声源形式,可以在较宽的频率范围内进行,且准确度高,误差基本不超过1%.计算了不同倾斜角度、不同偶极源指向性条件下快、慢地层包围的倾斜井中的弯曲模式波的相速度频散曲线.计算结果表明,当井孔倾斜时,偶极源激发的弯曲波分裂成快、慢两条弯曲波,其低频速度分别趋近于地层的SH和qSV速度.接收器接收到的快、慢弯曲波的相速度由倾斜角决定,与声源指向角无关.本文中的方法具有较好的拓展性,可以很方便地修改以分析其他模型.     

泥质砂岩液相渗透率计算新方法

液相渗透率描述了岩石的渗流特性,是评价储层与预测油气产能的重要参数.液相渗透率是指盐水溶液在岩石孔隙中流动且与岩石孔隙表面黏土矿物发生物理化学作用时所测得的渗透率;液相渗透率的实验测量条件更加接近实际地层泥质砂岩的条件,使得液相渗透率更能反映地层条件下泥质砂岩的渗流特性;然而,现有的液相渗透率评价模型较少,且模型未能揭示液相渗透率与溶液矿化度之间的关系.基于此,开展了液相渗透模型推导与计算方法研究;文中首先将岩石等效为毛管束模型,推导建立了液相渗透率与比表面、喉道曲折度、总孔隙度、黏土束缚水孔隙度等参数之间的关系;其次,根据岩石物理体积模型,推导建立了黏土束缚水孔隙度与阳离子交换容量、溶液矿化度等参数的关系;最终,将黏土束缚水孔隙度引入液相渗透率计算公式,建立了基于总孔隙度、阳离子交换容量、溶液矿化度、比表面、喉道曲折度等参数的液相渗透率理论计算模型.液相渗透率计算模型与两组实验数据均表明,液相渗透率随阳离子交换容量的增大而降低,随溶液矿化度的增大而增大.然而,液相渗透率理论计算模型的实际应用中喉道曲折度、比表面等参数求取困难,直接利用理论模型计算液相渗透率受到限制.在分析液相渗透率与孔隙渗透率模型的基础上,建立了液相渗透率与空气渗透率之间的转换模型,形成了利用转化模型计算液相渗透率的新方法.为进一步验证液相渗透率与空气渗透率转化模型的准确性,基于两组实验数据,利用转换模型计算了液相渗透率;液相渗透率计算结果与岩心测量液相渗透率实验结果对比显示,液相渗透率计算结果与实际岩心测量结果吻合较好,文中建立的液相渗透率与空气渗透率转化模型合理可靠.     

基于时频分析的中子非弹性散射伽马能谱反演方法

本文针对脉冲中子多循环发射过程中测量的非弹伽马能谱受俘获能谱干扰,引起的油水区分度小的问题,提出了利用时间谱和能谱结合获取纯净非弹伽马能谱的方法.通过蒙特卡罗方法建立C/O仪器数值计算模型,模拟不同井眼和地层条件下的伽马时间谱,分析了井眼和地层对伽马能谱的贡献,对比了俘获伽马时间谱理论计算结果和模拟结果,同时利用某油田刻度井实测数据,验证该方法在评价含油饱和度的可靠性.结果 表明:井眼条件是影响伽马能谱的主控因素;利用理论计算的脉冲区内俘获密度和数值模拟结果一致;采用该方法处理某油田刻度井实测数据,C/O对油、水差异反应更加灵敏度,油水动态范围提高;最终实测井数据也验证了该方法的准确性.     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟

基于双相各向异性介质模型,首先推导了双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的动力学方程及其Galerkin变分方程和有限元运动方程,然后给出了孔隙弹性波方程的有限元数值解法以及二维双相PTL介质中波场模拟的人为吸收边界条件. 最后,利用本文给出的有限元方法对双相PTL介质和双相各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟. 结果表明:有限元方法和吸收边界条件有效、可行,在理想相界条件下,不论是从固体位移,还是从流体位移的波场快照都能看到明显的慢速拟P波;在黏滞相界情况下,能否观察到慢速拟P波,与含流体地层介质的耗散性质有关.对实际含流体介质,从流体位移分量的波场快照比从固体位移波场快照更容易观察到慢速拟P波.     

电缆地层测试评价井旁裂缝的有限元数值模拟方法

本文采用有限元方法模拟了电缆地层测试器的双封隔器和谐波脉冲测试方法在井旁裂缝中的压力响应.根据裂缝性储层渗流力学原理,首先模拟了双封隔器压力测试在裂缝与井壁相交和不相交两种情况下的压力响应,模拟结果表明:当裂缝与井壁相交时,压力响应随裂缝导流性质的变化发生显著改变;当裂缝与井壁不相交时,除非裂缝的导流能力非常大或离井壁非常近,否则压力响应随着裂缝导流能力的变化并不明显.说明双封隔器测试方法可以有效评价与井壁相交裂缝的导流能力,而对远离井壁的裂缝并不敏感.谐波脉冲压力测试一直被用来探测地层的各向异性,本文通过数值模拟方法探讨和分析了谐波测试方法探测和评价与井壁不相交裂缝的可行性,数值模拟结果表明谐波的压力幅度和相位延迟对裂缝的导流能力变化敏感,说明该方法可以用来评价井旁裂缝.此外,本文还对脉冲频率和双探针间距对评价效果的影响进行了分析.     

随钻地层测试压力响应数学模型及物理实验考察

基于随钻地层测试基本原理和渗流理论,建立了圆柱坐标系下压力下降和压力恢复阶段的压力扩散微分方程,确定出随钻地层压力测试定解问题,通过对定解问题的边界进行齐次化处理,并采用有限差分方法建立了四维空间下的显格式差分方程,以解析方法和有限差分方法分析了点源单相单测试室均质球形渗流问题,两种方法计算误差小于2.00%,检验了有限差分方法的正确性.采用有限差分方法定量分析了不同渗透率（0.1×10^-3μm²、1.0×10^-3μm²和10.0×10^-3μm²）地层下,表皮效应、储集效应、地层非均质性、抽吸速率、抽吸探头半径等因素对压力响应的影响,分析表明,这些因素对压力响应曲线的影响十分显著,主要表现在抽吸压降、压降速率、压力恢复速率、恢复时间等几个方面,而且不同渗透率地层的敏感程度差异比较大.建立了地层压力测试模拟实验平台,模拟了3种不同渗透率（108.81×10^-3μm²、16.10×10^-3μm²和4.79×10^-3μm²）地层的压力抽吸测试,并采用有限差分方法对实验进行了数值模拟.结果表明,数值模拟与实测压力响应一致性非常好,二者绝对误差小于1.60 MPa,相对误差低于5.00%（最大误差4.92%）,验证了有限差分数值方法的正确性和准确性.     

A numerical method for simulating non-Newtonian fluid flow and displacement in porous media

Flow and displacement of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media occurs in many subsurface systems, related to underground natural resource recovery and storage projects, as well as environmental remediation schemes. A thorough understanding of non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous media is of fundamental importance in these engineering applications. Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of single-phase porous flow behavior of non-Newtonian fluids through many quantitative and experimental studies over the past few decades. However, very little research can be found in the literature regarding multi-phase non-Newtonian fluid flow or numerical modeling approaches for such analyses.For non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous media, the governing equations become nonlinear, even under single-phase flow conditions, because effective viscosity for the non-Newtonian fluid is a highly nonlinear function of the shear rate, or the pore velocity. The solution for such problems can in general only be obtained by numerical methods.We have developed a three-dimensional, fully implicit, integral finite difference simulator for single- and multi-phase flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous/fractured media. The methodology, architecture and numerical scheme of the model are based on a general multi-phase, multi-component fluid and heat flow simulator — TOUGH2. Several rheological models for power-law and Bingham non-Newtonian fluids have been incorporated into the model. In addition, the model predictions on single- and multi-phase flow of the power-law and Bingham fluids have been verified against the analytical solutions available for these problems, and in all the cases the numerical simulations are in good agreement with the analytical solutions. In this presentation, we will discuss the numerical scheme used in the treatment of non-Newtonian properties, and several benchmark problems for model verification.In an effort to demonstrate the three-dimensional modeling capability of the model, a three-dimensional, two-phase flow example is also presented to examine the model results using laboratory and simulation results existing for the three-dimensional problem with Newtonian fluid flow.     

White球状Patchy模型中纵波传播研究

在球坐标系下用直接求解孔隙弹性方程的方法计算了介观尺度下空间周期排列的White球状Patchy模型中纵波传播问题.首先对纵波的衰减和频散进行了计算,并引入了物理学上声子晶体原理来解释高频时纵波在White球状模型中传播的异常现象.在含水饱和度和速度关系的研究中发现,在低频段用等效流体理论和Gassmann理论估计流体Patchy饱和岩石中的纵波速度完全能够满足当前地震勘探的要求.随后的具有相同含气饱和度但有不同周期的Patchy模型研究结果表明,随着空间周期变大,低频的纵波频散变得明显,纵波衰减峰频率向低频移动,但峰值几乎不变.最后,对单元外层含水中心含油的White球状Patchy模型和中心含气White球状Patchy模型进行研究、对比,发现孔隙流体流动对孔隙介质中的纵波频散、衰减影响显著.另外,在具体数值求解过程中用缩减方程组规模的方法解决了线性方程组严重病态得不到正确结果的问题.     

Ultrasonic method for measuring water holdup of low velocity and high-water-cut oil-water two-phase flow

Oil reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are in the middle and late exploitation periods in China’s onshore oil fields are mostly in the high-water-cut production stage. This stage is associated with severely non-uniform local-velocity flow profiles and dispersed-phase concentration (of oil droplets) in oil-water two-phase flow, which makes it difficult to measure water holdup in oil wells. In this study, we use an ultrasonic method based on a transmission-type sensor in oil-water two-phase flow to measure water holdup in low-velocity and high water-cut conditions. First, we optimize the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic sensor by calculating the sensitivity of the ultrasonic field using the finite element method for multiphysics coupling. Then we calculate the change trend of sound pressure level attenuation ratio with the increase in oil holdup to verify the feasibility of the employed diameter for the ultrasonic sensor. Based on the results, we then investigate the effects of oil-droplet diameter and distribution on the ultrasonic field. To further understand the measurement characteristics of the ultrasonic sensor, we perform a flow loop test on vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow and measure the responses of the optimized ultrasonic sensor. The results show that the ultrasonic sensor yields poor resolution for a dispersed oil slug in water flow (D OS/W flow), but the resolution is favorable for dispersed oil in water flow (D O/W flow) and very fine dispersed oil in water flow (VFD O/W flow). This research demonstrates the potential application of a pulsed-transmission ultrasonic method for measuring the fraction of individual components in oil-water two-phase flow with a low mixture velocity and high water cut.     

Temperature-driven fluid flow in porous media using a mixed finite element method and a finite volume method

We present a numerical scheme for the computation of conservative fluid velocity, pressure and temperature fields in a porous medium. For the velocity and pressure we use the primal–dual mixed finite element method of Trujillo and Thomas while for the temperature we use a cell-centered finite volume method. The motivation for this choice of discretization is to compute accurate conservative quantities. Since the variant of the mixed finite element method we use is not commonly used, the numerical schemes are presented in detail. We sketch the computational details and present numerical experiments that justify the accuracy predicted by the theory.     

A numerical method for two-phase flow in fractured porous media with non-matching grids

We propose a novel computational method for the efficient simulation of two-phase flow in fractured porous media. Instead of refining the grid to capture the flow along the faults or fractures, we represent the latter as immersed interfaces, using a reduced model for the flow and suitable coupling conditions. We allow for non matching grids between the porous matrix and the fractures to increase the flexibility of the method in realistic cases. We employ the extended finite element method for the Darcy problem and a finite volume method that is able to handle cut cells and matrix-fracture interactions for the saturation equation. Moreover, we address through numerical experiments the problem of the choice of a suitable numerical flux in the case of a discontinuous flux function at the interface between the fracture and the porous matrix. A wrong approximate solution of the Riemann problem can yield unphysical solutions even in simple cases.     

Adaptive finite element simulation of Stokes flow in porous media

The Stokes problem describes flow of an incompressible constant-viscosity fluid when the Reynolds number is small so that inertial and transient-time effects are negligible. The numerical solution of the Stokes problem requires special care, since classical finite element discretization schemes, such as piecewise linear interpolation for both the velocity and the pressure, fail to perform. Even when an appropriate scheme is adopted, the grid must be selected so that the error is as small as possible. Much of the challenge in solving Stokes problems is how to account for complex geometry and to capture important features such as flow separation. This paper applies adaptive mesh techniques, using a posteriori error estimates, in the finite element solution of the Stokes equations that model flow at pore scales. Different selected numerical test cases associated with various porous geometrics are presented and discussed to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our methodology.